The Personality Structure and Defense Mechanism Of

THE PERSONALITY STRUCTURE AND DEFENSE MECHANISM OF

THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE HOUSE AT THE END OF THE

STREET FILM

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Humanities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

Eris Widya Astuti 1111026000046

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

ABSTRACT

Eris Widya Astuti, The Personality Structure and Defense Mechanism of the Main Character in the House at the End of the Street Film. A Thesis. Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.

This research focuses on Ryan Jacobson as the main character in House at the End of the Street film. The aim of this research is to know the personality structure of Ryan Jacobson and analyze his defense mechanism using Psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud. This research uses qualitative method and descriptive analysis as the technique to analyze the data with theory of Psychoanalysis that related to structure of personality and defense mechanism in the film. The data are collected from dialogues in the script and pictures in the film.

The findings show that Ryan Jacobson as the 18 years old man has abnormal obsession to have his sister named Carrie Anne alive. His sister is died after falling from the swing in 6 years of age. Ryan kidnaps a girl resembles his sister in white skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes at the basement. His parents blame him for her death and treat Ryan as Carrie Anne to substitute his sister. Due to that traumatic experience, Ryan has unbalanced personality structure caused by disturbance in his childhood. His ego is dominated by the id when it is about his secret and trauma in the past. Although Ryan has done some defense mechanism; repression, fixation, denial, projection and fantasy, but it is not enough for him to remove his trauma and anxiety.

iii

DECLARATION

I hereby declared that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person non material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, December 2015

Eris Widya Astuti

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful

May peace and blessing of Allah be upon all of us

First of all, I would like to give the most appreciation and many thanks to

Allah SWT, for His blessing and guidance all these years so I could finish this thesis. Then, may peace be upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companion and all his followers.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Mrs. Inayatul

Chusna, M.Hum., for her great patience, time, guidance, kindness, and contribution in correcting and helping me to finish this thesis. Thanks for all of her advices and efforts that have been given to me. May Allah SWT bless her and her family.

I also would like to convey his sincerity grateful particularly to these following people:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., the Dean of Letters and Humanities

Faculty.

2. Drs. Saefuddin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. Pita Merdeka, M.A., and Maria Ulfa, M.A., M.Hum., as the thesis

examiners.

5. All lectures of English Department for helping and educating me during

my study at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.

6. My family; especially my beloved Father and Mother who always give

their never ending love, patience, prayers, spirits, motivations, advices,

hopes, and supports in financial and material to me all the time. I also

extend my gratitude to both of my beloved sisters for their motivation,

support, and prayers.

7. My closest people; especially Aab Abdullah who has accompanied for

years. Thanks for his time, patience, affection, supports, prayers, advices,

knowledge and many inspirations to me. My best friends; Euis, Maydina,

Mita, Vina, Anita, Erni, Ardhina, Maya, and Gresshia for their joy,

laughter, affection and supports that bring happiness to me.

8. My beloved classmates in English Letters Department; the students of

Class B and Literature since 2011 for spending time and supporting each

other during study at University. And for all those who cannot be

mentioned here, may Allah always give His bless in every our step.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive criticism, suggestion, and advice for better improvement.

