DOCSLIB.ORG

Return of the American Chestnut Return of the American Chestnut

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Return of the American Chestnut Return of the American Chestnut C perspectivesO & tools toMPAS benefit southern forest resources from the southern research station S issue 11 Return of the American Chestnut The American Chestnut: A Legacy to Come...page 3 Solutions from the Double Helix...page 6 Where Great Forests Once Stood. p a g e 1 4 inside... the science American American chestnut was an important part of everyday life 1 for millions of people almost a century ago, a magnificent Chestnut and tree and an integral component of a forest ecosystem that Beyond provided habitat and abundant food sources for animals by Jim Reaves and Zoë Hoyle and people. Still, why should we devote research time and money to a tree that’s now mostly a memory? The American In 1983, a group of scientists who had long believed 3 that there was a strong chance of reviving the American Chestnut: a chestnut formed The American Chestnut Foundation with legacy to come the sole purpose of restoring the tree to its native forests. by Meghan Jordan Solutions from SRS geneticist Tom Kubisiak has worked with The 6 American Chestnut Foundation on just about every aspect the Double of their restoration program, from charting the genetic Helix diversity of the American chestnut trees still living to by Zoë Hoyle helping map the genome of the chestnut blight fungus. A Chromosomal The goal of The American Chestnut Foundation’s breeding 11 programs is to transfer Chinese chestnut blight resistance Conundrum to American chestnut while transferring as little Chinese by Zoë Hoyle chestnut genetic material as possible. Producing these blight-resistant hybrids is not as simple as it might seem. Chestnut Cytogenetics, the study of the behavior of chromosomes 13 Cytogenetics: and their effect on heredity, has a long and distinguished Faridi, history that includes several winners of the Nobel Prize. Burnham, and McClintock by Paul Sisco compass—june 2008 Where Great Old photographs on file at the SRS Coweeta Hydrologic 14 Forests Once Laboratory offer a dramatic portrayal of where great forests once stood. In warm summer months, when Stood American chestnut trees cloaked themselves with white by Gary Kuhlmann blossoms, the Southern Appalachian Mountains looked like they were blanketed with snow. Can Chestnuts In spring 2009, the Forest Service will begin planting three 18 generations of hybrid seedlings on national forests in Survive On Their Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. Research forester Own? Stacy Clark, SRS lead scientist for implementing the first by Claire Payne test plantings, works with a range of partners interested in finding out what will help chestnut seedlings survive out in the wild. departments briefs Experimental Forests ....................21 The American The Promise of a 2 10 Science You Can Use! .....................25 Chestnut Foundation ..................... Virus Blighted ................................... Mighty Giants ...................................... 2 A Prolific and Around the Station .......................27 Cherokee Uses of Chestnut ......... 3 Nutritious Nut .................................16 New Products ....................................30 The Meadowview Coweeta Hydrologic Research Farms .................................... 4 Laboratory ............................................17 The Way Forward is Back ............... 5 The First Enemy of American Chestnut .........................17 Why American Chestnut? ............. 7 Take a Chestnut Journey Chestnut Blight ................................. 9 Along the Appalachian Trail ....26 Research Work Units .....................42 Cover photo: Photo showing the three distinctive nuts contained in the American chestnut burr. (Photo by Joe Schibig, courtesy of The American Chestnut Foundation) Email: [email protected], [email protected] communication of program information (Braille, large print, Telephone: 828-257-4388 audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at C OMPASS Editors: Zoë Hoyle, Science Writer, and Claire Payne, (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). Technical Information Specialist Science You Can Use! Art Director: Rodney Kindlund To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Contributing Staff Writers: Carol Whitlock, Livia Marqués, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, June 2008 — Issue 11 and Wilma Fant SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795- perspectives and tools to benefit southern forest resources 3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal The mission of the Southern Research Station is to create opportunity provider and employer. the science and technology needed to sustain and OMPAS is published by the Science Delivery Group of C S enhance southern forest ecosystems and the benefits The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for the Southern Research Station (SRS), Forest Service, U.S. they provide. reader information and does not imply endorsement Department of Agriculture. As part of the Nation’s largest by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or forestry research organization—Forest Service Research The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits service. and Development—SRS serves 13 Southern States and discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis beyond. The Station’s 130 scientists work at more than of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where The opinions and recommendations offered by guest 20 units located across the region at Federal laboratories, applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental authors and interviewees are not necessarily those of