Simply Montreal : Glimpses of a Unique City

Complete texts of the exhibition presented at the McCord Museum. Permanent Exhibition Table of Contents

Introduction 4

1. Surviving Winter - Brrrr ! 5 1.1. Crossroads of the Winds 5 1.2. Below Zero 6

2. Surviving Winter - Cozy Mittens, Winterproof Walls 8 2.1. Second Skin 8 2.2. Warm and Cozy 11 2.3. Everyday Comfort 12

3. Surviving Winter - Montreal, Winter City 15 3.1. Getting Around 15 3.2. Ice for Sale 18 3.3. After the Storm 19

4. Different Cultures Meet - A Northern Mosaic 20 4.1. Montreal Portraits 20 4.2. A New Land 31 4.3. Migratory Waves 35

5. Different Cultures Meet - Living Together 37 5.1 Conflicts and Alliances 37

6. Different Cultures Meet - Alliances and Passions 43 6.1. Family Ties 43 6.2. Couples: Alliances and Passions 44 6.3. Garden of Cultures 46

7. Prospering - They Came from the Sea 53 7.1. Trading Routes 53 7.2. The Fur Rush 57 7.3. The Fur Barons 59

8. Prospering - City of Promise, Land of Trade 63 8.1. Commercial Hub 63 8.2. Place of Transit 66 8.3. At the Center of the Web 67 8.4. St. Catherine Street 69

9. Prospering - The Highs and Lows of an Imperial Jewel 73 9.1. The Wheels of Progress 73 9.2. A City of Contrasts 74

2 10. Enjoyment - From Cricket to Arm-wrestling 78 10.1. Something for Everyone 78

11. Enjoyment - Open-air City 82 11.1. A Spirit of Adventure 82 11.2. The National Sport 87 11.3. Hand in Hand 90 11.4. Winter Wonderland 91

12. Enjoyment - A Swinging City 93 12.1. Open City 93 12.2. 1001 Nights 94

Credits 100

3 Introduction

By turns dazzling and dark, dignified and frivolous, steamy-hot and icy-cold, Montreal - city of a thousand spires, crossroads of a continent - casts its eternal spell. Like a tune that lingers in the mind, its history speaks to the hearts of all: Montrealers, people experiencing its charm for the first time, and those who just keep coming back. The McCord Museum's permanent exhibition, entitled Simply Montréal, offers myriad glimpses of this unique city and immerse visitors into the very heart of the rich and varied experience it offers.

An array of First Nations objects, full of symbolism and emotion; a selection of extraordinary photographs by the renowned Canadian photographer William Notman; a variety of sports equipment and charming toys; a series of splendid gowns and outfits worn by illustrious Montrealers - over 800 objects from the McCord's famous collection will bring the great Montreal adventure to life.

Accented with interactive installations and enveloped in evocative atmospheres, Simply Montréal is an invitation to people of all ages to steep themselves in the city, surround themselves with its sounds and sensations - even to brave an authentic “made in Montreal” snowstorm!

Simply Montreal 4 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 1. Surviving Winter - Brrrr!

Montreal can be beautiful under a cloudless January sky, but sometimes its inhabitants would willingly exchange their seemingly endless winter for a milder climate.

Occasionally, a sudden mid-season warm spell causes the mercury to rise, swelling the rivers and hinting at an early spring. But a couple of days later, winter's back, the temperature drops to twenty below, and the city is trapped in a straitjacket of ice.

Fascinated by the weather's whims, Montrealers never tire of discussing it―what it's like today, what threatens for tomorrow, the power of the "storm of the century, when my father was a boy". Which will be next to visit the plains of the St. Lawrence Valley―the nor'easter, the vicious arctic gale or the balmy southwesterly breeze? The answer, my friend, is blowing in the wind…

1.1. Crossroads of the winds

During the first half of the 19th century, John Samuel McCord, father of the Museum’s founder, took daily readings of climatic variations and noted them in his meteorological journals.

Thermometer About 1843 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M8461

The Museum’s founder, David Ross McCord, inherited this thermometer from his father, who would consult it religiously each morning to check the temperature. The instrument shows degrees in the Réaumur scale on one side and in degrees Fahrenheit on the other. The weather is still, for present-day Montrealers, a major subject of interest and discussion.

Letter From Charles Lyell to John Samuel McCord about the barometrical height of Mount Royal 1842 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, P001-D12/36-820.11

Simply Montreal 5 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Facsimile Travels in North America with Geological Observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia 1845 Author : Charles Lyell McCord Museum, RB-0576

Barometer Early 19th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M8464

During the first half of the 19th century, John Samuel McCord, father of the Museum’s founder, took daily readings of climatic variations and noted them in his meteorological journals. Using this barometer, he could observe rises and falls in atmospheric pressure and thus predict if the weather was going to change.

Weathervane 19th century Gift of Mrs. Margaret de Volpi McCord Museum, MC989.119.20

The weathervane often took the form of a rooster, perched atop the church steeple. Feathers unruffled, it would twist and turn, indicating the wind’s direction by the four cardinal points mounted at the ends of its crossed shafts.

1.2. Below Zero

Each winter, nature invades and besieges Montreal for months on end. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Montrealers used wooden shovels to dig staircases and sidewalks free of the all-invasive snow.

A FOUNDER, A CROSS In 1643, Paul de Chomedey, sieur de Maisonneuve, founder of Ville-Marie, erected a wooden cross on the summit of Mount Royal. He made the gesture in thanks to God for having protected the colony from a flood. The rising spring waters remained a threat to the town until the building of protective walls in 1896. But Ville-Marie survived the elements, and the cross still reigns over Montreal's skyline.

Simply Montreal 6 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Shovel 1910-1920 Manufactured by Arthur Leblanc McCord Museum, M22431

Snow shovel Late 19th century Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M993.115.10

Simply Montreal 7 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 2. Surviving Winter - Cozy Mittens, Winterproof Walls

Montrealers have always had to struggle against a capricious and ever-present enemy: the cold. To fight it effectively, considerable ingenuity had to go into the design of both clothing and housing.

The area's first inhabitants created soft, warm garments out of the skins of wild animals, and the mittens and anoraks made by early European settlers mimicked these age-old clothes. Aboriginal peoples, for their part, appreciated the warmth and practicality of the woven fabrics and woollens made by Europeans. Houses, too, had to be protected from the cold. Montrealers knew this only too well, and took great care to ensure that their homes were weatherproof, solidly built and, above all, equipped with an efficient heating system, the heart of the house. A faulty furnace or inadequate insulation was the only invitation the north wind needed to take over the living room.

Despite every effort, a sneaky little draft might still work its way in, so even indoor clothing was warm and cozy in wintertime.

2.1. Second Skin

HANDILY HOT! Aboriginal people decorated much of their clothing, including gloves and mittens. In the 17th century, they began using fabrics and glass beads imported by Europeans, blending a range of styles and materials. They also sometimes made clothes for Canadians of European origin.

Hat 1987 Inuit (Iglulingmiut), maker unknown McCord Museum, ME987.202

Belt 1850-1880 Dene, maker unknown Gift of Mr. Randolph Routh McCord Museum, ME982.568

Gloves 1920-1940 Northern Plains, maker unknown Gift of Eleanore B. Kennedy McCord Museum, M2008.75.2.1-2

Simply Montreal 8 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Arrow sash 19th century Gift of Mrs.Ward Pitfield McCord Museum, M970.29.4

Mittens 1984 Innu (Naskapi), maker unknown Gift of Gabrielle Gagnon. McCord Museum, M2008.49.3.1-2

Innu craft item acquired at Blanc-Sablon by archaeologist Pierre Dumais during an archaeological project in the summer of 1984.

Boots 1900-1930 Inuit (Kablunangajuit), maker unknown Gift in memory of William Hill Petry (1868-1951) and Elizabeth Petry (1880- 1973), parents of Mrs. L. S.Apedaile McCord Museum, ME986.104.2A-B

Moccasins 1900-1925 Iroquois (Mohawk?), maker unknown Gift of Mrs. Nancy Mathias McCord Museum, M2008.53.6.1-2

Four Indians About 1825-1836 Reproduction of a watercolour by J. Crawford Young McCord Museum, M21230

With their European cut and aboriginal decoration, these winter outfits are the result of a happy blend of cultures.

Canadian Habitants About 1825-1836 Reproduction of a watercolour by J. Crawford Young McCord Museum, M21231

For British soldiers like Young, the costume worn by 19th-century “habitants” was a real revelation. French Canadians braved the cold in warm overcoats made of a woolen fabric known as étoffe du pays or “country cloth”, which was woven by their womenfolk.

Simply Montreal 9 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 ELEGANT… BUT WARM TOO Montrealers of the 19th and early 20th centuries wore warm but very fashionable clothing for their the chilly winters. Fur and wool were used to make elegant winter outerwear. Canadians added warm accessories such as fur mittens, hats and gloves, not to mention warm wool undergarments.

Fur cap 1870-1900 Gift of Mrs. Deirdre F. Bower McCord Museum, M2006.51.4

Petticoat 1890-1900 Gift of Mrs. Herbert Vineberg McCord Museum, M967.87.2

Woman’s shoulder cape About 1900 Gift of Mrs. Patrick Diamond McCord Museum, M19618

Woman’s cape About 1860 Gift of Mrs. Ludlow Haskell McCord Museum, M974.3.3

Child’s coat 1907 Gift of Mrs. Louise Hurtubise Bousquet McCord Museum, M2000.41.39

Child’s cap About 1900 Gift of Mrs. Hélène David McCord Museum, M988.63.1

Man’s winter overcoat 1900-1925 Gift of Mrs. Rosina Fontein McCord Museum, M993.94.2

The style of men’s fur-lined overcoats changed relatively little throughout the early decades of the 20th century.

Simply Montreal 10 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 2.2. Warm and Cozy

To combat the cold and make sure that the winter remained outdoors, considerable ingenuity had to go into house construction.

The foundation raises the house off the ground and keeps out the damp. Double doors and windows keep the heat in and eliminate drafts. Row houses are only exposed to the cold on two sides.

For two centuries the wood burning stove took pride of place in Canadian homes. Made out of heavy iron, such stoves were used for both heating and cooking. From about 1740, stoves were cast in the great Saint-Maurice Forge near Trois- Rivières.

Box stove About 1825 McCord Museum, M24632.1-6

This type of cast iron stove revolutionized domestic heating across the country. With an open fireplace, the heat tended to get drawn up the chimney, whereas stoves gave off intense heat. This particular model was made at the Forges du Saint-Maurice near Trois-Rivières, which opened in 1740 and was Canada's first manufacturing industry.

Miniature cooking stove 19th century Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.194.1-12

The wood stove replaced the open fireplace but remained the heart of the house: it warmed and fed the inhabitants, dried their clothes, and heated the water for washing and bathing.

Miniature stove accessories About 1940-1960 Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.172.1-8

Miniature parlor stove About 1856 Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.208

Simply Montreal 11 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 In Victorian parlors, activity centred around the stove. During the 19th century, sophisticated conversation among ladies gathered around the ornate stove became an extremely popular pastime.

Miniature pot belly stove Early 20th century Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.198.1-4

Called a “pot belly” because of its generous curves, this type of stove gave off radiant heat. The stove in the general store was an important meeting-place for many communities. People warmed themselves, argued and discussed the events of the day.

Miniature box stove 19th century Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.176.1-9

Ember tray About 1900 Gift of Miss Mabel Molson McCord Museum, M17900

Before matches were invented, servants in prosperous homes would place glowing embers in a wooden-handled metal container and then carry them from room to room to light the household’s various fires.

Lantern 19th century Gift of Dr. Gordon J. Cassidy McCord Museum, M986.81.4

Burner 19th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M11717

2.3. Everyday Comfort

Montrealers prepared for winter as they would have prepared for a siege, arming themselves against the cold with a wide range of objects. To protect babies from dangerous drafts, they were put to sleep in pretty covered cradles.

Simply Montreal 12 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Shawl 1860-1870 Gift of Miss Sophia L. Elliott McCord Museum, M21946

Portrait of Mrs. W. G. Ross (1865-1957) About 1920 Oil on canvas by John Colin Forbes (1846-1925) Gift of Mr.W. G. Ross Jr. McCord Museum, M987.106

Cradle 1777 Gift of Elizabeth Anglin, wife of the late Thomas Gill Anglin McCord Museum, M2002.57.1

This cradle was brought to Canada by United Empire Loyalists.

Hooked rug About 1930 Quebec Gift of Mrs. Nelly MacLean Burke McCord Museum, M2007.16.10

Edwardian jacquard woven curtain 1900-1910 Gift of Mrs.W. R. B. Bartram McCord Museum, M965.136.2.2

Quilt 1875-1900 Gift of Mr. Bernard Legris McCord Museum, M993.37.2

Quilts, hand-made decorative and functional bedcovers, were often prized possessions and could even be presented as wedding gifts. Once a quilt top had been pieced together or appliquéd, a group of friends or neighbours might get together to complete the quilting.

Warming pan 19th century Gift of the Estate of Miss Elizabeth Carmichael Monk McCord Museum, M981.56.42.a-b

Simply Montreal 13 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 A chilly room, icy sheets… The warming pan made the nights of the middle and upper classes a little more comfortable. Servants would fill the instrument with hot embers and then run it over the sheets and between the covers.

Simply Montreal 14 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 3. Surviving Winter - Montreal, Winter City

In winters gone by, Montrealers adopted unique modes of travel. On snowshoes and in sleighs, they battled their way through drifts, hail and ice. Those were also the days, too, when blocks cut from the river's frozen surface were used in the domestic icebox, ancestor to the refrigerator. Today, the city's inhabitants travel in warmth and comfort beneath the winter's chills, for modern technology has given us the metro―as well as salt-laden slush!

Above ground, the streets still have to be cleared. To get rid of the huge quantities of white stuff that fall on Montreal each year, the city mobilizes a veritable armada of snowplows, snow-blowers and mechanical shovels.

Winter, supremely confident, makes light of all these efforts. Every year it paralyzes Montreal with at least one horrendous snowstorm―just to remind everyone who's boss.

3.1. Getting Around

TRAFFIC NEWS In days gone by, citizens of Montreal and the surrounding area would no doubt have appreciated a modern-style traffic report to help them negotiate their snowy and icebound roads! Early Canadians developed several different types of sleights, pulled by dogs or horses. Right up to the 20th century, carioles, sleds and cutters abounded on the region’s thoroughfares.

Sleigh Second half of the 19th century McCord Museum, M21647

So you like speed? Prosperous citizens of bygone days competed in club- organized races in this type of two-place sleigh. Montrealers liked to drive tandem—a pair of horses one in front of the other—and this type of sleigh, raised high on its iron runners, would glide swiftly over all types of snow.

Sled Early 19th century Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Ogden Glass McCord Museum, M974.70

Equipped with a footwarmer full of hot embers and warm fur rugs, this one-place horse-drawn sled was extremely comfortable. Many people would have used such a sled all winter long.

Simply Montreal 15 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Child’s sleigh Late 19th century Gift of Mrs. Susan Riddell McCord Museum, M978.158

Sleighs such as this were used to pull young children through the snow on Montreal streets in the late 19th century.