Jakarta, December 2015

Eris Widya Astuti

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i

APPROVAL SHEET ...... ii

LEGALIZATION ...... iii

DECLARATION ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1

B. Focus of the Study ...... 3

C. Research Question ...... 4

D. Significance of the Study ...... 4

E. Research Methodology ...... 5

1. The Objectives of Research ...... 5

2. The Method of Research ...... 5

3. The Instrument of the Research...... 6

4. The Unit of Analysis ...... 6

5. The Technique of Data Analysis ...... 6

6. The Research Design ...... 7

CHAPTER II. THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ...... 8

A. Previous Research ...... 8

B. Character ...... 10

vii

C. Characterization in Film ...... 12

1. Characterization through Appearance ...... 13

2. Characterization through Dialogue ...... 13

3. Characterization through External Action ...... 14

4. Characterization through Internal Action ...... 14

5. Characterization through Reactions of Others

Character ...... 14

D. Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis ...... 15

1. Structure of Personality ...... 18

a. Id...... 18

b. Ego ...... 18

c. Superego ...... 19

2. Psychosexual Development Stages ...... 21

a. Oral Stage ...... 21

b. Anal Stage ...... 22

c. Phallic Stage ...... 23

d. Latency Stage ...... 23

e. Genital Stage ...... 24

3. Defense Mechanism ...... 24

a. Repression ...... 26

b. Fixation...... 27

c. Denial ...... 28

d. Projection ...... 28

viii

e. Fantasy ...... 29

CHAPTER III. DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS ...... 31

A. Character Analysis ...... 31

B. Structure of Personality and Defense Mechanism ...... 38

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 59

A. Conclusions ...... 59

B. Suggestions ...... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 64

APPENDICES ...... 68

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Films often portray and represent about life, culture and social reality. The different traditions, beliefs, and cultures of the world are shown in films. It is a media to illustrate about the world with a lot of meaning that inspiring and entertaining people. Cesare Zavattini asserted, ―film is overwhelming desire to see, to analyse, its hunger for reality, is an act of concrete homage towards other people, towards what is happening and existing in the world.‖1

Films portray life in its own when it records and reveals the reality. It tries to narrate something in real situation. Colman wrote, ―through its various assumptions and different purposes, film represents and questions the ways in which we think about things in the world, including the very nature of thinking as a perceptual activity that is entirely mediated in some form or another.‖2

Therefore, films should not be created in perfunctory way because it can affect the viewer about things around them. Sandy added in his journal, ―it is really interesting about the unconscious process of film transformation that permits us to relate the illusory story to the real life.‖3 Films are easy to influence

1 Stephen Synder and Howard Curle, Contemporary Perspective, (Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2000), p. 51. 2 Felicity Colman, Film, Theory, and Philosophy: The Key Thinkers, (Canada: McGill- Queens University Press, 2009), p. 17. 3 Sandy Flitterman et al., ―Psychoanalysis, Film, and Television‖, The International Journal of Advertising (May 1998), accessed on April 13, 2015. http://journalism.uoregon.edu/~cbybee/j388/psych.html.

visually and verbally. Siegfried implied, ―those films are true to the medium to the extent that they penetrate the world before our eyes.‖4

Films start to portray the personality and behavior of character that refer to psychological films. This genre relates to the psychological disturbance in mental, mind and behavior of character in the film but it is often presented in the form of thriller according to Sharon in his book, ―a distinguishing characteristic of a psychological thriller is a marked emphasis on the mental states of its character: their perceptions, thoughts, and general struggle to grasp reality about death‖5.

Although the character in films are fiction, but it can be interpreted as person and analyzed as human. A famous theory that is related to the psychological analysis of character in the film is Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. As Moesono stated,

―psychoanalysis has special relationship with cinema before appointed as one of the approaches and considered as a proper method for the world of cinematography.‖6 This theory has provided a useful way of analyzing the character in films.

House at the End of the Street is 2012 psychological horror thriller film about Ryan Jacobson as the main character who has psychological problem. He has trauma and mental illness about his dead sister, Carrie Anne. His sister is died after falling from the swing when they were playing together at backyard. His parents get angry to Ryan and blame him for her death because they were on the

4 Siegfried Kracauer, Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality, (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. ix. 5 Sharon Packer, Movies and the Modern Psyche, (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2007), pp. 87-90. 6 Moesono Anggadewi, ed., Psikoanalisis dan Sastra, (Depok: Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Indonesia, 2003), p. 59.

swing together. Carrie Anne is the heart of the family. Hence, his parents punish him to dress like Carrie Anne. It is their way to pretend that she is not dead yet.

When Ryan refuses to act like Carrie Anne, his parents will hit and yell at him.

Due to his unpleasant memories in childhood, Ryan has obsession to make

Carrie Anne alive. He kidnaps a girl who resembles his dead sister—in blonde hair, white skin, blue eyes, and skinny body—at his basement. If the girl tries to run away, he will inject tranquilizer in high doses. Overdosing of tranquilizer often leads to death. When the girl is dead, he will find another girl that resemble of Carrie Anne. Ryan still believes that he needs his sister to stay alive, so his parents will not hurt him. These are the painful memories from his childhood that haunt his life. Ryan stuck in his memory about the death of Carrie Anne and his abusive parents.

Based on the explanation above, I am interested in analyzing the psychological condition of Ryan Jacobson as the main character House at the End of the Street film by using Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis because this theory is considered as the proper method to analyze the psychological condition of the character.