the universities, and experimental forests. status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Forest Service, or the political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an Southern Research Station. Future issues can be obtained by returning the postcard individual’s income is derived from any public assistance included in this issue. program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) ISSN: 1931-4906 Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for Printed on recycled paper Printed with soy ink www.srs.fs.usda.gov An American chestnut tree in West Salem, WI, planted outside the chestnut’s natural range in the early 1900s by settlers. Under the tree are, from left: TACF president and CEO Marshal Case, Dr. Cameron Gundersen, and Bruce Gabel. (Photo courtesy of Daphne Van Schaick) compass—june 2008 American Chestnut and Beyond by Jim Reaves and Zoë Hoyle ou might wonder why we would nurtured them spiritually? Since the fungus itself—and its relationship with Ydevote an entire issue of Compass turn of the century, we’ve lost almost a virus—are providing fundamental to the American chestnut. As you all of the magnificent chestnut trees information about how the pathogens will read, American chestnut was an to the chestnut blight. Monumental that invade trees evolve and important part of everyday life for strides have been made to bring these interact among themselves. Another millions of people almost a century trees back to forests. Now that we’ve SRS scientist looks into the very ago, a magnificent tree—tall and been somewhat successful in bringing chromosomes of tree cells to find out spreading—and an integral component these trees back, how can we keep why a particular hybrid won’t grow or of a forest ecosystem that provided them and other foundation species— reproduce. habitat and abundant food sources for those that define a forest—intact in the While other SRS scientists study animals and people. But why should face of further invasions? how well both pure and hybrid we devote research time and money to American chestnut seedlings do on a tree that’s now mostly a memory? “The death of the American a range of sites, they’re gathering The death of the American chestnut chestnut across the the data that will guide the planting across the Eastern United States Eastern United States was of trees in the future. They’re also was just the beginning of a series just the beginning of a adding data to that long-term record of of decimations of great American series of decimations of disturbance and regrowth in American trees by pathogens and pests not great American trees by forests that the Forest Service started native to our climate and ecosystem. pathogens and pests not collecting over a century ago—data These “nonnative invasives,” as we native to our climate and that’s coming into its own in computer call them right now, are brought in ecosystem.” models that predict where best to inadvertently—on landscape plants plant trees after a major disturbance. (or as landscape plants), in shipments Other models are designed for rapid of goods, inside tires, even on the As a result of long years of research risk assessment, to let us know about shoes of travelers. Once here, they’re and the traditional crossbreeding a major invasion such as chestnut unhampered by the organisms that program started by The American blight before it’s too late to do kept them in check in their native Chestnut Foundation (TACF), there anything about it. lands, and can move quickly through will soon be blight-resistant American This issue of Compass celebrates our forests, laying low chestnut, elm, chestnut seedlings (at least 94 percent the 25th anniversary of TACF, itself ash, oak—in some cases, tipping the pure) available for planting throughout the culmination of decades of effort ecological balance toward yet more the tree’s former range. While breeders by thousands of individuals. We invasions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chestnut Growers' Guide to Site Selection and Environmental Stress
    This idyllic orchard has benefited from good soil and irrigation. Photo by Tom Saielli Chestnut Growers’ Guide to Site Selection and Environmental Stress By Elsa Youngsteadt American chestnuts are tough, efficient trees that can reward their growers with several feet of growth per year. They’ll survive and even thrive under a range of conditions, but there are a few deal breakers that guarantee sickly, slow-growing trees. This guide, intended for backyard and small-orchard growers, will help you avoid these fatal mistakes and choose planting sites that will support strong, healthy trees. You’ll know you’ve done well when your chestnuts are still thriving a few years after planting. By then, they’ll be strong enough to withstand many stresses, from drought to a caterpillar outbreak, with much less human help. Soil Soil type is the absolute, number-one consideration when deciding where—or whether—to plant American chestnuts. These trees demand well-drained, acidic soil with a sandy to loamy texture. Permanently wet, basic, or clay soils are out of the question. So spend some time getting to know your dirt before launching a chestnut project. Dig it up, roll it between your fingers, and send in a sample for a soil test. Free tests are available through most state extension programs, and anyone can send a sample to the Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Lab (which TACF uses) for a small fee. More information can be found at http://agsci.psu.edu/aasl/soil-testing. There are several key factors to look for. The two-foot-long taproot on this four- Acidity year-old root system could not have The ideal pH for American chestnut is 5.5, with an acceptable range developed in shallow soils, suggesting from about 4.5 to 6.5.