Sleigh bell Late 19th century Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.123.1

Crampons About 1862 Gift of Mr. J. Mias Scott McCord Museum, M18169.1-2

To avoid slipping on icy sidewalks in their high-heeled shoes and boots, Montreal women wore metal crampons like these, which were attached to the feet with leather straps.

Foot muff 1800-1850 Gift of Mrs. C. K. (Doris) Martin McCord Museum, M981.6.1

For a sleigh ride on a freezing day, well-off Montreal ladies used a foot muff. With their lower extremities thus protected, their bodies wrapped snugly in fur rugs and thick winter garments, their hands cozy inside a muff and their heads protected by a fur hat secured with a fine wool scarf called a “cloud,” they could brave the bitterest cold.

Foot warmer 19th century Gift of Miss Mabel Molson McCord Museum, M17899

This cast iron foot warmer would have been filled with hot embers and used during sleigh rides.

Gloves Early 20th century Gift of Mrs. George S. Currie McCord Museum, M969.15.129.1-2

Simply Montreal 16 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Muff warmer 1880-1910 McCord Museum, M975.59.1.1-2

To keep their hands even warmer, women would fill a small earthenware bottle like this one with hot water and slip it inside their muff.

Muff About 1930 Gift of T. Eaton Co. Ltd. McCord Museum, M970.26.53

Muff About 1930 Gift of Mrs. S. Boyd Millen McCord Museum, M976.18.10

Muff 1930-1940 Gift of Mrs. A. E. Anderson McCord Museum, M978.48.2

WALKING ON SNOW Snowshoes enabled first Aboriginal people and then early Montrealers to meet winter on its own ground. Different types of snowshoes were used in North America, depending on the conditions: packed snow, hard ice, wet snow, etc. Since the 19th century, snowshoeing has also been a leisure activity practiced by numerous Montrealers.

Snowshoes 1880-1930 Mi’kmaq or Penobscot, maker unknown Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M993.115.82.1-2

Snowshoes 1923 Anishinaabe (Saulteaux), Made by Chief John Ferris Gift of Mr. and Mrs.William Bentley McCord Museum, M11053.1-2

Simply Montreal 17 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Snowshoes 1966-1970 Huron-Wendat, maker unknown Made at Wendake, Quebec Gift of Lise and Andrée Mercier McCord Museum, M2005.35.3.1-2

Snowshoes 1906-1909 Innu or Naskapi, maker unknown Gift of Miss Sybil Ross McCord Museum, M986.67.3.A-B

Charles Lumkin Half-way House 1885 Oil on canvas, by Henry R. S. Bunnett (1845-1910) Gift of Mrs. Murray A. Vaughan McCord Museum, M971.73

Lumkin’s Half-way House, located at the corner of Queen Mary Road and Cote- des-Neiges, was the tavern where Montreal snowshoe clubs stopped after trekking across the mountain.

ICE BRIDGES Although the ice prevented water navigation, there were compensations: each winter, Montrealers made ice roads on the river’s frozen surface, which became a much-used thoroughfare. Riverside towns thus gained a link with Montreal, which could be reached by sleigh or even by train!

3.2. Ice for Sale

LOOKING AHEAD TO SUMMER In 1859, the invention of the refrigerator was still a thing of the future, and Montreal’s summers were as hot as they are today. In January and February, when the river ice was thick and clean, the employees of Lamplough and Campbell – the city’s only ice merchants – cut the ice into blocks to be stored until summer. Each year Montrealers bought up to 6,000 tons of ice, which was sold in blocks of 10, 20 and 30 pounds.

Saw Mid-19th century McCord Museum, M997X.2.116

Simply Montreal 18 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 In summertime, 19th-century Montrealers were often reminded of the advantages of winter. Food could be kept much longer thanks to the ice that had been taken from the frozen river surface the previous winter. The ice was cut into blocks with a saw like this one, and then stored in cold rooms.

BREAK THE ICE! In the 19th century, as now, Montrealers looked forward to spring with considerable impatience. In those days Montreal was a swiftly growing port, and the river ice prevented the resumption of commercial activities. So, armed with pickaxes, citizens would descend on the wharves in springtime, eager to lend nature a helping hand by breaking up the remaining blocks of ice.

3.3. After the Storm

STREETS Streetcar-snowplow were used to clear the city’s extensive public transport network. Around 1895, as the city grew, the system had to accommodate the steady lengthening of roads and the increase in population.

RAILWAYS Following major snowstorms, as many as four steam locomotives might be required to clear the snow and open the railway line.

Simply Montreal 19 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 4. Different Cultures Meet - A Northern Mosaic

Montreal’s very first immigrants were the Iroquoian peoples who settled on the island long before the arrival of Europeans.

But with the establishment of the French and English colonies, there began a steady stream of immigration that reached unprecedented levels in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some people came to make their fortune, others to escape poverty. All worked hard to build a new life.

With the advent of our own century, Montreal began welcoming newcomers from all over the world. Today's inhabitants, whose roots lie in over a hundred nations, have transformed the city into a vast human patchwork quilt. They hail from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania – but they're all Montrealers.

4.1. Montreal Portraits

A portrait allows the viewer to look the sitter “in the eye”. Up to the middle of the 19th century, portraits required the intervention of the trained painter. The invention of the photograph inspired a passion for portraiture that has not yet diminished. Here in miniature portraits on ivory, in oil paintings and watercolors, daguerreotypes, tintypes, and photographs are the faces of Montrealers.

Miniature portrait painting originated primarily in England and France in the 16th century, and was popular in Quebec throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The invention of photography reduced the market for painted miniatures, but with the Arts and Crafts movement of the 1890s, the taste for portrait miniatures revived in North America and Europe.

Alexander Auldjo 1808-1810 Gerritt Schipper (1770-1825) Pastel on paper Gift of Miss Grace Towers McCord Museum, M969.53.2

Alexander Auldjo (1758-1821) was born in Aberdeen, Scotland and arrived in Montreal about 1778. He invested considerable sums in the fur trade and by 1800, Auldjo, Maitland and Company were importers of manufactured goods sold in Lower and Upper Canada. He was an officer of Montreal's British Militia, a Justice of the Peace and a member of the Legislative Assembly.

Simply Montreal 20 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Anne-Charlotte Boucher de la Broquerie 1830-1840 Attributed to Jean-Baptiste Roy-Audy Oil on canvas McCord Museum, M966.62.6

Anne-Charlotte Boucher de la Broquerie married Jean-Baptiste-René Hertel de Rouville (1789-1859) in September 1816, in Boucherville. She was the aunt of Joseph-Charles Taché (1820-1894), who in 1842 co-founded the Saint-Jean Baptiste Society in 1842 and la Société canadienne d’études littéraires et scientifiques in 1845.

Leocadie Boucher La Rocque 1868 John Bell-Smith (1810-1883) Oil on canvas Gift of Alfred La Rocque Family McCord Museum, M994.65.1

Leocadie married Joseph-Aldéric Ouimet (1848-1916), the President of the Montreal and District Savings Bank founded by her father, Alfred La Rocque. Joseph-Aldéric Ouimet was active in federal politics and served as both Speaker and Minister of Public Works. He holds the enviable record of being acclaimed to the House of Commons five times.

Louis-Tancrède Bouthillier About 1881 William Raphael (1833-1914) Oil on canvas Gift of James F. R. Routh McCord Museum, M987.230

Louis-Tancrède Bouthillier was a Montreal merchant and sheriff of Montreal. In 1833, he built a large house on Côte Ste-Catherine Road that became known as “Outre-Mont,” and after which the district of Outremont was later named. He married Françoise Geneviève Beaubien, the daughter of Basilique-Benjamin Trottier Desrivières-Beaubien and niece of Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury. Upon the latter’s death, in 1862, he acquired the Sabrevois de Bleury manor house at Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, in Laval.

Carlo Honorato Catelli 1903 Wm. Notman & Son Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, II-148155.1

Simply Montreal 21 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 The 1861 Lovell’s Montreal Directory lists “Charles” Catelli as a manufacturer of statuary on Notre-Dame Street. By 1867, Carlo Catelli had established Canada’s first pasta plant in Montreal, producing handmade vermicelli and macaroni. Carlo was joined by his brother Pietro, and for some time, they operated as Catelli & Frère. By 1885, Carlo’s son, Carlo Honorato, had taken over the pasta business. The elder Catelli was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1894, and knighted in 1901. In 1907, Catelli was President of the Chamber of Commerce. The Catelli family business was later acquired by Bordens and Catelli brand pasta is now manufactured by New World Pasta.

Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Clerk 1808-1810 Gerritt Schipper (1770-1825) Pastel, pencil on paper Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M322

Alexander Clerk’s great-grandfather was a wealthy farmer from the parish of Fintry in the Scottish Highlands.

On the recommendation of his cousin, Sir Maxwell Grant, Alexander Clerk was admitted to the British Army. He was made a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 49th Regiment, and joined their mission to Quebec City in 1802, followed by further missions to Montreal (1805), Toronto and Kingston. Clerk participated in the War of 1812, when his regiment was posted on the Niagara River. He returned to Europe, and later settled in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1817. He received the title of Knight of Hanover around 1834-1835, before his passing in 1836.

Sir John William Dawson About 1885 James Dennison Albumen print from a glass plate negative Gift of Mrs. Donald N. Byers McCord Museum, MP-1979.35.5054

At his death in 1899, Sir John William Dawson was considered one of Canada’s most eminent men of science and education. He was born in Nova Scotia in 1820, and his early love of natural history and fossil collecting led to a career as a geologist and palaeontologist. Educated at the University of Edinburgh in the 1840s, Dawson was a pioneer in the discovery and description of Canadian plant and animal fossils. While geology continued to be his first love, Dawson was perhaps most renowned as an educator. In 1850, he assumed the newly created post of superintendent of education for Nova Scotia. In 1855, he became Principal of McGill College in Montreal. During the more than forty years of his tenure, Dawson saw McGill grow from a modest institution to one of the world’s great universities. In 1882, Dawson was the founding President of the Royal

Simply Montreal 22 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Society of Canada, as well as the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1886, Dawson was elected President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, an honour he considered the greatest distinction of his career.

Basilique-Benjamin Trottier Desrivières-Beaubien About 1860, after the original, painted in 1792 William Raphael (1833-1914) Oil on wood Gift of James F. R. Routh McCord Museum, M987.76

Basilique-Benjamin Trottier Desrivières-Beaubien was a member of a family that settled in Trois-Rivières around 1650. Born in 1776, he was active in the militia and became a well- respected lawyer before dying of cholera in 1834. The miniature portrait on which this copy is based was possibly painted by James Peale (1749-1831) of Philadelphia, when Desrivières-Beaubien was studying in the United States. The copy was made around 1860 by William Raphael, a Montreal portrait painter, who had also worked as an artist in the studio of photographer William Notman.

Aaron Ezekiel Hart 1830-1840 Artist unknown Watercolor and gouache on ivory Gift of Mr. Gerald Ephraim Hart McCord Museum, M18640

Aaron Ezekiel Hart was born on June 24, 1803 in Trois-Rivières. The son of Ezekiel Hart and Frances Lazarus, he was a third-generation Jewish Canadian. He married his cousin Phoebe David, the daughter of Samuel David and Sarah Hart, and they are thought to have had four children. At the age of 21, qualified to practise as a lawyer, Hart was the first Jew called to the bar in either of the Canadas. His singular position was short-lived, however, since the following month a distant cousin, Thomas Storrs Judah (1804-1895), was similarly called, as was Thomas’ brother Henry Hague Judah (1808-1883) four years later. Hart’s own brother, Adolphus Mordecai Hart, was admitted to the profession in 1836.

A prominent lawyer in Quebec, with his brother Samuel Becancour, Hart played a major role in the effort to have a bill “to declare persons professing the Jewish Religion entitled to all the rights and privileges of the other Subjects of His Majesty of this Province,” passed during the 1831-32 session. Concurrently with his legal career, Hart was interested in the army and rose to the position of major of the 1st Battalion of the Saint-Maurice militia. He was very attached to his father, Ezekiel, as well as to the Jewish community, and a faithful member of the Montreal synagogue, to which he gave financial support.

Simply Montreal 23 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Mrs. Jacob Henry Joseph (born Sara Gratz Moses) 1869 William Notman Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, I-38462.1

Sara (1817-1904) was the daughter of Salomon and Rachel (Gratz) Moses. Orphaned at the age of 5, she would be raised by her aunt Rebecca Gratz in Philadelphia. The latter passed away in 1869. Sara married Jacob Henry Joseph in 1848 and the couple had seven children.

Rebecca Gratz Joseph (Jan. 28, 1849 - Feb.26, 1907) Lizette (Lizzie Lee) Joseph (Feb. 13, 1851- Aug. 13,1934) Ada Joseph (May 17, 1853-Aug. 12 ,1854) Mathilda Innes Joseph (Aug. 27, 1854-1886) Henry Joseph (Sept. 23, 1855-1951) Horace Moses Joseph (Oct. 18, 1857-1939) Caroline Murat Joseph (1859-1955) Sara and Jacob raised their granddaughter Kathleen, the daughter of Mathilda Innes, after her mother died.

Miss Lizette Joseph (daughter of J. Henry and Sara Joseph) 1866 William Notman Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, I-22087.1

Lizette (Feb. 13, 1851- Aug. 13, 1934) was the second child of Jacob Henry and Sara Gratz (Moses) Joseph. Around 1870, she married John Otho Lawrence, a captain in the British Army. The couple did not have any children. Lizette died in London.

Jacob Henry Joseph About 1893 Wm. Notman & Son Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, II-112280.0.1

Jacob Joseph (14 Sept. 1814 - 28 Feb. 1907), born in Berthier, was the eighth child of Henry and Rachel (Solomons) Joseph. After his father’s death in 1832, he chose the name Jacob Henry Joseph. When he became the eldest son after his brothers died, his mother asked him to take over his father’s business in Montreal. He was unmarried, and lived with his mother and his other siblings in Montreal, on St-Urbain street. In 1837, Jacob served as a militia officer and during the Patriote Rebellion he was captain of the first batallion of volunteer militia. After he married Sara Moses in Philadelphia in April 1848, the couple

Simply Montreal 24 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 settled in Montreal. Jacob Joseph was an exceptional businessman, as well as being highly involved in community life, various philanthropic projects and within the Shearith Israel congregation, also called the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal. The family tobacco-importing business became Jacob Henry Joseph & Company. In 1868, he dissolved the company and moved into real estate, the telegraph, railroads and banks. His death in 1907 marked the end of a generation, all of his siblings having predeceased him.

Jesse Joseph (brother of J. Henry Joseph) 1877 Wm. Notman & Sandham Modern reproduction from a wet collodion glass plate negative McCord Museum, II-43721

Jesse Joseph (17 July 1817-24 Feb. 1904), born in Berthier, was the tenth child of Henry and Rachel (Solomons) Joseph. Jesse served in the Canadian militia during the Patriote Rebellion. After completing studies in Law, he worked in the wholesale trade and developed commercial ties between Belgium and Canada. In 1850, his efforts were rewarded as he was appointed First Consul of Belgium in Canada, a position he held until his death. He was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold. In 1890, he was awarded a first class civic decoration by the King of the Belgians. This marked the start of close ties between the Joseph family and Belgium.