B. Focus of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, I analyze the characteristic and psychological problem of Ryan Jacobson in House at the End of the Street film by using the theory of Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis. To make the

research more focus, I limit the scope of the research on the characteristics, personality structure, and defense mechanism in Psychoanalysis.

C. Research Question

According to the background of study, the interesting research problems are as follows:

1. How is the character of Ryan Jacobson described in the film?

2. How does the psychological condition of Ryan Jacobson reflect his

structure of personality and defense mechanisms according to the theory

of Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis?

D. Significance of the Study

The result of this research is expected to give the benefit of the information and the knowledge for the readers in understanding Sigmund Freud‘s

Psychoanalysis. I also hope this research can provide an interesting explanation about the personality structures and defense mechanism of character, especially

Ryan Jacobson in House at the End of the Street film. Moreover, this study can be used as one of the references in studying and comprehending movie which uses psychoanalysis approach of the literary work in English Letters Department,

Faculty of Letters and Humanities at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University,

Jakarta.

E. Research Methodology

This research methodology includes several important aspects of research, such as the objectives of the research, the method of research, the instrument of the research, the unit of analysis, the technique of data analysis and the research design.

1. The Objectives of Research

The objectives of the research are to explain the character of Ryan

Jacobson showed in the film, his structure of personality and defense mechanism according to the theory of Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis.

2. The Method of Research

The method of this research is qualitative method with descriptive analysis. Noeng stated in his book, ―qualitative research methods observe the relationship between words or sentences that forms particular meaning. The word or phrase is a system of signs that parse the data in deep appreciation will be achieved as good.‖7 As a whole, Nyoman made another statement that,

―qualitative used a ways of interpretation by presenting it in the form of description. In study of literature, the data source is the work and the script. The data research, as the formal data are words, sentences, and discourse.‖8

As the qualitative method, I try to explicate, describe, and analyze the personality structure of Ryan Jacobson using the Psychoanalysis theory of

Sigmund Freud and finds the answer of the research question through the data

7 Noeng Muhadjir, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, (Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin, 2002), pp. 301-302. 8 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, (Jogjakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2008), p 47.

analysis and relates it to the theory. I use two data sources; the primary source of the data is House at the End of the Street film and the secondary data are taken from other sources that support the data such as articles, journals, books, pictures, dialogues and the scenes of the movie.

3. The Instrument of the Research

This qualitative research sets I myself as the main instrument in collecting data by watching House at the End of the Street carefully, analyzing the scenes or the parts that describe the problems, and collecting the data by writing down some dialogues and taking some snapshots of the scene to support the research that related to the changing of personality structures from the main character.

4. The Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis that used in this research is House at the End of the

Street film that released in 2012 directed by Mark Tonderai and starring by Max

Thieriot as Ryan Jacobson, Jennifer Lawrence as Elissa, Elisabeth Shue as Sarah

Cassidy and Gil Bellows as Officer Bill. This film is produced by Film Nation

Entertainment and distributed by Relativity Media Aliance Films.

5. The Technique of Data Analysis

In this study, I use descriptive analysis technique to analyze the data and use the theory that related to structure of personality in the film. First, I give the description about the film and the character. Then, I start to analyze the structure of personality and defense mechanism using Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis.

6. The Research Design

In this study, I divide some chapter to discuss the research. Chapter 1 as the introduction section, it consists of background of the study, focus of the study, research question, significance of the study, and research methodology that includes several important aspects; the objectives of research, the method of research, the instrument of the research, the unit of analysis and the technique of data analysis. Chapter 2 as the theoretical description, it consists of previous research and the concept. Chapter 3 as the data analysis or findings, it consists of the data description and the data analysis. And the last is Chapter 4 as the conclusions and suggestions; it consists of the conclusion of the research and the suggestion to the reader about the research.

CHAPTER II

THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Research

For consideration in this study, I have found some of the studies by several researchers related to psychoanalysis. Because the House at the End of the Street film as a corpus of research is rarely analyzed by others, I study the similar issue of Psychoanalysis in other film criticisms. The first paper is The Character of the

Joker from The Dark Knight by Hannah L. McCormack.9

This paper examines the personality case study of a fictional character, the

Joker, in the 2008 Batman film, The Dark Knight. The writer uses psychoanalysis of Freud, cognitive-behavioral and trait perspectives to identify the Joker‘s personality. This paper also demonstrates that the Joker is likely affected by antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), it is often equated with psychopathy. The

Joker appears visually to be a type of clown, with green hair, painted on make-up, colorful outfits, and painted on crudely red grin and barely cover disfiguring scars on either side of his mouth. He appears disheveled and unkempt; his appearance reflecting his maniacal attitude.