    [Show full text]
  • RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart Is to Be Used As a Guide Only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** Green Beige Purple V
    RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart is to be used as a guide only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** RAL 1000 Green Beige RAL 4007 Purple Violet RAL 7008 Khaki Grey RAL 4008 RAL 7009 RAL 1001 Beige Signal Violet Green Grey Tarpaulin RAL 1002 Sand Yellow RAL 4009 Pastel Violet RAL 7010 Grey RAL 1003 Signal Yellow RAL 5000 Violet Blue RAL 7011 Iron Grey RAL 1004 Golden Yellow RAL 5001 Green Blue RAL 7012 Basalt Grey Ultramarine RAL 1005 Honey Yellow RAL 5002 RAL 7013 Brown Grey Blue RAL 1006 Maize Yellow RAL 5003 Saphire Blue RAL 7015 Slate Grey Anthracite RAL 1007 Chrome Yellow RAL 5004 Black Blue RAL 7016 Grey RAL 1011 Brown Beige RAL 5005 Signal Blue RAL 7021 Black Grey RAL 1012 Lemon Yellow RAL 5007 Brillant Blue RAL 7022 Umbra Grey Concrete RAL 1013 Oyster White RAL 5008 Grey Blue RAL 7023 Grey Graphite RAL 1014 Ivory RAL 5009 Azure Blue RAL 7024 Grey Granite RAL 1015 Light Ivory RAL 5010 Gentian Blue RAL 7026 Grey RAL 1016 Sulfer Yellow RAL 5011 Steel Blue RAL 7030 Stone Grey RAL 1017 Saffron Yellow RAL 5012 Light Blue RAL 7031 Blue Grey RAL 1018 Zinc Yellow RAL 5013 Cobolt Blue RAL 7032 Pebble Grey Cement RAL 1019 Grey Beige RAL 5014 Pigieon Blue RAL 7033 Grey RAL 1020 Olive Yellow RAL 5015 Sky Blue RAL 7034 Yellow Grey RAL 1021 Rape Yellow RAL 5017 Traffic Blue RAL 7035 Light Grey Platinum RAL 1023 Traffic Yellow RAL 5018 Turquiose Blue RAL 7036 Grey RAL 1024 Ochre Yellow RAL 5019 Capri Blue RAL 7037 Dusty Grey RAL 1027 Curry RAL 5020 Ocean Blue RAL 7038 Agate Grey RAL 1028 Melon Yellow RAL 5021 Water Blue RAL 7039 Quartz Grey
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of the American Chestnut in New Jersey
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Restoration of the American Chestnut in New Jersey The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is a tree native to New Jersey that once grew from Maine to Mississippi and as far west as Indiana and Tennessee. This tree with wide-spreading branches and a deep broad-rounded crown can live 500-800 years and reach a height of 100 feet and a diameter of more than 10 feet. Once estimated at 4 billion trees, the American chestnut Harvested chestnuts, early 1900's. has almost been extirpated in the last 100 years. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Jersey Field Value Office (Service) and its partners, including American Chestnut The American chestnut is valued Cooperators’ Foundation, American for its fruit and lumber. Chestnuts Chestnut Foundation, Monmouth are referred to as the “bread County Parks, Bayside State tree” because their nuts are Prison, Natural Lands Trust, and so high in starch that they can several volunteers, are working to American chestnut leaf (4"-8"). be milled into flour. Chestnuts recover the American chestnut in can be roasted, boiled, dried, or New Jersey. History candied. The nuts that fell to the ground were an important cash Chestnuts have a long history of crop for families in the northeast cultivation and use. The European U.S. and southern Appalachians chestnut (Castanea sativa) formed up until the twentieth century. the basis of a vital economy in Chestnuts were taken into towns the Mediterranean Basin during by wagonload and then shipped Roman times. More recently, by train to major markets in New areas in Southern Europe (such as York, Boston, and Philadelphia.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Colour Chart