With his brother Jacob Henry, he became interested in the Shearith Israel congregation in 1852. He also became very involved in Montreal social life and that same year had the Theatre Royal built. In 1863 he was elected director of the Montreal Gas Company and became its president in 1877, holding this position until 1896. Jesse Joseph helped establish the Montreal Telegraph Company and became director of the National Bank. His sumptuous residence, named Dilcoosha, was built around 1864 and housed the first McCord Museum.

Alfred La Rocque 1868 John Bell-Smith (1810-1883) Oil on canvas Gift of Alfred La Rocque Family McCord Museum, M994.65.2

Alfred La Rocque (1819-1890) served as a municipal councillor for Montreal from 1843 to 1850, and in 1854 became the city’s postmaster. His studies in the United States having convinced him that a savings bank would benefit people from all walks of life, he helped found the Montreal and District Savings Bank in 1846. He subsequently served as its first Vice-President and twice as its President. Renowned for his piety and charitable work, he was also an active member of the committee to erect a monument to the Patriotes of 1837.

Simply Montreal 25 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Judge John S. McCord About 1855 Unknown artist Daguerreotype Gift of the Estate of Miss Anne McCord McCord Museum, M9771

John Samuel McCord (1801-1865), a skilled lawyer and prosperous landowner, was a second-generation McCord. The family arrived from Ireland around 1760, first stopping in Quebec City. John Samuel McCord had a brilliant career in the courts of Lower Canada. A highly influential member of the Montreal bar, he was made a judge of the Superior Court for the District of Bedford in 1857. With his wife, Ann Ross (1807-1870), herself a judge’s daughter, he had six children, including David Ross McCord (1844-1930), founder of the McCord Museum.

The daguerreotype process was the first commercial form of photography. Developed in France by Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre between 1826 and 1839, it involves making a single copy of a positive image on a silver-coated metal plate.

Osborne Morton 1863 William Notman Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, I-9503.1

Osborn Morton was the owner and operator of the Prince of Wales Livery Stables from about 1861 to 1871. He entered the 1859 Highland Games in the hurdle race, sack race, and wheelbarrow race, where he was described in The Gazette as the “Gentleman in Black.”

Reverend Jehosaphat Mountain 1778 John Downman (1750-1824) Oil on copper plate Lent by the Anglican Diocese of Montreal, MEL986.131

After a stormy and anxious crossing from England, the Reverend Mountain and his family arrived in Quebec in 1793, accompanied by his brother Jacob, the first Anglican Bishop of Quebec City, and his nephew George Jehoshophat Mountain, who was to become the third Anglican Bishop of Quebec City. Jehosaphat never achieved the eminence of his brother and nephew. He began as Rector of Trois- Rivières, finally moving to Montreal in 1801. Two years later, his church burnt down, and for the next decade he worked with a number of prominent Montrealers, including James McGill, Joseph Frobisher and David Ross, to raise the funds to build a new church. The new Christ Church finally opened in 1814,

Simply Montreal 26 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 and three years later, the Reverend Mountain’s funeral was the first to be celebrated in the church he helped to build.

Mr. Thomas Piper Parmentier About 1840 Artist unknown Silhouette drawing on paper Gift of Miss Esther Kerry McCord Museum, MP-1976.5.5

Mrs. Thomas Piper Parmentier About 1840 Artist unknown Silhouette drawing on paper Gift of Miss Esther Kerry McCord Museum, MP-1976.5.6

Thomas Piper Parmentier and his wife, born Elizabeth Simon, were the ancestors of Miss Esther Kerry, of Montreal, who donated these silhouettes to the McCord Museum.

To “take a silhouette,” an artist traced the outline of a model’s shadow and then filled it in with ink. Another method used for silhouettes was to make a black paper cut-out of the model’s profile. The process, the precursor of photography, owes its name to the 18th-century French artist Étienne Silhouette (1709–1767), who popularized this type of art. Silhouettes became highly fashionable in the United States and Canada in the 19th century when artists John Miers and Auguste Édouard arrived from England and France to work in the United States.

Rabbi Rosenburg 1879 Notman & Sandham Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, II-53321.1

Ross, Patterson and Hall Family Album 1867-1895 Gift of T. H. Wardleworth McCord Museum, MP-1974.5.3.1-28

This album contains portraits of the members of the Ross, Patterson, Hall, Allan and Matthews families taken by Canadian and American photographers. On the pages displayed here, we see a portrait of W. A. Merry by William Notman in 1867 and a coloured portrait by Frank Cooper, of London, Ontario.

Simply Montreal 27 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury (1798-1863) 1850-1860 William Raphael (1833-1914) Oil on canvas Gift of James F. R. Routh McCord Museum, M987.231

Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury (1798-1862) was a lawyer and politician, active in Tory circles in Montreal. From 1809 to 1815, he studied at the Collège de Montréal, then under his brother-in-law, the lawyer Basilique-Benjamin Trottier Desrivières-Beaubien, and was called to the bar in November 1819. He at first embraced the Patriotes’ cause, and in 1832 was elected to the House by acclamation. Eventually, however, he went over to the government side, and twice in 1836 fought a duel to defend his honour, under attack first by Ludger Duvernay, the owner of La Minerve, and then by Charles-Ovide Perrault, the Patriote member for Vaudreuil. He became a supporter of the Montreal Tory party and, in 1854, was persuaded to run as an independent in the constituency of Laval. Here he suffered the most bitter defeat in Canadian political history – he did not receive a single vote.

Mrs. Sang Lee and family 1897 Wm. Notman & Son Modern print from original gelatin silver dry plate negative McCord Museum, II-120280

The Montreal directory listed a “Lea Sang” laundry for the first time in 1894. By 1898, the directory entry had changed to Sang Lee. The first Chinese hand laundry in Montreal was opened in 1877 by Song Long on Craig Street. By 1911, there were more than 1,300 Chinese residents, most of whom owned or worked in 284 hand laundries located throughout the city. Mr. Sang was fortunate that his wife and children were with him, since the prohibitive costs and restrictions surrounding Chinese immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries meant that many Chinese men had to live on their own. Even in 1921, there were 19 men for every woman in Montreal’s Chinese community.

Saksarie Sakosem, François Snehe 1876 Notman & Sandham Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, II-41674.1

Simply Montreal 28 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Tier Skanensati, Peter Laforce 1876 Notman & Sandham Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, II-41670.1

These two men are lacrosse players from the Mohawk community of Kahnawake, near Montreal. Lacrosse is one of many varieties of stickball games played by Aboriginal people long before the arrival of Europeans. The first use of the word “crosse” in reference to the game was made in 1636 by Jesuit missionary Jean de Brebeuf, who saw Huron men playing it near Thunder Bay, Ontario. In 1876, the year of these portraits, lacrosse teams comprised of Mohawk players from Kahnawake and Akwesasne travelled abroad for an extended tour of the British Isles. The highlight of the trip was a command performance before Queen Victoria in the courtyard of Windsor Castle.

Mrs. Ernest Stuart 1920 D. N. Inglis Pastel on paper Gift of Mr. Okill Stuart McCord Museum, M2002.104.2

Mrs. Ernest Stuart was the eldest daughter of the late C. J. Brydges, of the barony of Chandos, who was general manager of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. Her husband, Ernest Stuart, who died in 1903, was a well-known member of the Canadian legal profession.

Mrs. Stuart was made a Lady of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in January 1918, at the same time as her son, Lieut.-Col. Campbell Stuart, received his honour of knighthood. Soon after the outbreak of the war, Mrs. Stuart was chosen as president of the Ladies Executive of the Quebec Provincial Branch of the Canadian Red Cross Society, and in the Belmont Park headquarters supervised an army of workers who packed and dispatched 150 cases of Red Cross supplies every week to Canadian troops overseas. She also organized the visiting committee that looked after the welfare of returned soldiers in military hospitals.

Miss Marion Tomlison January 1913 Ernest Lloyd Watercolour and gouache on ivory Gift of Miss Emily LeBaron McCord Museum, M970.84

Simply Montreal 29 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Miss Marion Tomlison of Sherbrooke, Quebec, became Mrs. Morkill of Vancouver, British Columbia in 1913.

Unknown 1871 Photograph, by William Notman Modern reproduction of an albumen print McCord Museum, I-66067.1

William Notman photographed this young woman, who was engaged as a nurse by Mrs. Cowan.

Abbé Joseph-Zépherin Vincent About 1906 Ozias Leduc (1864-1955) Oil on canvas Gift of Mr. A. Sidney Dawes McCord Museum, M963.14.2

Abbé Joseph-Zépherin Vincent (1852-1910) was the parish priest of the Church of Saint-Grégoire-d’Iberville in Mont Saint-Grégoire. The celebrated painter Ozias Leduc had begun the painting from a photograph, but it so displeased the Abbé that he refused to accept it. A few years before his death, Leduc cut the painting into three parts, and sold them. The McCord holds the central portion shown here, as well as the hands.

Dusty Vineberg (Augusta Vineberg Solomon) About 1970 Artist unknown Gelatin silver print Gift of Mrs. Augusta Vineberg Solomon McCord Museum, M2005.161.8

Dusty Vineberg Solomon, born Augusta Myers Vineberg (1927) studied journalism at Columbia University in New York. A member of the Montreal Star editorial team, she is now retired. She is a major donor to her alma mater, as well as to Montreal museums. In 1974, she wed Samuel Solomon, son of Nathan and Rachel (Greenberg) Solomon, born on December 5, 1925 in Brest Litovsk, Poland. He died on December 13, 2008.

Samuel Solomon arrived in Canada in 1935 with his family. After studies at McGill University, he taught there and headed up the endocrinology laboratory at the Royal Victoria Hospital.

Simply Montreal 30 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Mrs. John Ward, age forty August 25, 1809 Artist unknown Watercolour, gouache and gum arabic on ivory Gift of James F. R. Routh McCord Museum, M987.222

4.2. A New Land

Historiæ Canadensis... by François Du Creux, 1664 McCord Museum, M11712

François Du Creux (? - 1666) compiled this history of Canada from conversations with missionaries who had worked in New France, including fathers Brébeuf, Lalemant, Le Jeune and Bressani. He also used the previously published Jesuit Relations.The plates are among the most important and best executed 17th- century depictions of Aboriginal people, possibly Huron.

From Historiæ Canadensis... by François Du Creux, 1664 McCord Museum, M11712

These women are grinding corn. Huron women planted, tended and harvested the crops, which accounted for perhaps three-quarters of all the food that the Hurons ate. Although corn was their most important crop, beans, squash and sunflowers were also grown. Huron cuisine included many dishes, but a staple of their diet was a thin soup made of corn meal, which was ground by the women in a hollowed-out tree trunk, using a long wooden pole. The corn meal they produced was also a valuable trade item.

From Historiæ Canadensis... by François Du Creux, 1664 McCord Museum, M11712

In the 17th century, most Aboriginal people living in eastern Canada smoked tobacco and made offerings of tobacco to appease powerful spirits. The Huron generally obtained tobacco through trade with groups living to the south. Huron men also grew small quantities of tobacco for their own use, in plots of ground near their houses. Pipes were made from clay, occasionally from stone, and were also obtained from Europeans. This man is wearing shell ornaments, an elaborately decorated robe, and leggings with painted motifs.

Simply Montreal 31 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 From Historiæ Canadensis... by François Du Creux, 1664 McCord Museum, M11712

In addition to tending their crops, Huron women were also responsible for the time-consuming tasks of cooking, sewing, and caring for the children. They made clothes from deer hides, and decorated them with painted motifs. Porcupine quills were also dyed vivid colours and then woven into bands or sewn directly onto garments. These women are wearing headbands, necklaces, and armbands made of wampum—tubular beads of white and purple shell imported from the eastern seaboard of the United States. Wampum was highly valued and was traded across vast distances.

FARMERS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY The “Hochelagans” were an Iroquoian-speaking people who cultivated the fertile lands of the island that is now Montreal. They also lived by hunting and fishing in the rich forests and waters of the St. Lawrence Valley. It is primarily through their distinctive pottery that we know of these people today. When Samuel de Champlain visited the region in 1603, the Hochelagans had already disappeared, perhaps the victims of escalating warfare among Aboriginal groups or of diseases introduced by Europeans.

THE BEGINNINGS OF MONTREAL In 1860, workmen gathering fill for construction sites stumbled upon the remains of an Iroquoian settlement. Sir John William Dawson, the principal of McGill College, was convinced the workmen had uncovered traces of Hochelaga and proceeded to oversee one of the earliest archaeological rescue projects in Canada.

Archaeologists today, however, think the Dawson site was probably a predecessor to Hochelaga, a smaller village occupied during the 15th century.

Hochelaga, as illustrated by Giacomo Gastaldi dans l,ouvrage de G. B. Ramusio 1556 Bibliothèque nationale, Paris

On his second voyage, in 1535, Jacques Cartier reached what is now the island of Montreal and there visited the Iroquoian village of Hochelaga. Bordered by magnificent oaks and fields of corn, the village enclosed fifty longhouses inside a wooden palisade. A mountain stood nearby, which Cartier named “Mount Royal.”

Simply Montreal 32 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Decorated bone tools Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherd decorated with a corn ear motif Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Bone awls Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Bone tubes Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

These tubes, made from deer, dog and bird bones, may have been used to hold objects such as bone needles.

Rim sherd from a collared pot Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds decorated with a simple motif Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds decorated with an incised linear motif Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Bone projectile point with barbs Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Simply Montreal 33 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Pottery counters or gaming discs Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds decorated with a motif of incised lines and hollow reed punctates Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Castellated rim sherds showing a Huron influence Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Stone scraper and antler flaking tool Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Coronet pipes Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

These rim sherds are decorated with a hollow-reed punctate and incised opposed triangle motif.

Bone needles Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Bone projectile points Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Simply Montreal 34 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Woodworking tools Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Clay pipes with a human effigy motif Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Castellated rim sherds decorated with a stylized human effigy motif Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds from collarless pots Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Clay beads Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

Rim sherds from small pots Dawson site Late 15th or early 16th century McCord Museum

4.3. Migratory Waves

About 1300 Settlement of St. Lawrence Valley Iroquoians in the Montreal region. They disappear towards the end of the 16th century.

1642-1659 French immigrants found Montreal in the 1642 and welcome additional groups of compatriots in 1653 and 1659; new immigrants arrive sporadically up to the end of the French regime.

1760 Arrival of several dozen British merchants and administrators.

Simply Montreal 35 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 1815-1850 Massive immigration from the British Isles – Irish (about half), English and Scots.

About 1850 Start of the rural exodus: people from the country, francophones and anglophones, migrate to Montreal. This movement continues until the 1960s. 1900-1914 New massive immigration of the English people but also, increasingly, of other Europeans, particularly Jews from Poland and Russia, and Italians.

1946-1967 Post-war immigration, mostly fro Europe – Italy, England, Germany, Greece, the Ukraine, Poland, etc.,- but also from North Africa (Jews from Morocco and Egyptians).

1967-1997 A new wave of immigration from outside Europe, largely south-eastern Asia, the Indian sub-continent, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa.