From the psychoanalytic perspective, the Joker has the weak ego and superego, but disproportionately strong id. He operates on the pleasure principle of doing what he wants. The Joker cannot control or manage his id, like an adult.

This is because his id, ego and superego imbalance due to disturbance in

9 Hannah L. McCormack, The Character of the Joker from The Dark Knight, Yorkville University PSYC 6113, accessed on March 3, 2015 http://www.lopdf.net/preview/Hannah-L- McCormack-Yorkville-University-PSYC-6113.html?query=Characteristics-of-Thanatos.

childhood and problematic relationships with his parents. The Joker absolutely has imperfect psychosexual stages; it is possible he is fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development due to cruel treatment by his sadistic and abusive father. His father is the one that disfigure his son‘s mouth with a razor; that is the reason he has a smile grin on his face. He is growing up in an abusive family that makes him apathetic, contempt for society, and triggered into madness.

From the behaviorist perspective of personality, the Joker learns his aggressive and violent behavior from family, peers, or society. He is unable to read the emotions of others or he chooses to ignore them, low in emotional intelligences; as he does not display empathy, smooth social interactions, and has fatalist view of human nature and society. And the last is trait perspective, he enjoys being wild, creative, energetic, and original in masterminding his criminal plans. He is low in agreeableness and high in neuroticism, it is indicating a possible personality disorder, closely linked to psychopath which is serious and extreme mental condition. The Joker has no motive or logic for his crimes, he only wishes to dominate, control, and have fun to prove his narcissistic desire of being a master manipulator.

The second paper entitled Bullying in Harald Zwart’s Karate Kid: A View of Freud’s Psychoanalysis from Its Characters by Irfan Rifai10. This paper analyzes the character in the Karate Kid by Harald Zwart as cause and result of bullying act. This analysis uses psychoanalytic study, three provinces of mind by

Sigmund Freud; id, ego, and super-ego.

10 Irfan Rifai, Bullying in Harald Zwart’s Karate Kid: A View of Freud’s Psychoanalysis from Its Characters, accessed on March 15, 2015 http://eprints.binus.ac.id/id/eprint/26153.

This film is about the main character as a victim of physical bullying. Dre wants to take revenge on Cheng even he has incapability to defend himself. Cheng always mock Dre about his brown skin. Dre also throws a pail of dirty water to

Cheng and his friends to fulfill his pleasure. The ego is weaker, but it is more organized and logical if it is compared with the id. The ego also takes part in

Dre‘s struggle to defend himself by learning Kung-Fu. He realizes that he has to adapt in new environment although he does not like it. Although Dre receives physical bullying because he has brown skin and lives in different type of skin color in China, but he successfully passes through his fear being a victim of bullying and manage his id, ego and superego in a good way.

Both papers explain that every character in the film has their own psychological condition and could be analyzed as a human. The unpleasant feeling and trauma in childhood could affect and change someone‘s attitude and personality structure. The family role is very important in the form of a character‘s personality. After I analyze both of paper above, I use the same

Psychoanalysis issue in this research that focus on character‘s structure of personality.

B. Character

Another element in film that has important role is the character. The story in film can not exist without the character‘s role. The character is created in such way to make an interesting story, Jens asserted ―Characters are important points of reference in the criticism and the analysis of films and also occupy a central

position in the production process: film scripts are rejected because one cannot identify oneself with the characters, or they are accepted because they offer good parts for stars.‖11 The role of character can not be played carelessly, because all that appears in the film such as the appearance, feelings, and dialogue, will describe the character in the film. The image of the character also continuously exists as the remembrance of the movie.

The character that appears in film as human could be imagined as ―real person‖, Richard Barsam wrote:

―We can imagine as real people, with complex personalities and lives. […] Thus, when we talk about characters in our analyses of movies, we should consider them both as beings who (much living, breathing people) have discernible traits, habits, and dispositions and as formal elements that help develop the narrative.‖12

But not only Richard, Lloyd also gave his statement that the character as

‗possible person‘ reflecting either someone or something,

―Film characters are real, it seems at least reasonable to consider a movie character as a ‗possible person‘—the view that will be taken here—when she is represented by a real person, or, more properly, the image of a real person formed by light reflecting off a real performer and reacting with a chemical emulsion.‖13

Therefore, the role of character in film is very necessary, because they tend to be considered as imaginary human beings. If the character has special and unique properties or traits, it will make the film more interesting. When people go to see the movie, the first thing that attracts them is the character.