    DIRECT DYE * AMMONIA FREE * PEROXIDE FREE DIRECTIONS: CUSTOMISED COLOUR MAINTENANCE APPLICATION MIXING TIMING refer to menu for depending on hair condition suggested formulas and desired colour intensity colour maintenance add 80g fab pro 3 minutes conditioner formula (direct dye match and maintain colour or direct dye and in-between salon visits. conditioner) to 200ml conditioner base. shake well. MATCH IT * MIX IT * TAKE IT AWAY DIRECTIONS: COLOUR SERVICE 1. identify the level, tone and length of hair. 2. select the appropriate colour formula from the mixologist menu, ensuring the formula works with the lightest level of hair. 3. measure and mix your formula. 4. prepare hair by shampooing, towel-dry hair evenly, then detangle and comb through. APPLICATION MIXING TIMING refer to menu for depending on hair condition suggested formulas and desired colour intensity colour refresh mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes refresh existing hair colour dyes together. on mid-lengths and ends in-between all colour services (permanent, demi and semi- permanent colour). colour fill* mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes darken lighter hair quickly, dyes together. without damage. *for filling formulas, see fab pro fill chart or visit evohair.com. colour tone* / pastels mix fab pro direct 5 – 15 minutes ideal for colour toning and dyes together or with can be diluted to create pastel shades. conditioner base. *for extremely porous hair, you may need to dilute fab pro direct dye using conditioner base. DIRECT DYES LEVEL 5 LEVEL 7 LEVEL 10 colour results are determined by the level, tone and formula you use. in order to accurately predict a colour result, you need to understand how the existing level and tone will contribute to the result; the lighter the level, the more intense the result.
    [Show full text]
  • Chestnuts in Appalachian Culture Part II Chestnuts in Appalachian Culture Part II a Perfect Wildlife Food Lost in Time, But
    the September 2010 | Issue 2 Vol.24 27th Annual Meeting October 15-17 Registration Information Inside Chestnuts in Appalachian Culture Part II A Perfect Wildlife Food Lost in Time, But Not Forgotten Simple Strategies for Controlling a Common Pest MeadowviewMeadowview DedicationDedication a Success!S ! 27th REGISTER ONLINE AT WWW.ACF.ORG REGISTRATIONANNUAL MEETING OR CALL (828) 281-0047 TO REGISTER BY PHONE THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT FOUNDATION Option 1: Full Registration PAYMENT TACF Member $75 Name of Attendee(s) Non-Member $115 (includes a one-year membership) Address Full Registration for one person City (does not include lodging) State Includes: Zip Code Phone number t Friday Night Welcome Reception t Saturday Night Dinner & Awards Program Email t Access to all Workshops Form of Payment t All Meals Check (payable to TACF) Credit Card Option 2: Day Passes for Workshops Only (Registration fee does not include lodging Total amount due $ or meals) Credit Card Billing Information SATURDAY Credit Card (circle one): Visa Mastercard Regular Members $40 Card Number __ __ __ __-__ __ __ __-__ __ __ __-__ __ __ __ Student Members $40 Regular Non-Member $80 (includes a one-year membership) Expiration Date Student Non-Member $55 (includes a one-year membership) Name on Card (print) SUNDAY Address Regular Members $25 City Student Members $25 State Zip Code Regular Non-Member $65 (includes a one-year membership) Student Non-Member $40 (includes a one-year membership) Phone number All attendees MUST pre-register for the Annual Meeting. Signature TACF needs to register all of our attendees with NCTC’s security office prior to the meeting, and no on-site Return form and payment to: registration will be available.