Simply Montreal 36 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 5. Different Cultures Meet - Living Together

Before becoming a commercial centre, Montreal―like many of the world's large cities―lived through a period when the sword and the musket were in regular use. The French fought over the territory with Aboriginal peoples, eventually losing it to the English. Once the clamour of war had died down, those remaining had to learn to live together.

On the island of Montreal, two worlds took shape. Most of the anglophones gravitated towards the West, while the francophones settled largely in the East. St. Lawrence Boulevard, an axis of immigration, formed a rough division between the city's two societies. Modern Montreal was built on these two linguistic communities, and since then―especially since the 1960s―dozens of other cultural groups have swelled the ranks of the island's French- and English- speaking populations. The result is present-day Montreal: bilingual and multicultural.

5.1. Conflicts and Alliances

Throughout its history, Montreal has been a meeting place for people of different origin, language, religion and cultural tradition: initially Aboriginal, French and British people, and later such groups as Jews and Italians. The cohabitation of these groups within the same territory has not always been easy, sometimes creating tensions and conflict. But on many occasions solutions have been found and alliances formed. Here are a few examples of these numerous conflicts and alliances.

1660. The Battle of Long Sault A small group of Frenchmen, Hurons and Algonquins led by Dollard des Ormeaux was defeated by several hundred Iroquois. During the 17th century a long struggle for mastery of the St. Lawrence and the fur trade pitted the French and their Native allies against members of the Iroquois Confederacy.

1701. The Great Peace of Montreal This peace treaty was signed in Montreal by the governor general of New France and the representatives of about forty Aboriginal nations, including the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. It brought an end to the longstanding war with the Iroquois.

1760. The Capitulation of Montreal During the 17th and 18th centuries, the North American colonies of France and England were often at war. After the British victory on the Plains of Abraham in 1759, Montreal capitulated the following year. The British conquest of Canada became official in 1763, with the Treaty of Paris.

Simply Montreal 37 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 1774. The Quebec Act This British statute guaranteed the basic rights of French Canadians, including the freedom to practice the Catholic religion, and established French civil law. The Act was an attempt to conciliate French Canadians at a time of mounting unrest in Britain's American colonies.

1837-1838. The rebellions of Lower Canada The tensions that existed between the Patriotes on the one hand and the governor general and the loyalists on the other worsened during the 1830s, especially in Montreal. Eventually, armed rebellions occurred in the countryside surrounding Montreal, which were crushed by the British.

1841. The Baldwin-La Fontaine Alliance The political alliance between Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose goal was to achieve responsible government (1848), marked the beginning of a period of collaboration between francophone and anglophone leaders, which eventually led to the Confederation of 1867.

1885. The Riel Affair The hanging of the Métis leader Louis Riel triggered fierce protest among francophones and heightened tensions between them and the English-speaking population. These tensions were exacerbated by the smallpox epidemic that struck Montreal in 1885.

1917 and 1942. The Conscription Crises During the two world wars, the majority of francophones were opposed to compulsory enlistment for military service overseas, a measure supported by most anglophones and by the federal government. Demonstrations and protest rallies were held in Montreal.

1967. Expo 67 The Universal Exhibition held in Montreal in 1967, whose main theme was "Man and His World", was a celebration of brotherhood between all nations and an unprecedented opportunity to embrace the world in all its cultural diversity. It was also an expression of Montreal pride.

1969. The Language Crisis Montreal’s traditional linguistic balance began to be questioned by nationalist groups alarmed by the anglicization of immigrants. Feelings reached a pitch in 1969, and there were numerous protests and riots. The crisis led to the adoption of language laws and the reinforcement of the French in Montreal.

1992. The 350th Anniversary of the Founding of Montreal Many exhibitions and public celebrations marked this anniversary. It offered Montrealers of all origins a chance to celebrate the grandeur of their city and express their collective pride.

Simply Montreal 38 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Mother Marguerite d’Youville (1701-1771) 19th century Oil on canvas, attributed to James Duncan (1806-1881) McCord Museum, M986.128

During the winter of 1760, marguerite d’Youville opened her hospital to the British troops which had recently occupied Montreal.

René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville (1720-1792) 1769 Oil on canvas, by John Mare (1739-c.1795) McCord Museum, M966.62.2

René-Ovide, the son of Jean-Baptiste Hertel and Marie-Anne Baudouin, was born on September 6, 1720 at Port-Toulouse, Cape Breton.

He married Louise-Catherine André de Leigne in 1741 and had three daughters and two sons. In 1745 he was named to the office of Lieutenant-General for Civil and Criminal Affairs at Trois-Rivières. In 1750 he became director of the St. Maurice ironworks, the only foundry in New France.

In 1765, Governor Murray appointed him Chief Road Commissioner for the district of Montreal, a position he held until 1775, when the Governor, Sir Guy Carleton, granted him a commission as “conservator of the peace and commissioner for the District of Montreal.” Thus he became one of the first two French Canadian judges under the British regime.

Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville (1668-1722) Before 1713 Oil on canvas, artist unknown McCord Museum, M966.62.1

This portrait of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville (1668-1722) is one of the earliest civil portraits executed in New france. Born in Trois-Rivières and granted the seigneury of Rouville at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Hertel de Rouville served on Governor Brisay de Denonville’s campaign against the Senecas in 1867. He also led the raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1704. When he was made knight of the order of Saint Louis in 1721, Hertel de Rouville had the insignia of the Order added to the portrait.

Scraper Late 17th century McCord Museum, L18.38

Simply Montreal 39 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Tomahawk About 1867 Gift of Mr. W. D McLennan McCord Museum, M9368

Dueling pistols belonging to Lord Jeffery Amhertst Mid-18th century Alicia Hale McCrae Collection McCord Museum, MEL959.2.4.1-2

Rifle 1800-1810 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1314

An ardent supporter of Louis-Joseph Papineau, Dr. Wolfred Nelson was one of the chief leaders of the 1837 Rebellion, where he used this flintlock rifle. After returning from exile in 1843, he served as mayor of Montreal from 1854 to 1856.

Cannonball 18th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1669

Powder horn With a contemporary pictorial plan of the siege of Quebec, dated 1759 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M234.1

Helmet Early 17th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M15912

As seen in the illustrations accompanying Champlain’s publication of 1613, this type of helmet was worn by soldiers in New France in the early 17th century.

Bow 1850-1875 Eastern Great Lakes McCord Museum, ACC3203C

Simply Montreal 40 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Arrow 1820-1840 Eastern woodlands Gift of the Natural History Society of Montreal McCord Museum, M16181

Naval cutlass Mid-18th century England Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M17729

Sword About 1799 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1315

This sword and scabbard belonged to François Jalbert (1780-1854), a captain of militia during the Revolt of 1837 at Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu.Accused of killing Lieutenant Weir and imprisoned without trial, Jalbert was acquitted and released two years later.

Cross-bow 17th century Gift of Maj. W. T. Wilson McCord Museum, ACC739.1

A weapon used widely in medieval times, the cross-bow was still in use in New France in the early colonial period.

Cannonball 18th century Iron McCord Museum, M993X.2.4

Partisan (spearhead) About 1625-1650 Gift of Dr. W. D. Lighthall McCord Museum, M932.10.1

We’re referring to an object here, not a person: a partisan was a weapon derived from the halberd and used by guards in the early 17th century.

Bayonet Late 17th century McCord Museum, L19.38

Simply Montreal 41 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Cuirass 17th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M17674

At the beginning of the 17th century, in the early days of colonial settlement, Champlain’s soldiers wore cuirasses as part of their body armour. It protected the torso from neck to waist.

Cannon Mid-19th century McCord, M990X.751.53

Club Eastern Woodlands Early 20th century McCord Museum, ME966.175

Simply Montreal 42 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 6. Different Cultures Meet - Alliances and Passions

6.1. Family Ties

Societies are founded on families. Even though most of the 52 Europeans who spent the winter of 1642 in Ville-Marie were young unmarried men, family ties played an important role in the new settlement. Three out of ten of these first residents were related to one another through family in France.

Family ties continued to influence patterns of immigration to New France in the 17th and 18th centuries, and to Montreal in the 19th and 20th. Sisters and brothers, parents and children, often settled in Montreal together, generally residing near one another, on the same street or in the same neighbourhood. Kinship was the webbing that underlay the growth of the city’s distinct cultural communities.

Kinship formed not only the basis for social life, but also for the entrepreneurship and business partnerships that fuelled the city’s growth. In 1840, Montreal was scarcely larger than Quebec City. By 1900, it was five times bigger, its increase spurred not only by the high birth rate of the residents, but also by the flood of new arrivals and their kin.

Portrait of Isobel Richardson About 1843 Oil on canvas, attributed to Horace Bundy (1814-1883) McCord Museum, MEL985.227

This is a posthumous portrait of Isobel Richardson, who died of consumption in 1843.The presence of an urn in the painting was a convention of the time to indicate that the sitter was deceased. Bundy was an itinerant Vermont artist who may have been in the area at the time of Isobel’s death and was thus able to take a likeness for the bereaved family.

Anonymous family group About 1800 Oil on tin McCord Museum, MEL932.1

Portrait of Violette Catherine Lafleur & Madeleine Félice Lafleur 1907 Oil on canvas by Laura Adeline Muntz (1860-1930) Gift of Mr. Raymond E. Parsons McCord Museum, M995.38.3.1-2

Simply Montreal 43 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 The artist Laura Muntz emigrated to Canada in 1869 and studied art in Toronto, Hamilton and Paris. She became an Associate of the Royal Canadian Academy in 1895 and was well known for her portraits of children.

6.2. Couples: Alliances and Passions

While at the turn of the 21st century slightly more than 12 percent of Montrealers live alone, this kind of solitary lifestyle was far less common in the past. The economic success of a household depended on the collaborative work of at least two people, usually a married couple.

Marriages established alliances between families and businesses, as well as between individuals. Many cultural communities discouraged marriage alliances outside the circle of language and religion. As the city population changed in the 20th century, however, the individual choice of partners began to blur the ethnic and linguistic boundaries in communities.

In 1901, just over 5 percent of Montreal’s population reported an origin other than “British” or “French”. By 1921, the number had grown to 115, 582 Montrealers, or almost 13 percent, and by 1971, that figure had doubled. Today, Montreal’s population is a vibrant linguistic, cultural and ethnic mix.

Wedding dress 1907 Gift of Deirdre Fairie Falkner Bower McCord Museum, M2001.76.1.1-2

Portrait of the bride 1907 William Notman & Son Modern print from original gelatin dry plate negative McCord Museum, II-166971

This dress was worn by Georgina Clark at her wedding in 1907 to Dr. James Arthur Fairie. Miss Clark is shown in the photograph wearing her wedding dress.

Wedding dress 1926 Gift of Miss Jean Cameron McCord Museum, M2004.127.3.1-2

This dress was worn by Gweena Madelaine Ibbotson at her marriage to Walter MacFarlane in 1926 in Montreal.

Simply Montreal 44 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Shoes About 1905 Gift of the Estate of Mrs. Archie MacFarlane McCord Museum, M21726.1-2

Hatpin 1900-1910 Gift of Mrs. William Barry McCord Museum, M972.5

Purse About 1910 Gift of Mrs. Robert Hanna McCord Museum, M965.130.25

Pin 1890-1915 McCord Museum, M2009X.1.2

Necklace About 1925 Gift of Mrs. Marjory Cornett and Mrs. Alison Hopwood McCord Museum, M994.37.2

Cap and slippers About 1919 Gift of Mrs. Madeleine Goudreau McCord Museum, M2007.139.1, M2007.139.2.1-2

Purse 1915-1925 Gift of Mrs. Richard Stevenson McCord Museum, M979.103.5

The Alliance of Difference Portraits of Auguste-France Glaubenskind vel Globensky (1754-1830) and Marie- Françoise Brousseau dit Lafleur (1764-1854) 1823 Oil paintings on canvas by Jean-Baptiste Roy-Audy (about 1778-1848) Lent by André Robitaille

These portraits symbolize the fusion of different cultures that occurred with the marriage of a man born in Germany of Polish parents and a woman from a French-Canadian family. Auguste-France Globensky came to Canada in 1776 as a member of the Hessian troops sent by Great Britain to combat the American

Simply Montreal 45 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Revolution. After the war was over, he decided to remain in the country and share his life with Marie-Françoise Brousseau, with whom he had some fifteen children.

6.3. Garden of Cultures

CULTURAL EXCHANGES A traditionally agrarian society, the Mohawks of Kahnawake produced highly prized fruits and vegetables for Montreal markets. Their agricultural fairs were very popular events in the late 19th century.

A fair in Kahnawake About 1910 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, MP-0000.115.5

AN APPLE A DAY Summer and winter alike, for over one hundred years, the Jacques-Cartier Market teemed with apple stands, to the great pleasure of passers-by. Built between 1845 and 1852, the Bonsecours Market bustled with activity up until 1963. It was also the site of Montreal’s City Hall until 1878.

Apple Stand, Jacques Cartier Square, Montreal About 1930 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, MP-1984.105.24

TO MARKET! TO MARKET! Montrealers still go to the city’s market to buy local produce, imported fruits and vegetables and fresh baked bread. Prior to the widespread use of refrigeration in the 1930s, shopping for most women was an almost daily task.

In the 19th century, many foods were sold in bulk, and a grocer, by definition, sold in the gross, or in large quantities. Sugar, for example, came in tall cones of loaves that had to be broken into limps by the grocer, then further cut and ground at home before it could be used. In the 20th century, pre-packaged foods came into general use. In 1912, Redpath Sugar of Montreal introduced bags of ground sugar, making it easier to buy and easier to use.

Cheese, seasonal vegetables and fruits, fish, meat, coffee, tea, biscuits, flour and cocoa were processed and packaged in cans, boxes and bags. Even bread

Simply Montreal 46 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 became more convenient. The introduction of a bread-slicing machine in 1928 made uncut loaves a thing of the past, and pre-packaged sliced loaves “the best idea since sliced-bread!”

Many women in well-to-do households ordered their groceries by telephone. Milk, bread and ice were delivered door to door. The less well off shopped locally, buying their meat and staples at a corner grocery. In 1927, the Montreal business directory listed more than 2,800 grocery stores, some large but most small.

Bonsecours Market Scene in Winter About 1850-1860 Oil on wood, by James Duncan (1806-1881) Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M316

All walks of society congregated in Montreal’s 19th-century marketplaces. As food was a daily necessity, the market was open throughout the year—allowing customers to catch up on the latest news and gossip.

Jacques Cartier Market Place About 1929 Oil on canvas, by Alice Des Clayes (1890-1968) Gift of Mrs. Leonora McCarney McCord Museum, M995.50.1

The Jacques Cartier Market reflected Montreal’s dependence on the rural community for fresh produce. It was an indispensable meeting place where farmers, city dwellers, craftsmen and tradesmen exchanged their goods and services.

Sugar loaf Purchased in Montreal, February 2001

The grocer would break the conical sugar loaf into lump sugar with the aid of a loaf breaker. Sugar nippers in the household were used to further break up the lumps, so that the sugar could be used in cooking, or in beverages.