11 Jens Eder, The Character in the Film. Basics of Character Analysis, (Marburg: Stoke, 2008), p 7. 12 Richard Barsam, Looking at Movies: an Introduction to Film, 2nd ed., (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007), p. 72. 13 Lloyd Michaels, The Phantom of the Cinema: Character in Modern Film, (New York: State University Of New York Press Albany, 1998), p 3.

The character also has a special attraction to be analyzed. It can be analyzed as human, but certainly it is not easy to analyze the character, Jens Eder asserted, ―The process of analysis, as a rule, follows certain steps: one watches the film or reads the script several times, concentrates on the aspects relating to characters and supplements the resulting impressions with additional information, e.g. about viewers or historical contexts.‖14

Richard Barsam also made another interesting statement in analyzing the character,

―We develop our knowledge of all characters in several ways: from their traits, motivations, and actions; from the ways in which a narrator or other characters describe them; and from the style in which the actors who play them interpret them. Part of the challenge and enjoyment of interpreting a movie is figuring our characters‘ motivations, something we do all the time in our daily lives when interpreting other people‘s behavior.‖15

In creating the character can not be separated from the role of filmmaker.

They create story and character through a lot of consideration, it is crucial to capture the features of characters and to reach agreement about them, Jens added,

―Filmmakers discuss their creation, viewers the experiences they evoke, critics their interpretation, cultural theorists and practitioners their causes and consequences.‖16

C. Characterization in Film

After discussing the character, I discuss the characterization. The character and characterization are different things. Character is a figure that plays a role in

14 Jens Eder (2008), Op.Cit p. 14. 15 Richard Barsam, (2007), Op.Cit. p. 74. 16 Jens Eder, ―Understanding Characters‖, Berghahn Journals Volume 4, Issue 1, Summer 2010: 16–40, (2010), doi: 10:3167/proj.2010.040103, p. 16.

the story and characterization is how a character portrayed in the film. As Richard

Barsam emphasized:

―Here we must distinguish between character and characterization, the process of the actor‘s interpreting a character in a movie. Characterization differs according to the actor, the character, the screenplay, and the director. As narrative movies developed through their history, filmmakers increasingly left things out of their movies‘ characterization, or left them implicit, or left them to viewers to determine.‖17

In order to make an interesting story and attract the viewer, the characterization of a character has to be looking real, unique, and easy to understand. Therefore, Joseph and Dennis have mentioned 8 characterizations, but

I apply 5 characterizations which are:

1. Characterization through Appearance

A major aspect of film characterization is revealed visually and instantaneously. When the actors are on the screen, their facial features, mannerism, and physical build become the assumption from the viewer.18

2. Characterization through Dialogue

Characters in fictional film naturally reveal a great deal about themselves by what they say and how they say it. Their true thoughts, attitudes, and emotions can be revealed in subtle ways through word choice and through the stress, pitch, and pause patterns of their speech. From their grammar, vocabulary and dialects also reveal their character‘s social, economic and educational background.19

17 Richard Barsam, Op.Cit. p. 74. 18 Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, The Art of Watching Films: 7th edition, (New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008), p. 50. 19 Ibid, p. 50.

3. Characterization through External Action

The best reflections of character are a person‘s action, the real character are more than mere instruments of the plot that do for a purpose. Thus, there should be a clear relationship between a character and his or her actions; the actions should grow naturally out of the character‘s personality. Every action that the character takes in some way is reflecting the quality of his or her particular personality. Sometimes the most effective characterization is achieved not by the large actions in the film but by the small, seemingly insignificant ones.20

4. Characterization through Internal Action

Some of internal actions from character are mind, emotions, unspoken thought, aspiration, memories and fantasies. People‘s hopes, dreams, and aspirations can be as important to an understanding of their character as any real achievement, and their fears and insecurities can be more terrible to them. The filmmaker reveals inner reality by taking us visually or aurally into the mind so that we see or hear the character remembers, thinks, and imagines about.21