    [Show full text]
  • American Chestnut Castanea Dentata
    Best Management Practices for Pollination in Ontario Crops www.pollinator.ca/canpolin American Chestnut Castanea dentata Tree nuts are usually grown under warmer conditions than are found in Ontario, but there are several types of nuts native to the province that are of interest for local consumption or commercial development (beaked hazelnut, black walnut). There are some non-native commercial species that have been imported. Many nuts require long hot growing seasons, and be- cause they are growing near the northern limit of hardiness, they can be a risky crop. Most are wind-pollinated and self- fruitful, although there are exceptions, and wild populations of at least some species appear to have mechanisms in place to encourage cross-fertilization, and produce higher quality nuts when cross-pollinated. Pollination Recommendations The chestnut was once an important tree in eastern deciduous forests, with the northern edge of its distribution in southern Ontario. After the chestnut blight was introduced in 1904, the species declined precipitously in the wild, and few trees re- main in Ontario forests. Chestnut is self-compatible, but still requires cross-pollination because the male and female flowers do not bloom at the same time on an individual tree. The flowers are in the form of catkins, and a variety of pollinators collect both nectar and pollen from the flowers. Unlike most other nut trees, the American chestnut is pollinated by insects. Wild trees generally cannot reproduce due to the isolation of individual trees, and artificial propagation is necessary to propagate the species. In the related Caucasian chestnut tree, Castanea sativa, pollination by honey bees can improve total nut yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Color Chart.Pdf
    ® Finishing Products Division of RPM Wood Finishes Group Inc. Color Chart The Original Touch Up Company™ Made in the USA Color Chart ® Finishing Products Division of RPM Wood Finishes Group, Inc. Index Aerosols 1-5 Ultra® Classic Toner & Tone Finish Toner 1-3 Colored Lacquer Enamel 3-5 Shadow Toner 5 Touch-Up Markers/Pencils 5-15 Ultra® Mark Markers 5-9 3 in 1 Repair Stick 9 Pro-Mark® Markers 9-10 Quik-Tip™ Markers 10-11 Background Marker Touch-Up & Background Marker Glaze Hang-Up 11-13 Artisan Glaze Markers 13 Vinyl Marker Glaze Hang-Up 14 Brush Tip Graining Markers 14 Accent Pencils 15 Blend-Its 15 Fillers 15-29 Quick Fill® Burn-In Sticks 15-16 Edging/Low Heat Sticks 16 E-Z Flow™ Burn-In Sticks 16-17 PlaneStick® Burn-In Sticks 17-18 Fil-Stik® Putty Sticks 18-25 Hard Fill & Hard Fill Plus 25-27 PermaFill™ 27 Epoxy Putty Sticks 27-28 Patchal® Puttys 28-29 Knot Filler 29 Fil-O-Wood™ Wood Putty Tubes 29 Color Replacement 30-31 Blendal® Sticks 30 Sand Thru Sticks 30-31 Blendal® Powder Stains 31 Bronzing Powders 31 Dye Stains 32 Ultra® Penetrating & Architectural Ultra® Penetrating Stain 32 Dye Concentrate 32 Pigmented Stains 32-34 Wiping Wood™, Architectural Wiping Stain & Wiping Wood™ Stain Aerosols 32-33 Designer Series Stain, Designer Series Radiant Stain 33-34 Glazes 34 Finisher’s Glaze™ Glazing Stain & Aerosols 34 Break-A-Way™ Glaze & Aerosols 34 Leather Repair 35-37 E-Z Flow™ Leather Markers 35 Leather/Vinyl Markers 35 Leather/Vinyl Fil Sticks 35-36 Leather Repair Basecoat Aerosols 36 Leather Repair Toner Aerosols 36 Leather Repair Color Adjuster Aerosols 37 Touch Up Pigment 37 Leather Refinishing 37 Base Coat 37 NOTE: COLORS ARE APPROXIMATE REPRESENTATIONS OF ACTUAL COLORS USING MODERN PROCESS TECHNIQUES.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquicolor Permanente Shades 07-10-12.Pdf