Sugar nippers 19th century Iron Gift of Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.282

Simply Montreal 47 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Stoneware jug, Toronto pottery Co. 1880-1890 McCord Museum, M994X.2.134

Used by A. Paquette, Spice, Wine and Liquor Merchant, 185-187 rue St. Paul, Montreal.

Tinned tea caddy Early 20th century Chromolithographed Japanese motif Gift of Eddy Echenberg McCord Museum, M2002.69.1788.1-2

Tinned lard pail Early 20th century John Nichol & Sons Regd., Lennoxville, Quebec Gift of Eddy Echenberg McCord Museum, M2002.69.556.1-2

Tinned lard pail Early 20th century Canada Packers Limited, Montreal Gift of Eddy Echenberg McCord Museum, M2002.69.1780

Glass milk bottle, Laiteries des producteurs Inc., Montreal 1929-1930 Gift of Mr. Bill Bliss McCord Museum, M994.47.43

La Laiterie des producteurs de lait de la province de Québec Inc. was incorporated in Québec (provincial charter) on December 9th 1929 and ceased to exist in 1958 or 1959.

Coffee grinder Late 19th century Germany Lent by Mrs. Sophie Dutoy

Cookbooks 1950-1961 Gift of Mrs. Joyce Billing and Mrs. Madeleine Tremblay McCord Museum, M2000.92.15, M2003.40.23.

Inexpensive cookbooks were distributed by manufacturers during the second half of the 20th century.

Simply Montreal 48 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Tin coffee canister, Wood’s Canadian Souvenir Coffee 1904 Package registered by A. L. K. Browns McCord Museum, M996X.2.349.1-2

Glass bread platter “give us this day our daily bread” Late 19th century Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Newlands Coburn McCord Museum, M992.6.54

Tin tea caddy 1937 Photolithographic images of King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and HRH Elizabeth and Margaret Gift of Eddy Echenberg McCord Museum, M2002.69.1789

Bread knifes stamped “Patapfor & Speery” 19th century Gift of Miss Sybil Ross McCord Museum, M986.107.7A

Bread board Late 19th century Gift of Mr. J. C. Elliott McCord Museum, M966.15.3

Mortar and pestle Early 20th century Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M993.115.34.1-2

Spice box Patented in 1858 Used by Mrs. John MacFarlane, about 1880-1890 Gift of Mrs. F. R. Terroux McCord Museum, M974.61.1-9

Citrus squeezer Early 20th century Gift of Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.261

Simply Montreal 49 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Earthenware salt box, Bennington Pottery Late 19th century Gift of Dr. Huguette Rémy McCord Museum, M999.85.32.1-2

COOKING The kitchen is often seen as the centre of the household. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most women spent a good part of their day in the kitchen, preparing food for the family. If she were well off, a woman might have a cook and even a maid to help make and serve meals. But for the majority of women, the only help they received came from within the family, or through the purchase of labour-saving devices.

The replacement of the open hearth with a cast iron stove meant that a woman no longer had to cook over an open fire. At first, wood and then coal fueled the new stoves, but by 1914 more then half the homes in Montreal were “on gas”. Although Montreal was electrified in the late 1880s, electric stoves did not come into general use until the 1930s.

Cooking over a wood fire at an open hearth meant meals were either roasted, toasted, or cooked in a single pot. Modern stoves made it possible for women to prepare more elaborate meals-more work for mother!

Copper kettle manufactured by John Philips & Co, Glasgow Early 19th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M2389.1-2

Enameled bleu graniteware toy kitchen utensils Early 20th century Gift of Mrs. Louise Hurtubise Bousquet McCord Museum, M2000.41.160

Wooden rolling pin Late 19th century McCord Museum, M22006

Wooden ladle 1900-1920 Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M993.115.66

Simply Montreal 50 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Stoneware bowl Late 19th century McCord Museum, M979.85

Cookbooks 1939-about 1955 Gift of Mrs. Joyce Billing, René Villeneuve, and Mrs. Madeleine Tremblay McCord Museum, M2000.92.19, M2001.68.3, M2003.40.13

Inexpensive cookbooks were distributed by manufacturers in the 20th century.

Cast iron roll pan 19th century McCord Museum, M985X.93

Earthenware mould Late 19th century Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M993.115.71

Earthenware bowl, Glasgow Pottery Company 1877-1883 Gift of Dr. Huguette Rémy McCord Museum, M999.85.24

Enameled spoon About 1920 Gift of Mr. John David Holmes McCord Museum, M988.120.7

Wooden eggbeater 19th century Gift of Mrs. J. S. Leo McCord Museum, M17859

Graniteware mould, General Steelware Ltd, Montreal 1875-1900 Gift of Mrs. Olive Wilson McCord Museum, M998.65.2

Electric Kit Kitchen range, “Kokomo Little Lady” 1920-1930 Kingston Products Corp., Kokomo, Indiana McCord Museum, M992.101.4

Simply Montreal 51 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Cast Iron Toy Cooking Stove Late 19th century Gift of Mr. Saul Ettinger McCord Museum, M992.101.12.1-2

Cast Iron Toy Cooking Stove, “Queen” Early 20th century Gift of Miss Rose Beatrice Simpson McCord Museum, M982.590.1-7

Simply Montreal 52 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 7. Prospering - They Came from the Sea

Montreal, located at the juncture of numerous waterways, has been an important trading centre since time immemorial. Before the arrival of Europeans, Aboriginal peoples travelled up and down the St. Lawrence and its tributaries in their birchbark vessels, trading a variety of goods. Groups in the West exchanged the precious copper of the Lake Superior region for the shell beads produced by Atlantic coast peoples.

Then, one day, from far away across the ocean came huge canoes like none ever seen before. They bore men with white faces―les Français―eagerly seeking the wealth and resources of this "new world", particularly furs. Some among them, who shared the Aboriginal people's fierce love of freedom and space, took to the forest and became coureurs des bois―woodsmen.

After the Conquest, the British―including many Scots―were even more active in the fur trade than the French had been, offering tools, alcohol and firearms in exchange for hides. Some fur traders became immensely rich.

7.1. Trading Routes

The Montreal region was the main gateway to the continent: the St. Lawrence was linked to the Ottawa River and the Great Lakes, the Richelieu and Lake Champlain, but also to the Atlantic. The area was controlled by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, who were the inhabitants of Hochelaga. They interacted with the numerous other Aboriginal peoples inhabiting the surrounding areas.

Birchbark canoe, Ancienne Lorette About 1950 Lent by Mrs. Joan McKim

Map of interaction About 1530 Reproduction After Atlas historique du Canada, vol.1 Presse de l'Université de Montréal, 1987, plate 33

The Montreal region was the main gateway to the continent: the St. Lawrence was linked to the Ottawa River and the Great Lakes, the Richelieu and Lake Champlain, but also to the Atlantic. The area was controlled by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, who were the inhabitants of Hochelaga. They interacted with the numerous other Aboriginal peoples inhabiting the surrounding areas.

Simply Montreal 53 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Canoes Late 17th century Reproduction Watercolour and brown ink on parchment, by Louis Nicholas (1634-after 1678) Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Model canoe 1930-1960 Atikamekw, maker unknown Gift of Jean-Paul Demers, O.M.I. McCord Museum, M2006.48.36

Shells Undated Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M128, M998X.3.3

Aboriginal people made beads before the arrival of Europeans. They would break shells into small pieces, which they then polished and pierced to make necklaces and belts. Native beads were white or purple, depending on whether the shell came from the whelk or the quahog clam.

Wampum strings Undated Gift of David Ross McCord and Sir William Dawson McCord Museum, M1898.1-6, M13321

Strings of wampum or shell beads played a very important role in ceremonies and adornment, and were exchanged over long distances. Aboriginal people used shell beads to make a wide range of ornaments, including necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts, headbands and hair ornaments.

Modern tobacco “Quyecta” was the name of the tobacco smoked by Cartier with the Aboriginal people he met during his trip to Hochelaga in 1535.The Iroquois believed that tobacco had the power to keep the body warm and healthy.

Pipes Undated Crouse Collection McCord Museum, M13499, M13543, M962X.1

Long before the Europeans arrived, the Iroquoians were makers of very fine earthenware pipes, which they produced in large quantities. Early European

Simply Montreal 54 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 settlers soon copied these ancient models. Later, the Iroquois drew inspiration from European pipes.

Native chief Late 17th century Reproduction Watercolour and brown ink on parchment, by Louis Nicholas (1634-after 1678) Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Modern corn Native people in the New World had many traditions, stories and ceremonies revolving around corn or the “three sisters” (corn, beans and squash)— evidence of how important these plants were to them. Long before the Europeans arrived, Native groups that grew corn traded it for meat, shells and other goods. Later, Algonquin middlemen supplied French fur traders with pelts that they had obtained in exchange for corn from bands living farther north.

Native copper Gift of the Arctic Institute of North America McCord Museum, M21200.1-4

In the prehistoric period, various Aboriginal peoples used nuggets of native copper bartering. The Lake Superior region an important source for copper. Between 5,000 and 1,000 B.C., a copper route ran from the Great Lakes to mouth of the Saguenay River.

Native cooper lance Old Copper Culture 5,000-4,000 years ago McCord Museum, L20/38

Cradleboard Iroquois 1865-1925 McCord Museum, M978X.51

Aboriginal mothers securely bound their infants to elaborately decorated cradleboards in order to carry them and place them out of harm’s way while they worked. The hoop around the top of the cradleboard protected the infant’s head if the board fell, and the child’s feet rested on the footboard, preparing him/her to stand and walk. Such ornately decorated cradleboards would be passed down from generation to generation, and the care put into their creation reflects the importance of children in Iroquois society.

Simply Montreal 55 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Glass bead necklace Mi’kmaq Mid-19th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1320

Glass bead necklace Eastern Woodlands 17th century type beads Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M54

Glass beads Mid-19th century McCord Museum, M998X.3.5.1-204

Glass bead necklace Eastern Woodlands 19th century McCord Museum, M998X.3.4

Glass beads were a major trade item. Their introduction into North America had considerable impact on the decorative arts of Aboriginal people, who quickly appreciated the possibilities offered by the wide range of shapes and colours. Moreover, they invested beads and beaded objects with power and meaning that went well beyond the aesthetic realm.

Brass cooking pots 17th century type McCord Museum, M10944, M10943

Spiked tomahawk Algonquin About 1750 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M2151

Clay pipe 1846-1891 McCord Museum, M988X.144

Pipe-tomahawks Eastern Woodlands Before 1850 McCord Museum, M8888, M989X.105, ME986X.115

Simply Montreal 56 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Pipe-tomahawks did not exist before the advent of the fur trade. Symbols of both peace and war, they are an accurate reflection of the political climate that reigned after the arrival of Europeans.

Powder horn 19th century McCord Museum, M19276

Gunflints Undated Crouse Collection; Messieurs Papineau McCord Museum, ACC1387.1-6, M10521, M10631, M10635

Northwest Company Trade Gun Late 18th century Gift of Mr. Gordon T. Écuyer Howard McCord Museum, M965.67.1.1-2

Wall pocket 1875-1905 Woodland Cree Maker unknown McCord Museum, M12528

Aboriginal people adapted European materials to their traditional ways of making clothing and accessories. Embroidery floss and cotton thread were used here to beautifully embroider this tanned hide wall pocket.

7.2. The Fur Rush

SILVER LINKS Silver ornaments played an important role in exchanges with Native peoples during the fur trade period. From 1750 to 1850, Montreal was one of the most important manufacturing centers of trade silver, and thousands of silver items were produced there. In 1801 alone, one of the city’s best known silversmiths, Robert Cruickshank, made 50,000 pieces. Other famous makers of trade silver were Jonathan Tyler, Charles Arnoldi and Charles Duval.

Costume of Domiciliated Indians of America 1814 Oil on board by E. Close (active in 1814) Gift of Dr. Michel Allard and Dr. Célyne Drolet McCord Museum, M992.83.1

Simply Montreal 57 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 The painting is based on an aquatint published by George Heriot in 1807 in Travels in the Canadas.

Cross of Lorraine and chain Late 18th century-early 19th century Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1893.2, M1893.1

This cross of Lorraine was made by the Montreal silversmith Charles Arnoldi (1779-1817). The cross was introduced into North America by missionaries, but it soon became a secular item used for trade. Aboriginal people used such crosses as ornaments.

“Council square” brooch Undated Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M10547

Buckles, star- and heart-shaped brooches, round brooch Undated Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M996x.3.78-190, M996x.3.327, M996x.3.330, M996x.3.344, M995x.3.1, M10545

Armbands After 1760 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M173.1-2

This type of ornament was worn by Native people around either the arm or the leg, next to the skin or over a garment. Generally worn by men, such decorative bands were originally made of bark, leather and a variety of other materials.

Circular gorget About 1817 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M410

Round brooch Late 18th century McCord Museum, M984.301

This brooch was made by the silversmith Charles Duval (1758-?) of Trois- Rivières. Such round brooches may be related to European military ornaments, but their shape was definitely influenced by the shell disks worn by Aboriginal people long before the arrival of Europeans.

Simply Montreal 58 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Round brooch After 1860 Gift of Miss I. C. McLennan McCord Museum, M19191

7.3. The Fur Barons

By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, fur-trading activities had become highly organized, with the various tasks being divided between merchant-suppliers, “voyageurs” and employees. The North West Company was a group of independent merchants who had formed an association to counter competition. However, in 1821, the North West Company was absorbed by its main rival, the Hudson’s Bay Company. This takeover virtually put an end to trading activities directed from Montreal by the North West Company.

A Portage 1874 William Henry Edward Napier (1829-1894) Watercolour Gift of Mrs. D. Ross McMaster McCord Museum, M986.132.1

Journal of the Labrador fur trading voyage of William Oliver Kennedy Ross 1909 Gift of Miss Sybil Ross McCord Museum, P384/A.01

This is a hand-written account of one of the author’s voyages from Quebec City to Labrador. The primary purpose of the voyage was to purchase furs from local trappers and agents. The journal relates his daily activities over a period of close to three months, during which he travelled nearly 1,600 kilometres. In it, he notes events from the journey, speaks of people he met, and offers a look at the early 20th century fur trade.

Interior of a fur trading post, Labrador (?), NF (?) About 1909 Artist unknown Gelatin silver print Gift of Miss Sybil Ross McCord Museum, MP-1986.9.2.22

Simply Montreal 59 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Shootings the Rapids About 1870 Reproduction of an oil on canvas by Frances Ann Hopkins (1838-1918) National Archives of Canada, C2774

Very large canoes known in French as canots de maître were widely used during the fur trade era. Made by people of European descent, they were of Native inspiration, the “voyageurs” having learned the techniques for making them from Aboriginal people. A canot de maître could easily be as much as eleven metres long and one metre seventy wide. The crew of such a canoe consisted of between 6 and 10 people or more, and it could carry a load of approximately 1,450 kilos.

Portrait of Joseph Frobisher (1740-1810) About 1805 Oil on canvas by Louis Dulongpré (1754-1843) Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M393

The wealth engendered by the trade in beaver fur gave birth to a privileged class of Montrealers. In those days, having one's portrait painted was a symbol of success. Joseph Frobisher, who sat for this portrait, was one of the most powerful fur traders in Montreal.