    LIQUICOLOR PERMANENTE INTENSE INTENSE INTENSE INTENSE GOLD RED NEUTRAL (RN) INTENSE RED (RR) RED VIOLET (RV) RED VIOLET (RRV) BASE INTENSE NEUTRAL (NN) NEUTRAL (N) ASH (A) ASH (A) ASH (AA) ASH (AA) NEUTRAL(GN) GOLD (G) REDPELIRROJO NEUTRAL (RN) RED (R) INTENSEPELIRROJO RED (RR) REDPELIRROJO VIOLET (RV) REDPELIRROJO VIOLET (RRV) NEUTRAL INTENSO NEUTRAL CENIZO CENIZO CENIZO INTENSO CENIZO INTENSO DORADO NEUTRAL GOLDDORADO (G) PELIRROJONEUTRAL PELIRROJORED (R) PELIRROJOINTENSO PELIRROJOVIOLETA VIOLETAPELIRROJO INTENSO LEVEL/NIVEL DORADO NEUTRAL PELIRROJO INTENSO VIOLETA VIOLETA INTENSO 12 HIGH-LIFT BLONDE 12N/HL-N 12A/HL-V 12AA-B/HL-B 12AA-BV 12G / HL-G HIGH LIFT HIGH LIFT HIGH LIFT ULTRA HIGH LIFT ULTRA HIGH LIFT GOLDEN BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE COOL BLONDE BLUE COOL BLONDE BLUE VIOLET 10 LIGHTEST BLONDE RUBIO CLARÍSIMO 10N/12B1 10GN/12G2 OUR FIRST NN 10G / 12G LIGHTEST NEUTRAL BLONDE LIGHTEST GOLD LIQUID COLOR LIGHTEST GOLDEN BLONDE blondest beige NEUTRAL BLONDE blondest blonde blondest gold 9 VERY LIGHT BLONDE RUBIO MUY CLARO 9NN 9N/89N 9A/26D 9A-N/40D 9AA/20D 9AA-BV/30D VERY LIGHT RICH VERY LIGHT VERY LIGHT VERY LIGHT COOL VERY LIGHT ULTRA VERY LIGHT ULTRA COOL NEUTRAL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE BLONDE BLUE VIOLET lightest neutral blonde winter wheat topaz arctic blonde flaxen blonde 8 LIGHT BLONDE RUBIO CLARO 8NN 8N/88N 8A / 28D 8GN/27G 8RN / 71RG 8R / 29R LIGHT RICH LIGHT LIGHT COOL BLONDE LIGHT GOLD NEUTRAL LIGHT RED NEUTRAL LIGHT RED BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE autumn mist BLONDE
    [Show full text]
  • ALTERNATE COLORS the Color Depicted Here Are Available for Secondary Fulfilllment (2-3 Business Days)
    100% PURE POLYURE A COLOR SYSTEM KANSAS CITY, USA 800.321.0906 ALTERNATE COLORS The color depicted here are available for secondary fulfilllment (2-3 business days). For additional color choices with shorter fulfillment times, see the Quick Ship Color Chart. VF 1222 The color samples on this chart are for representation of Mocha Tan color only. Colors will vary depending on viewing media. VF 1125¤ Cured color samples are available from Terra Cotta VersaFlex at no charge upon request.* VF 1302 Chestnut VF 1089¤ Very Lt Light Grey VF 1304 Sumatra Brown VF 1228¤ Ostrich Feather VF 1350 Mocha Brown VF 1357¤ Lime Rickey VF 1301 Leather Brown VF 1237¤ Safety Yellow VF 1239 Roman Coffee VF 1360¤ Safety Red (Light) VF 1276 Kaffee VF 1275¤ Red VF 1253 Wheat VF 1330¤ Brick Paver VF 1163 Brevity Brown VF 1287¤ Tile Red VF 1252¤ Terra Cotta Brown VF 1071¤ Burnt Sienna VF 1254 Coyote VF 1224 La Cresenta Brown VF 1077¤ Walnut VF 1309 Raw Sienna VF 1399¤ Raw Sienna (Dark) VF 1262¤ ¤ Relic Bronze VF 1311 Saddle Brown VF 1106 Sand VF 1286 Dark Walnut ¤ Colors marked with this symbol will have an upcharge applied for pigmentation. * VersaFlex advises using actual cured samples when choosing color for projects. © 2017 VersaFlex Incorporated QF7.2.1a.3032 Rev 1 Date-03-20-17 Metzger/McGuire Ameripolish Consolideck Scofield VF 1071 Burnt Sienna Burnt Sienna Burnt Sienna, Terra Cotta Faded Terracotta VF 1077 Cobble Brown, Walnut VF 1089 Very Light Light Grey VF 1106 Sand Cardboard Sand VF 1125 Terra Cotta Chestnut VF 1163 Brevity Brown Bavarian Oak Leather VF
    [Show full text]
  • The Base Colors: Black and Chestnut the Tail, Called “Foal Fringes.”The Lower Legs Can Be So Pale That It Is Let’S Begin with the Base Colors
    Foal Color 4.08 3/20/08 2:18 PM Page 44 he safe arrival of a newborn foal is cause for celebration. months the sun bleaches the foal’s birth coat, altering its appear- After checking to make sure all is well with the mare and ance even more. Other environmental issues, such as type and her new addition, the questions start to fly. What gender quality of feed, also can have a profound effect on color. And as we is it? Which traits did the foal get from each parent? And shall see, some colors do change drastically in appearance with Twhat color is it, anyway? Many times this question is not easily age, such as gray and the roany type of sabino. Finally, when the answered unless the breeder has seen many foals, of many colors, foal shed occurs, the new color coming in often looks dramatical- throughout many foaling seasons. In the landmark 1939 movie, ly dark. Is it any wonder that so many foals are registered an incor- “The Wizard of Oz,” MGM used gelatin to dye the “Horse of a rect—and sometimes genetically impossible—color each year? Different Color,” but Mother Nature does a darn good job of cre- So how do you identify your foal’s color? First, let’s keep some ating the same spectacular special effects on her foals! basic rules of genetics in mind. Two chestnuts will only produce The foal’s color from birth to the foal shed (which generally chestnut; horses of the cream, dun, and silver dilutions must have occurs between three and four months of age) can change due to had at least one parent with that particular dilution themselves; many factors, prompting some breeders to describe their foal as and grays must always have one gray parent.
    [Show full text]
  • Color Coat Genetics
    Color CAMERoatICAN ≤UARTER Genet HORSE ics Sorrel Chestnut Bay Brown Black Palomino Buckskin Cremello Perlino Red Dun Dun Grullo Red Roan Bay Roan Blue Roan Gray SORREL WHAT ARE THE COLOR GENETICS OF A SORREL? Like CHESTNUT, a SORREL carries TWO copies of the RED gene only (or rather, non-BLACK) meaning it allows for the color RED only. SORREL possesses no other color genes, including BLACK, regardless of parentage. It is completely recessive to all other coat colors. When breeding with a SORREL, any color other than SORREL will come exclusively from the other parent. A SORREL or CHESTNUT bred to a SORREL or CHESTNUT will yield SORREL or CHESTNUT 100 percent of the time. SORREL and CHESTNUT are the most common colors in American Quarter Horses. WHAT DOES A SORREL LOOK LIKE? The most common appearance of SORREL is a red body with a red mane and tail with no black points. But the SORREL can have variations of both body color and mane and tail color, both areas having a base of red. The mature body may be a bright red, deep red, or a darker red appearing almost as CHESTNUT, and any variation in between. The mane and tail are usually the same color as the body but may be blonde or flaxen. In fact, a light SORREL with a blonde or flaxen mane and tail may closely resemble (and is often confused with) a PALOMINO, and if a dorsal stripe is present (which a SORREL may have), it may be confused with a RED DUN.
    [Show full text]
  • TACF Fact Sheet American Chestnut Vs
    ID# GPAs V. 1, April 2015 TACF Fact Sheet American Chestnut vs. Horse Chestnut: How to Differentiate between “Chestnut” Trees A Tale of Two Chestnuts… American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippo-castanaum) are both deciduous trees that share the same short name – “chestnut”. But this short name is where the major similarities end. American chestnut is in the beech family (Fagaceae), along with beeches and oaks, while the horse chestnut is in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), and most closely related to our native buckeyes. American chestnut So how do you know which ‘chestnut’ you have? Leaves The leaves of American chestnut are simple, meaning one leaf blade per leaf stalk. The leaves are typically long and narrow, with deeply-toothed edges. The teeth curve towards the tip of the leaf, making a breaking ocean wave pattern along the edge of the leaf. In contrast, the leaves of horse chestnut are compound, meaning that one leaf is made up of several leaf blades (called leaflets) per leaf stalk. Horse chestnut typically has 5-7 leaflets. The leaflet margins are also toothed, but the teeth are much smaller and do not make an ocean wave pattern. Flowers USDA-NRCS PLANTS The flowers of American chestnut bloom late, typically around the 4th of July. Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated American chestnut produces both male and female flowers, usually in the same flora of the northern United cluster, though it is not uncommon for a cluster to consist of male flowers only. The States, Canada and the British male flowers are long catkins that hang down and look like white or cream colored Possessions.
    [Show full text]