Deed Engagement between Alexander Henry and James Milne 1792 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, C002/A,87.1

A notarial deed in which James Milne agrees to serve as a clerk for Alexander Henry for a term of five years in the fur trade.

Print Furs for the European Market: The Hudson Bay Company's Trappers at Work 1902 McCord Museum, C069/A,189.1

A full-page illustration from the Illustrated London News, dated November 22, 1902. It is divided into three sections: two images in the upper part show Fort Chipewyan and “trappers returning from the winter campaign,” and the main image depicts “trappers delivering pelts at headquarters.” The drawings are signed “P[aul] Frenzeny.”

Simply Montreal 60 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Portrait of George A. McVicar 1900-1925 Oil on canvas by J. Collin Forbes (1846-1925) Gift of Mrs. George A. McVicar McCord Museum, M18256

Appointment of Vernon W. West as factor of the James Bay District for the Hudson’s Bay Company 1929 Gift of Mrs. A. M. West McCord Museum, M986.68.3

An official deed on vellum paper with the official header of the Hudson's Bay Company, and an embossed seal in the lower right part of the document. Signed by the company's Governor, Charles Vincent Sales.

Memorandum The two last surviving partners in the Northwest Company 1859 Gift of Dr. W. D. Lighthall McCord Museum, M18638

Plate with armorial bearings of Sir Alexander Mackenzie Motto “Luceo Non Uro” [I shine but do not burn] Late 18th century Chinese porcelain Gift of Bruno Raudnitz McCord Museum, M965.3

Cane 1800-1825 McCord Museum, M20978

This cane belonged to Simon McGillivray, who worked in subsidiaries of the North West Company in London and Montreal. Moreover, the knob of the cane bears the fur-trading company's arms: a beaver gnawing a tree trunk, accompanied by the motto “perseverance”.

Portrait of John Macdonald of Garth (about 1771-1818) Before 1922 Oil on canvas by Donald Richings Hill (1900-1939) Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1594

Simply Montreal 61 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Beaver Club medal About 1785 Gold Gift of Mr. McGillivray Dawkins McCord Museum, M20987

To belong to the Beaver Club, one had to have completed one trading voyage and spent at least one winter at one of the posts in the Pays d’en haut, as western and northwestern Canada was called at the time. The prestigious club was founded in 1785 by nineteen traders who had completed the initiation rite. These members dined together every second Wednesday evening in winter, which they spent in town. At each meeting, they were required to wear their medals hung around their necks.

Portrait of Charles Jean-Baptiste Chaboillez (1736-1808) About 1922 Oil on canvas by Donald Richings Hill (1900-1939) Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1588

Portrait of Isaac Todd (about 1742-1819) About 1922 Oil on canvas (copy) by Donald Richings Hill (1900-1939) Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1595

Portrait of James McGill (1744-1813) 1800-1810 Oil on canvas after Louis Dulongpré (1754-1843) McCord Museum, M10284

Teapot 1807 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M2615

Beaver pelts On loan from Natural Furs International Inc.

Simply Montreal 62 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 8. Prospering - City of Promise, Land of Trade

From 19th century Montreal―strategically located on its great river, wheat, livestock and all the immense riches of the New World flowed towards London. To become a metropolis, Montreal lacked only a link from one ocean to the other: and the railroad was born.

Across mountains and rivers, the lines of the Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific railways ran like the strands of a vast net, connecting the country and symbolizing progress.

In those days, Montreal's harbour was abuzz with noise: the screeching of pulleys on grain ship cranes, the wheezing of the boiler on the Accommodation, a steamboat that made the Quebec City run in a record 36 hours. And the sound of money, too, being deposited safely in the Bank of Montreal by the McGills, the Molsons, the Massons and the island's other wealthy businessmen.

It was during these vibrant years that Sainte-Catherine Street became a place of light, colour and large department stores. The vivid display of Dupuis Frères and Henry Morgan’s Colonial House offered everything, from children’s toys to the luxurious fabrics demanded by Montreal’s most elegant citizens.

8.1. Commercial Hub

A FLAIR FOR BUSINESS Around 1850, most of Canada’s commerce took place between Montreal and London. As early as 1817, merchants with names like Richardson, McGill, Moffat, Masson and Allan had founded Canada’s first bank, the Bank of Montreal. A short while later, in 1822, the Committee of Trade (ancestor of the Board of Trade) was created. By the start of the 20th century, Montreal had become the most important financial center in Canada.

Montreal Board of trade Council 1926 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, II-270673

“Wooton” desk 1874 Gift of Mr. Bruce and Mr. Alexander McNiven McCord Museum, M988.103.1.1-53

This impressive desk was both a status symbol and a highly functional object. Before the filing cabinet was invented, the “Wooton” desk was the ultimate

Simply Montreal 63 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 “organizer”. An advertisement in the May 17, 1884, issue of The Graphic magazine reads as follows:“ One hundred and ten compartments, all under one lock and key. A place for everything and everything in its place. Order Reigns Supreme, Confusion Avoided. Time Saved. Vexation Spared…”

Cane About 1890 McCord Museum, M981X.79

Cane About 1905 Gift of Mrs. Ernest E. Scharfe McCord Museum, M977.34.4

Cane Late 19th Century McCord Museum, M21685

Umbrella stand Late 19th century Terracotta, Takoname ware, Japan Gift of Mrs. Lorne Lindsay and Mrs. Alton Smith McCord Museum, M974.35.35

Bowler hat 1900-1925 Gift of Mrs. John F. Aitchison McCord Museum, M971.52.1

Cane About 1890-1900 Gift of Mrs. H. C. Hayes McCord Museum, M976.24.28

Oliver Standard Visible Typewriter, No. 7 “The Printype, Patented, Nov. 5, 1912” Made in Great Britain, distributed in North America from Chicago Gift of Professor D. D. McWethy McCord Museum, M987.102.8

This model was made about 1912 and was a three-bank machine with the down- strike from the side. It changed very little until it was discontinued in 1940.

Simply Montreal 64 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Smith Premier Typewriter No. 4 Gift of Miss Gwyneth Bedford Jones McCord Museum, M976.141

Model No. 4 was made in 1900 at the Smith typewriter plant in Syracuse, New York. Lovell’s Montreal Directory of 1901-02 lists Wm. M. Hall & Co. as agents for the Smith Company.

Top hat 1850-1870 Gift of Mrs. Jean Norman McCord Museum, M992.42.1

Gloves 20th century Gift of Mrs. Donald A. Baillie McCord Museum, M976.47.6.1-2

Underwood Standard No. 5 Typewriter Made in Hartford, Connecticut About 1925 Canadian distributor: United Typewriter Co. Ltd., Toronto Gift of Professor D. D. McWethy McCord Museum, M987.102.5

This typewriter features a forward strike with a vertical carriage and French keyboard. Typewriters were first introduced commercially in 1873.

Seal Late 19th century Gift of The Presbyterian College McCord Museum, M985.115.1.A

Cheque printing machine 1919 Gift of Mrs. F. R.Terroux McCord Museum, M976.156

With the growing mechanization of the early 20th century, offices became more modern: typewriters, carbon paper and dictaphones were now commonplace. There were even machines for printing cheques, which gave them a much more professional look.

Simply Montreal 65 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 St. James Street, Montreal About 1910 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, MP-1978.207.1

MONTREAL STOCK EXCHANGE Bonds were first issued in Italy in the 14th century. Montreal companies only began trading in stocks and bonds in the 1830s, but in 1842, Montreal had a Board of Stock and Produce, and in 1874 the Montreal Stock Exchange was founded. The Bank of Montreal was the first bank to promote Canadian bond issues both in Canada and abroad.

Tickets Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad Company. Three pounds sterling About 1940 Gift of Mr. Seymour Schulich McCord Museum, C095/K.13

Certificate Compagnie française des mines d’or About 1929 Gift of Mr. Seymour Schulich McCord Museum, C095/J.31

8.2. Place of Transit

The expansion of Montreal’s harbour was largely due to John Molson and other leading Montreal merchants, who introduced steam navigation to the St. Lawrence. The motor of the steamship The Accommodation was made at the Forges du Saint-Maurice, and it was actually the first ship in the world to be equipped with a motor not built in Great Britain. In 1809, The Accommodation made its maiden voyage from Montreal to Quebec City in 36 hours.

Platter representing a view of Montreal from St. Helen’s Island 1830-1840 Earthenware, Davenport, England McCord Museum, MC988.1.9

Simply Montreal 66 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 The steamship Quebec of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Co., Toronto 1894 Thomas Audet Watercolour Gift of Canada Steamship Lines Inc. McCord Museum, M982.532

Platter decorated with a transfer printed view of Montreal representing the steamship British America 1830-1840 Earthenware, Davenport, England McCord Museum, MC988.1.78

Based on prints by Robert Auchmuty Sproule (1799-1845).

The Accomodation Undated Bibliothèque et Archives nationales Québec

The expansion of Montreal’s harbour was largely due to John Molson and other leading Montreal merchants, who introduced steam navigation to the St. Lawrence.The motor of this steamship was made at the Forges du Saint- Maurice, and The Accommodation was actually the first ship in the world to be equipped with a motor not built in Great Britain. In 1809, The Accommodation made its maiden voyage from Montreal to Quebec City in 36 hours.

Account book Construction of the Lachine Canal 1822-1829 Bagg, Abner and Stanley Fonds Gift of Barbara Chapman and Clare Fellowes McCord Museum, P070-A/17.2

8.3. At the Center of the Web

A GREAT BRIDGE, A GREAT CELEBRATION If the railways were going to endure, it was vital that Montreal be linked to the Grand Trunk network by a railway bridge. The Victoria Bridge―the first bridge to span the St. Lawrence―was constructed between 1853 and 1859, with the help of a large contingent of Irish labourers. The bridge’s inauguration on August 25, 1860, marked by lavish celebrations, a regatta and performances by local Mohawks, took place in the presence of none other than His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.

Simply Montreal 67 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 View from below south abutment, Victoria Bridge, Montreal, QC 1859-1860 Lithograph from a photograph by William Notman (1826-1891) Published by John Weale, London, 1860 McCord Museum, N-0000.1626.5002

Model locomotive 1991 Gift of the Estate of Omer Lavallée McCord Museum, M992.110.11.1-2

In 1856, the Grand Trunk Railway opened huge workshops at Pointe-Saint- Charles, in the Sainte-Anne district, where rolling stock was built and repaired.

Model locomotive and tender 1905-1920 Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M992.7.59

Model train Late 19th century Gift of Mr. B.W. Mosher McCord Museum, M975.55.3.1-3

Map of the Great International Route About 1862 Reproduction Brome County Historical Society

This map shows the network of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada and its connections with the United States and Europe. The name “Grand Trunk” reflected the large aspirations of Montreal merchants, whose aim was to create a link between the ocean and the Great Lakes and to breach the U.S. border. But the greatest advantage of the Grand Trunk was that it remained unaffected by the winter, which had hitherto paralyzed Montreal's harbour for several months each year (generally from November to April).

Booklet Montreal, Quebec and Ottawa / The General Passenger Department, Grand Trunk Railway System About 1920 Gift of Ms. Jean K. Chaplin McCord Museum, M2002.12.3

Simply Montreal 68 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Trowel 1859 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M1153

This silver trowel was used to inaugurate a very special commemorative monument. In 1846 and 1847, 6,000 British immigrants, for the most part Irish, died of fever contracted on board the ships that were bringing them to North America. When construction of the Victoria Bridge was complete, the workmen suggested placing a large boulder at its entrance, in memory of their dead compatriots.

The first daily passenger train 1887 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, MP-0000.298.7

8.4. St. Catherine Street

DEPARTMENT STORE DELIGHT In the late 19th century, a new type of business appeared on St. Catherine Street: the large retail department store. Establishments like Colonial House owned by Scottish-born Henry Morgan, Dupuis et Frères, and Ogilvy’s offered a wide range of items, including dry goods, dresses, fashion items and imported products. Mr. Morgan’s family business, which later became Henry Morgan & Co., was the largest of these new retail outlets. During the 1960s, the store was sold to the Hudson’s Bay Company. The name of Morgan did not disappear until 1971, however, when it was replaced by “The Bay”.

Folding camera About 1916 Gift of Mr. Henry B. Yates McCord Museum, M986.293.2.1-2

Stereoscopic viewer About 1901 Gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Lewis McCord Museum, M988.183.1

Magic lantern and slides About 1893 Gift of Mrs. Ron F. Naylor McCord Museum, M968.55.2.1-18

Simply Montreal 69 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Doll’s dinner service 1845-1850 Gift of Mrs. Hilda Freeland Stephens McCord Museum, M997.56.1.1-43

Doll’s chair 1920-1930 Gift of Miss Edna Wootan McCord Museum, M993.104.2

Miniature stove 1900-1950 McCord Museum, M991X.2.118

Miniature bucket, water can and bath 1840-1875 Gift of Mrs. Raymond Caron McCord Museum, M973.1.219.1-3

Bisque headed doll 1920-1925 Ernst Heubach, Germany McCord Museum, M19552.1-4

Child’s sled 1920-1940 Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M996.8.30

Toy rifle 1900-1920 Gift of Mr. Morley Swan McCord Museum, M993.54.9

Toy sewing machine About 1930 Manufactured by Singer Manufacturing Company Gift of the Estate of Miss Warda Drummond McCord Museum, M997.40.1.1-2

Miniature bed 1850-1870 McCord Museum, M996x.2.236

Simply Montreal 70 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Wooden horse 19th century Gift of Miss Emily LeBaron McCord Museum, M974.170

Doll house About 1950 Louis Marx & Co., New York Chromolithographed tin Gift of Mrs. Nora Murchison McCord Museum, M974.82.54.3.1-14

Wax-headed doll Probably English About 1860 Gift of Baylis Wait McCord Museum, M19547.13

Hard plastic doll 1954 Dee & Cee Toy Company, Toronto Gift of Mrs. Francine Monière McCord Museum, M2007.64.5.1-6

Doll’s chair Late 19th century McCord Museum, M973X.60

Goal skittles Before 1938 Spear’s Games, Germany Gift of Mrs. Marcelle Ringuette McCord Museum, M973.72.2.1-6

Toy piano 1868-1900 Gift of Mrs. William Van Horne McCord Museum, M970.23.70

Rag doll About 1970 Gift of Ms. Moira McCaffrey McCord Museum, M2008.23.1

Simply Montreal 71 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Doll’s toilet accessories Late 19th century Gift of Mrs. Austin de Sainte-Croix McCord Museum, M973.171.3.1-3

Simply Montreal 72 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 9. Prospering - The Highs and Lows of an Imperial Jewel

At the start of Canada's industrial era, around 1850, capitalism reigned unchallenged. Efficiency, productivity, speed―these were the new watchwords of progress. And that suited Montreal just fine. Canada's metropolis was one of the Empire's largest cities outside the British Isles―one of the jewels in the Imperial Crown. In the downtown core the garment factories hummed, while towards the east-end spinning mills and shoe factories abounded. The rumble of huge metal foundries echoed through the west part of the island.

The lives of the city's working-class inhabitants, however, were controlled by the captains of industry, and the new prosperity had its share of social injustice. While hosts of workers had nothing of value but their jobs, the elite of the Golden Square Mile – the richest neighbourhood in the country – enjoyed a lifestyle of great luxury.

9.1. The Wheels of Progress

NO TIME TO LOSE! Time was of the essence for factory workers: the industrial era was also an era of high productivity, high profits and strict timekeeping. To make sure that employees were punctual, some employers locked the doors at the hour work was scheduled to start.

Women Ironing a Starched Petticoat About 1901 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, MP-1985.31.179

Pocket watch 1772 Gift of Mrs. W. A. Ramsay McCord Museum, M18240

Pocket watch Early 20th century Gift of Mrs. Donald A. MacInnes McCord Museum, M973.137.11

Pocket watch Early 20th century Gift of Mr. R. L. Régor McCord Museum, M988.47.9

Simply Montreal 73 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Pocket watch 1829 McCord Museum, M993X.1.1

Pocket watch About 1895 Gift of Mr. Eric D. McLean McCord Museum, M992.17.1

Pocket watch About 1880-1900 McCord Museum, M971X.18.1-2

Pocket watch Mid-19th century Gift of the McCord Family Estate McCord Museum, M20982

Pocket watch About 1855 Gift of Mrs. B. Jean Stapleton McCord Museum, M989.158.1.1-3

Pocket watch About 1895 Gift of Mr. R. L. Régor McCord Museum, M988.47.1.1-2

Pocket watch About 1850-1875 McCord Museum, M993X.1.2

9.2. A City of Contrasts

The elite and a sizeable middle class were soon joined by a new working class, which had emerged as a result of industrialization. This new social group was composed largely of French-Canadian and Irish people with little or no training. Workers of English descent were generally better qualified, better paid and better protected.

Although their living conditions gradually improved during the 20th century, life was not easy for the members of Montreal’s working class. In fact, until the 1930s, unskilled workers’ salaries were often below the poverty line, obliging families to restrict themselves and to find other sources of revenue.

Simply Montreal 74 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Panoramic view of Montreal 1896 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, VIEW-2936 to 2944

Between 1840 and 1860, numerous workshops and factories sprang up along the banks of the Lachine Canal, and after 1880 Montreal underwent a second industrial boom. At that time, there were three industrial centres: the old town, with its leather, garment and nonferrous metal factories; the Sainte-Anne district towards the west, which was a focus for heavy industry; and Sainte-Marie in the east, which specialized in the textile, leather, food and tobacco industries.

THE WORKING CLASS

Workers house 1903 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, II-146359

The elite and a sizeable middle class were soon joined by a new working class, which had emerged as a result of industrialization. This new social group was composed largely of French-Canadian and Irish people with little or no training. Workers of English descent were generally better qualified, better paid and better protected.

Plate, The St. Johns Stone Chinaware Company, St. Jean, Quebec 1873-1900 Earthenware McCord Museum, M992X.2.8.34

Knife and fork, cold steel with bone handles 1890-1900 Gift of Jacqueline Beaudoin-Ross McCord Museum, M994.57.2.3, M994.57.1.2

Kerosene lamp, Diamond Glass Company, Montreal 1865-1880 McCord Museum, M966.130.11.1-3

Bishop of the Province of Quebec Early 20th century Artist unknown Chromolithograph Gift of Mrs. Berthe Gauthier-Juneau McCord Museum, M2001.56.7

Simply Montreal 75 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Spitton 1890-1910 Glazed Earthenware, Quebec Gift of Dr. Huguette Rémy McCord Museum, M998.14.5.16

Side chair, Île d’Orléans type Late 18th century McCord Museum, M2001X.2.2

Hooked rug 1935 -1945 Québec Gift of Mr. Barry Cole McCord Museum, M2007.125.36

Table 19th century McCord Museum, M2000X.2.3

THE ELITE

Oak curio cabinet About 1880 Gift of Mrs. Grace C. Culmer McCord Museum, M990.760.1.1-5

The Honorable Mrs. Hugh Graham and her daughter Alice About 1900 Oil on canvas by Robert Harris (1849-1919) Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Hallward McCord Museum, M977.159

In March 1891, Annie Beckman Hamilton married Hugh Graham, the owner and publisher of The Montreal Star. Their daughter Alice was born on January 5, 1892.

Chandelier About 1850 Gift of Misses Cécile and Lucienne Desbarats McCord Museum, M988.148.3

Simply Montreal 76 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Occasional chair 1900-1901 Made in France Gift of Mrs. Murray A. Vaughan McCord Museum, M968.7.88.1

Sugar bowl About 1906 Gift of Mr. Henry Trenholme McCord Museum, M987.169.5a-b

Child’s dress About 1893 Gift of Mrs. Gordon Dorey McCord Museum, M984.150.37

Coffee pot About 1906 Gift of Mr. Henry Trenholme McCord Museum, M987.169.3

Dress 1890-1893 Gift of Mrs. Barbara Quinn McCord Museum, M2004.118.2.1-2

Tea set About 1840 Porcelain, Bloor Derby, England Gift of Mrs. Peter M. Laing McCord Museum, M990X.751.48.1-20

Simply Montreal 77 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 10. Enjoyment - From Cricket to Arm-wrestling

In late 19th-century Montreal, sports were a matter of class. Following the example of the island's wealthy English merchants, the more prosperous citizens were keen on equestrian and field sports. The most sophisticated followed the hunt, while others flocked to the city's various select clubs, there to wield the cricket bat, the golf club and the polo mallet with elegance and style. In wintertime, curling matches were held on the river, and snowshoeing, skating and sledding parties were all the rage.

In working-class neighbourhoods, sporting events consisted largely of demonstrations of strength and endurance among well-muscled males. Arm- wrestling tournaments never failed to attract large and enthusiastic crowds.

10.1. Something for Everyone

Blanket coats were the requisite uniform for snowshoeing in the late nineteenth century. Snowshoeing was a very popular sport in Montreal, and the city boasted many clubs, each of which had its own uniform recognizable by the color and patterns of stripes on the coat.

The high cost of maintaining a string of polo ponies meant polo was a sport for the very wealthy, like the Ogilvie family, who owned the largest flour mills in the British Empire. Members of the Montreal Hunt Club introduced the game to Montreal, as they did with other equestrian sports.

Curling brooms 20th century Gift of The Montreal Thistle Curling Club McCord Museum, M2000.38.100.1-2

Master Melville Bell and friend skiing on Mount Royal, Montreal About 1923 Artist unknown McCord Museum, MP-1976.263.1.10

Snowshoeing ensemble 1890-1900 Gift of Miss Emily LeBaron McCord Museum, M980.42.1.1-2

Blanket coats were the requisite uniform for snowshoeing in the late nineteenth century. Snowshoeing was a very popular sport in Montreal, and the city boasted

Simply Montreal 78 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 many clubs, each of which had its own uniform recognizable by the colour and pattern of stripes on the coat.

Sash 1875-1900 Gift of Mr. T. Palmer Howard McCord Museum, M985.187.1

Wooden skis 1930-1940 Made by CCM, Canada Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Fernand Bolduc McCord Museum, M997.62.1.1-2

Sleigh 1892-1893 Manufactured by Mr. Doré Gift of Mr. Jacques Brosseau McCord Museum, M993.67.1

Children in Montreal used sleighs like this one to slide down the snowy slopes of Mount Royal. Many North American toy manufacturers produced them at the time. A Montgomery Ward catalogue from about 1871 advertised sleighs for 60¢ and $1.15, depending on the size.

Curling stone 20th century Gift of The Montreal Thistle Curling Club McCord Museum, M2000.38.97

Snow snakes Mohawk 1998

While some consider snow snakes the Iroquois national sport, it was played by other Aboriginal peoples, as well. Official competitions still take place today. The game involves hurling the "snakes" down a specially prepared frozen surface; the winning team is one whose snakes go fastest and furthest.

Trophy About 1955 Gift of McGill University McCord Museum, M996X.2.639.1-3

Simply Montreal 79 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 McGill students were excellent skiers. This trophy was won at the International Intercollegiate Ski Meet.The silver-plated bowl has interlocking wire mesh that held roses in place during the presentation ceremony.

Duster About 1910 Gift of Mrs. Denyse Laliberté McCord Museum, M988.153.1

For automobiling, a woman wore a duster to protect her clothing from the dust and dirt of the road. She usually wore a veil over her hat as well to protect her face and hair.

Bathing suit About 1920 Gift of Mr. C. Wallace Gowdey McCord Museum, M980.49.1

Although intended to modestly cover a woman’s body, this one-piece knit bathing suit would cling revealingly to its wearer when wet.

Scooter 1950-1955 Gift of Mrs. Annabelle Laliberté McCord Museum, M2008.55.1

Cricket bat 1920-1926 Gift of Mrs. D. Lorne Gales McCord Museum, M994.80.1

In the game of cricket, players use a bat like this one to hit the ball when it is thrown by the pitcher at the wickets. Similar to baseball, although far more elitist in its origins, cricket is an English game played outdoors by two teams with eleven players each.

Golf shoes About 1940 Gift of Mrs. L. M. Hart McCord Museum, M966.37.92.1-2

Child’s golf clubs and bag 1920-1930 Gift of Ms. Delphine Bishop McCord Museum, M980.82.1-6

Simply Montreal 80 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Polo mallet 1915-1925 Gift of The Trustees of the Montreal Hunt Club McCord Museum, M976.190.19

The high cost of maintaining a string of polo ponies meant polo was a sport for the very wealthy, like the Ogilvie family, who owned the largest flour mills in the British Empire. Members of the Montreal Hunt Club introduced the game to Montreal, as they did with other equestrian sports.

Riding boots 1900-1925 Gift of Ms. Carroll Guerin McCord Museum, M993.60.4.1-2

Football trophy Annual Games of the Montreal Caledonian Society 1896 Simpson, Hall Miller Co., Wallingford, Connecticut Gift of 34th Combat Engineer Regiment, Montreal McCord Museum, M2008.57.1.1-2

Mans’ cabana set About 1955 Gift of Mrs. George B. Dorey McCord Museum, M973.46.5.1-2

Cabana sets, popular in the 1950s and 1960s, consisted of swim trunks and a matching shirt.

Simply Montreal 81 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 11. Enjoyment - Open-air City

Montreal has always had its share of fresh-air fiends. During the 19th century, members of the fashionable Montreal Hunt Club gave free rein to their passion for hunting, while other citizens enjoyed the calmer pastime of fishing.

In those days, there were far fewer leisure activities to choose from, and the Montreal carnival offered a precious opportunity to take a more positive view of the long winter. Organized by the city's snowshoeing clubs, the carnival was nevertheless an elite event.

For Montrealers, ice hockey soon became far more than a sport―it was a religion, whose saints were the members of the avidly supported home team, Les Canadiens. The game's vigorous style derives from the aboriginal game of lacrosse, which requires both strength and courage.

Ever popular, skating is an activity for people of all ages that's ideally suited to a northern city. Outdoors or in, Montreal’s many rinks abound with grandparents in fine fettle, grandchildren getting the feel of their first blades, and lovers gliding hand in hand.

11.1. A Spirit of Adventure

Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel D. S. Forbes About 1925 Oil on canvas, by Kenneth Forbes (1892-1980) Gift of Mrs. D. S. Forbes McCord Museum, M983.174

Fishing rod Late 19th century Gift of Mrs. Ruth Crabtree McCord Museum, M993.136.1.1-4

This two-handed wooden salmon rod is nearly five metres long and is constructed in three pieces.

Spearhead About 1860-1880 Gift of the Air Canada Corporation McCord Museum, M992.7.113

Simply Montreal 82 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Spearhead About 1860-1880 Gift of the Air Canada Corporation McCord Museum, M992.7.117

Reel About 1920-1940 Gift of Senator Hartland de M. Molson McCord Museum, M987.54.2

Spearhead About 1860-1880 Gift of the Air Canada Corporation McCord Museum, M992.7.115

These fishing spears were all hand forged by local blacksmiths in the mid-19th century. The six-barbed spear was for catching sturgeon; the three- and four- barbed spears were for other large fish, such as salmon. The spearheads would be attached to long wooden poles and used to spear fish in shallow waters.

Waterfowl decoy- Loon About 1930 McCord Museum, M2001.26.56

Goose decoy 1980-1989 Carver : Claude Desaulniers (b. 1958) Gift of Mr. Jean-Pierre Picard McCord Museum, M2007.81.1

Weathervane – horse 19th century McCord Museum, M22493.1

From 1875 to 1900, weathervanes in the shape of horses were commonly mounted on stable roofs.

Duck Decoy- Mallard 1940-1960 McCord Museum, M965.141.9

Weathervane – horse 19th century Gift of Mrs. Margaret de Volpi McCord Museum, MC989.119.10

Simply Montreal 83 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Canada Goose decoy About 1940 Carver : Lorne Campbell (1902 - ?) McCord Museum, M2001.26.41

Duck decoy About 1900 McCord Museum, M2001.26.64.1-2

Weathervane - horse 1900-1920 Gift of the Air Canada Corporation McCord Museum, M992.7.62

Weathervane - horse 19th century Gift of Mrs. Margaret de Volpi McCord Museum, MC989.119.9

Child’s saddle 1920-1925 Gift of the Estate of Ruth Cowans Mackay McCord Museum, M2006.123.1.1-3

Weathervane - horse 1875-1900 Gift of Mrs. Margaret de Volpi McCord Museum, MC989.119.34

This gilded weathervane was probably owned by a person of means, as it cost $15 when advertised in 1875.Typically, the horse is captured in full trot: people were so enamoured of horse racing in the 19th century, that it was not uncommon for them to “shout” their enthusiasm from the rooftops.

Salmon flies 1996 Gift of Mr. Stephen Molson McCord Museum, M2005.109.1-11

Carving - fish 1960-1980 Gift of Mr. Lyle Elder McCord Museum, M978.157

Simply Montreal 84 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Weathervane - fish 1890-1900 Gift of Air Canada McCord Museum, M992.7.42

Carving - pike 1960-1980 Gift of Mr. Lyle Elder McCord Museum, M978.156

Anglers who fish Quebec’s lakes and streams are familiar with the pike, known for putting up a good fight once hooked. This is one folk artist’s rendition.

Duck decoy- Lesser scaup 1940-1950 Carver : Hormidas Thibert (1900-1962) Gift of Margot and Serge G. Morin McCord Museum, M2008.27.2

Duck decoy - Mallard About 1955 Carver : Ken Anger (1905-1961) McCord Museum, M2001.26.101

Duck decoy - Goldeneye About 1935 Carver :William (Billy) Ellis (1865-1963) McCord Museum, M2001.26.98.2

Black duck decoy About 1950 McCord Museum, M2001.26.43

Duck decoy - Bluebill About 1940 Carver : Orel Leboeuf (1886-1968) McCord Museum, M2001.26.45.1

Race Horse 1896 Oil on canvas by L. Galarneau (active 1882-1892) Gift of Dr. & Mrs. Raymond Boyer McCord Museum, M972.34.1

Simply Montreal 85 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Full Cry 1877 Oil on canvas by Alfred Baumgarten (1842-1919) Gift of The Montreal Hunt Club McCord Museum, M993.82.8

This painting depicts the Montreal Hunt in full gallop over the fields on the east side of Mount Royal.

Powder flask 19th century Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.76

These flasks held black powder, an explosive containing a mixture of sulphur, potassium nitrate and carbon. Made of copper, gunmetal, leather or tin, the flasks were designed to keep the powder dry.

Powder can 1875-1900 Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.113

Hunting rifle About 1810 Gift of the Natural History Society of Montreal McCord Museum, M7052

Gentlemen in the first half of the 19th century would have hunted game birds with this double-barrelled muzzle-loading percussion cap gun. The incised design shows a hunting dog, used to retrieve birds shot out of the sky.

Shotgun About 1800 Gift of the Natural History Society of Montreal McCord Museum, M7050

Shotgun 1850-1875 Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.350

Simply Montreal 86 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Powder flask 19th century Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.51

Powder flask 19th century Gift of Mr. Charles de Volpi McCord Museum, M975.61.68

Montreal Hunt Club Expenses Ledger 1850-1862 Gift of the Montreal Hunt Club McCord Museum, P161/D01.1

This ledger contains an inventory of expenses for the Montreal Hunt Club between 1850 and 1862.The end part of the booklet also contains lists of hounds, expenses and subscriptions.

John Crawford’s Subscription Booklet About 1890 Gift of The Montreal Hunt Club McCord Museum, P161/H01.2

This document is a booklet in which were noted the monetary contributions of the members of the Montreal Hunt Club for the commission of a painting by Robert Harris (for a fee of 600$). The painting was offered to John Crawford at the annual dinner in January 1890.

Trophy About 1904 Gift of The Montreal Hunt Club McCord Museum, M993.82.1.1-2

Foxes were the most common quarry of hunters and their hounds. This sterling silver trophy in the shape of a fox head was presented to the owner of the best horse at the Montreal Hunt Club hunter trials.

11.2. The National Sport

IT’S IN THE NET! Local Aboriginal people gave us a taste for new outdoor sports with such games as lacrosse, the precursor of ice hockey. Lacrosse was played by two teams of ten to fifteen players each. A hard rubber ball, carried in a small basket mounted

Simply Montreal 87 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 on a stick, was passed back and forth as the players ran down the field, trying to throw the ball into the opposite team’s net.

Lacrosse stick 1900-1910 Iroquois, maker unknown McCord Museum, M966.12.3

Kahnawà:ke Lacrosse Team 1867 Notman Photographic Archives McCord Museum, I-29099.1

Lacrosse stick Late 19th century Gift of E. Lionel Judah McCord Museum, M934.29.1

A long stick like this one was used when the object of the game was to throw the ball as far as possible.

TI-GUY, A HAB AT HEART The Club de hockey Canadien was founded in 1909, thus beginning a passionate love affair between Montreal and a hockey team that still has people of all ages and backgrounds cheering and screaming on Saturday night. The National Hockey League, established in Montreal in 1917, remains the most prestigious ice hockey league in the world.

Ti-Guy About 1985 Sculpture by Marcel Dargis (1928- ) Gift of Mrs. Janice Herbert McCord Museum, M986.211

This boy is wearing the “sacred” sweater of the Montreal Canadiens. Montrealers are hockey fans almost by definition, and children fill rinks across the city, enjoying their favourite winter sport.

Simply Montreal 88 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Caricature Three Hab Graduates: Lafleur, Robinson ans Shutt 1977 Reproduction Ink and felt pen on paper, by Aislin Gift of Mr. Abner Kushner McCord Museum, M988.176.322

Hockey pucks Late 19th century Reproductions McCord Museum

Hockey stick About 1879-1881 Gift of McGill University McCord Museum, M995.18.1

Hockey puck Late 19th century Reproduction McCord Museum

This wooden square was not yet called a “puck,” although it is indeed the precursor of the round rubber disk. An article in The Gazette of March 4, 1875, reported that,“Hockey is usually played with a ball, but last night, in order that no accident should happen, a flat black disk of wood was used, so that it should slide along the ice without rising.”

Skates About 1940 Made by Daoust Gift of Mrs. Louise Hurtubise Bousquet McCord Museum, M2000.41.169.1-2

Skates 1910-1920 McCord Museum, M996X.2.871.1-2

Simply Montreal 89 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 11.3. Hand in hand

GLIDING ALONG… Ice skating, which originated in Europe, was perfectly suited to the Montreal climate. In the early days, people skated on lakes, rivers and even on frozen fields. Photograph of Mrs. Particia Gault Pilecka Unknown photographer Gift of Mrs. Patricia Gault Pilecka McCord Museum, M999.80.1.1-2

These skates were used by the donor when she won the Canadian Junior Figure Skating Championship in 1941 in Montreal.

Skates About 1955 Gift of Mr. Martin Boucher McCord Museum, M2002.68.1.1-2

Skates About 1850-1860 Gift of The Lampshade Shop Gift of Mrs. Anne Beaulieu McCord Museum, M973.70.1-2

In the 1850s, these elegant skates with the distinctive brass finial at the end of the C-curve would have attracted considerable attention.

Skates About 1885-1900 Gift of Mrs. George H. Motherwell McCord Museum, M970X.98.1-2

Skates About 1900-1910 Gift of the Air Canada Corporation McCord Museum, M993.115.42.1-2

These skates were made by a local blacksmith. The spade-shaped front is novel and practical, improving the stability of the foot.

Skates "Playmaker" About 1975 Manufactured by Canadian Tire Gift of Mrs. Caroline Bourgeois McCord Museum, M2004.106.1.1-2

Simply Montreal 90 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 11.4. Winter Wonderland

PARTY TIME! Winter carnival fever took hold in Montreal from 1883 to 1889. A typical carnival week would include curling bonspiels, hockey games, snowshoe competitions, sleigh rides, costume balls on skates and toboggan races. The ice castle was always the main attraction: A. C. Hutchison drew up the plans for the first one in North America in 1883.

NOT JUST FROZEN WATER – A PALACE! The 1887 ice palace was described as "by day, a house of alabaster, by night, a giant lantern." It was made of 25,000 blocks of ice and stretched 44 meters long. Its main tower was 32 meters high. But the glory of the ice palace was fleeting, for at the peak of the carnival it was stormed by snowshoe club members.

Torch 1880-1890 Gift of Mr. Conrad Graham McCord Museum, M983.230.2

The metal container of this torch would be filled with kerosene. A wick would be inserted and lit, providing the perfect illumination for nighttime processions and events.

Silver Carnival Trophy 1883 Gift of McGill University McCord Museum, M976.188.1

Booklet Over the Snow or the Montreal Carnival 1883 Author : Dr. W. George Beers Publishers: W. Drysdale &. Co.; J. Theo. Robinson McCord Museum, PHA0046

Booklet Constitution and By – Laws of the Montreal Snow Shoe Club, established 1843. 1870 Gift of David Ross McCord McCord Museum, M5627

Simply Montreal 91 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Program of the 1928-1929 Season of the Winter Club, Montreal 1928-1929 McCord Museum, C069/C,174.1

Simply Montreal 92 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 12. Enjoyment - A Swinging City

At the turn of the century, Montreal was beginning to grow up. At events like the Montreal Hunt Club Ball and the Scottish community's St. Andrew's Ball, much fun was had by all―but always safely within the limits of strict Victorian morality. The magnificent mansions of the Golden Square Mile also witnessed frequent parties.

As the century wore on, however, the metropolis loosened up a little, unconcerned by Prohibition, the ban on alcohol that had dried things up south of the border. On St. Lawrence―the Main―things were really hot during the 20s, 30s and 40s. The choice was wide: there were taverns and nightclubs, the burlesque houses so dear to francophones, and the best Yiddish theatre in the land. And from cabaret doorways wafted the strains of a new kind of music that raised many a moralist eyebrow and set young hips aswaying: jazz!

12.1. Montreal, Open City

While Prohibition was in effect in the United States from 1919 to 1933, many Americans came across the border to Montreal, the most open, liberal city in North America. Clubs and cabarets flourished as musicians, entertainers and tourists flocked north for the nightlife.

Under American influence, jazz began gaining popularity in Montreal in the 1920s. By the 1940s, jazz could be heard throughout the city, which was producing its own legendary musicians, such as Oscar Peterson.

Evening dress About 1921 Ida Desmarais Gift of Mrs. Saul A. Silverman McCord Museum, M971.102.42

Bat girl 1912 Porcelain Made by Goldscheider, Vienna, Austria Gift of the Estate of Robert Snowball McCord Museum, M981.105.26

Evening dress 1920-1930 Gift of the Estate of Dale Wiedeman McCord Museum, M996.9.9

Simply Montreal 93 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Mr. Kirsh’s Jazz Band 1921 Wm. Notman & Son McCord Museum, II-240920

Under American influence, jazz began gaining popularity in Montreal in the 1920s. By the 1940s, jazz could be heard throughout the city, which was producing its own legendary musicians, such as Oscar Peterson.

Cocktail shaker and glass About 1930 Lent by Mr. Conrad Graham

Syphon 1920-1935 Made by the British Syphon Mfg. Co. Gift of Mr. Bill Bliss McCord Museum, M994.47.3.1-4

Etched on the side of the glass syphon is the name of the bottling works that would add the carbonated water “J. H. Bryant, Sherbrooke, Quebec.”

Rye bottle Early 20th century Gift of BCE Inc. McCord Museum, M999.70.20

Bottle Late 19th century McCord Museum, M994X.2.79

12.2. 1001 Nights

WHEN NIGHT FALLS… Women’s evening attire in the 1950s was based on the fashionable hourglass silhouette, with a narrow defined waistline and fitted bodice. A full skirt reached either to the floor or just below the knee. Stiff crinolines added volume to skirts of taffeta, chiffon, brocade, lace or beaded and sequined net. Strapless bodices were very fashionable. Shoes were often dyed to match dresses. Rhinestone jewellery, a small cocktail hat and wrist or elbow-length kid or nylon gloves completed an ensemble.

Simply Montreal 94 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Pine Avenue, Montreal About 1960 Gift of Mrs. Jane Harris Putnam McCord Museum, MP-1987.15.5013

Shoes About 1950 Vogue Shoe Shop Ltd. Gift of Mrs. Eric Cushing McCord Museum, M982.48.3.1-2

Necklace and bracelet 1940-1950 Gift of Mr. Mario Laroche McCord Museum, M988.70.14.1-2

Purse 1950-1960 Gift of Ms. Mary Elizabeth Tweedie McCord Museum, M2002.108.6

Shoes 1953 Mayfair Shoe Salon Gift of Mrs. Frank Lafferty McCord Museum, M986.40.3.1-2

Purse About 1953 Berger de Paris Gift of Mrs. Frank Lafferty McCord Museum, M986.40.2.1-2

In the 1950s, colour harmony in all items of an ensemble was considered the ultimate fashion statement.

Gloves About 1940 Gift of Mrs. S. Boyd Millen McCord Museum, M976.18.37.1-2

Long gloves were an important accessory for a strapless or sleeveless evening gown.

Simply Montreal 95 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Necklace 1940-1950 Gift of Mr. Mario Laroche McCord Museum, M988.70.8

Shoes 1950-1960 Saks Fifth Avenue Gift of Mrs. J. Patrick Henderson McCord Museum, M976.37.27.1-2

Scarf About 1950 Gift of Mrs. Armand Mathieu McCord Museum, M972.123.13

Purse 1940-1950 Henry Birks & Sons Ltd. Gift of Mrs. A. Murray Vaughan McCord Museum, M967.11.33

Cocktail menu Le Panorama Restaurant, Queen Elizabeth Hotel About 1960 Gift of Ms. Marjorie D. Cooper Gawley McCord Museum, M2004.94.22.56

Paper napkins Cordials 1954 Gift of Dr.Victoria Dickenson McCord Museum, M2002.123.13.1-27

Wine list Chez son Père Restaurant About 1965 Gift of Ms. Marjorie D. Cooper Gawley McCord Museum, M2004.94.22.53

Menu Chez son Père Restaurant 1963 Gift of Ms. Marjorie D. Cooper Gawley McCord Museum, M2004.94.22.43

Simply Montreal 96 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Menu La Tour Eiffel 1963 Gift of Ms. Marjorie D. Cooper Gawley McCord Museum, M2004.94.22.40

Menu La Tour Eiffel 1963 Gift of Ms. Marjorie D. Cooper Gawley McCord Museum, M2004.94.22.55

Shoes About 1955 Delman Gift of Mrs. A. Murray Vaughan McCord Museum, M971.149.2.1-2

Purse 1940-1960 McCord Museum, M991X.1.41

Necklace and bracelet 1950-1960 McCord Museum, M2009X.1.1.1-2

Shoes About 1958 Vogue Shoe Shop Ltd. Gift of Miss Barbara Chadwick McCord Museum, M966.95.1.1-2

Hat 1950-1960 Fanny Graddon Gift of Mrs. W. Longdale Holland McCord Museum, M987.6.1

Hats of the 1950s were frequently adorned with feathers or flowers fashioned of fabric, straw, plastic or other materials. Cocktail hats were often small and hugged the head closely, and might be trimmed with sequins. A small veil sometimes covered the upper part of the face.

Simply Montreal 97 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Brooch and earrings 1950-1960 Schiaparelli Gift of Mrs. Beatrice Marelli Pearson McCord Museum, M2000.39.1.1-3

Scarf About 1950 Jacqmar Gift of Mrs. Frederick Cleveland Morgan McCord Museum, M957.5.4

FASHION IN THE 1950S Post Word War II and through the 1950s, women’s fashion was inspired by traditional notions of femininity. The New Look introduced by Christian Dior in 1947 featured a silhouette which continued to hold sway for well over a decade. Full skirts, fitted bodices, and a nipped-in waistline characterized the fashionable hourglass shape. Dior’s designs were licensed to Holt Renfrew in Montreal; European couture garments and copies were sold in department stores and boutiques. Local Montreal couturiers also created custom-made garments for their clients.

Dress About 1958 Jacques Fath Gift of Mrs. Gerald Bronfman McCord Museum, M967.29.4.1-2

Dress About 1950 Jean Dessès Gift of Mrs. Bruce Smith McCord Museum, M974.34.1-3

Dress About 1950 Jacques Griffe Gift of Mrs. L. M. Hart McCord Museum, M966.37.63

Simply Montreal 98 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Dress About 1954 Digby Morton Gift of Mrs.T.H.P. Molson McCord Museum, M972.71.2.1-2

Simply Montreal 99 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009 Credits

The exhibition Simply Montreal, is a realisation of the McCord Museum.

Project Director Carol Pauzé

Guest Curator Andrea Hauenchild

Designer Luc Perreault

Artist-Designer Pierre-André Vézina

Consultants CULTURA, bureau d’études

Historians Jean Lamarre Kathryn Harvey Daniel Turcotte

Advisory Commitee Kanatakta Beauvais Joanne Burgess Anne Casavant Kanien’kehaka Raotitiohkwa Cultural Center Jean Lamarre Sylvie Vincent John Zucchi

Audio-Visual Production TOP! Musée

Animation Atelier Multi-Versions Inc.

Simply Montreal 100 © McCord Museum of Canadian History, 2009