5. Characterization through Reactions of Others Character

The way other characters view a person often serves as an excellent means of characterization. Sometimes, a great deal of information about a character is already provided through such means before the character first appears on the screen.22

All characteristics above are portrayed as the way to understand the character when acting in the film. The character is considered as the real image

20 Ibid, p.52. 21 Ibid, p.53. 22 Ibid, p.53.

that represents as human and reality. Dudley emphasized, ―All films present themselves to us as real or image according to various ratios. Reality is here taken to be a type of consciousness characterized by certain indices of appearances and a certain mental activity.‖23

D. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is originally known as the method of healing people with mental illness by knowing the conscious and unconscious elements in mind. It is also an approach to understand the behavior of person. Daniel stated,

―Psychoanalysis is one of those rare intellectual achievements that had the effect of radically transforming human self-understanding.‖24 This theory was developed in late nineteenth century by Sigmund Freud, Ferdinand added, ―he is one of the figures that succeeded in introducing Psychoanalysis‖.25

Psychoanalysis extends the fundamental idea that all thoughts and consciously actions are the process in unconscious. Our behavior in everyday life is conscious which buried in the unconscious, and affect the conscious behavior.

Sigmund Freud asserted,

―Freud‘s immense influence arguably revolves around his basic claim that most of our behavior is a product of an unconscious but very active part of the mind. This unconscious is full of unacceptable urges, intolerable memories, conflicts, defense mechanisms, and so forth. Part of Freud‘s

23 Dudley Andrew, Concepts in Film Theory, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p 43. 24 Daniel K. Lapsley and Paul C. Stey, Id, Ego, and Superego (appear in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior 2nd Ed.), (Indiana: Elsevier, published by University of Notre Dame, 2011), p. 1. 25 Ferdinand Zaviera, Teori Kepribadian Sigmund Freud, (Jogjakarta: Primasophie. 2008), p. 91.

lasting significance in the history of ideas is that psychoanalysis was conceived as a means of opening the black box of the unconscious.‖26

The basic concept of psychoanalysis consists of conscious and unconscious. The conscious is only a small part of mind that contains certain moment in awareness and it will be repressed to the unconscious. We can think and talk rationally based on this mental processing. William wrote,

―Consciousness, he believed, is a transitory mental state since what is conscious one moment may not be conscious the next moment. That which exist on the fringe of the conscious Freud called the preconscious. The preconscious consists of what was earlier verbalized ideas and can again, with relative ease, be verbalized. [. . .] Freud regarded them as only a small portion of the total mental life of the person.‖27

Related to conscious, there is also preconscious; a bridge between conscious and unconscious that contains ideas or memories that could be retrieved at any time and brought into our awareness. Ferdinand has noted, ―in psychoanalysis, the unconscious takes precedence over the conscious because it affects person's behavior and demands to be satisfied.‖28 The ordinary memories, desires and believes in the preconscious are not currently conscious, but it can easily appear in our mind.

The unconscious is the most important of the human psyche which contains desires, thoughts, and behavior since childhood. Unconscious is the most dominant and important in determining a person's behavior and experience. Most of the contents of unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as the feeling of pain, anxiety, or conflict. Moesono stated in his book, ―this unawareness is the

26 Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, translated by Alan Tyson, (New York: Norton, 1965), p 238. 27 William B. Arndt, Jr., Theories of Personality, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1974), p 322. 28 Ferdinand Zaviera, (2008), Op.Cit. p. 22.

experience that we never realized, it occurs out of the focus and we are not aware of this case or tries to eliminate it, because we think it is disturbing our mind.‖29

Large parts of human thought remain unconscious. It needs much effort to make the certain troubling ideas appear in conscious. Undesirable thoughts will be repressed from consciousness by the ego. Freud mentioned his idea about the normal personality structure,

― An investigation of normal, stable states, in which the frontiers of the ego are safeguarded against the id by resistances (anti-cathexes) and have held firm, and in which the superego is not distinguished from the ego, because they work together harmoniously—an investigation of that kind would teach us little. The only thing that can help us are states of conflict and uproar, when the contents of the unconscious id have a prospect of forcing their way into the ego and into consciousness and the ego puts itself once more on the defensive against this invasion.‖30

The ego is the part of the system that manages the id and superego wisely.

When the ego is weak, it would be happened abnormal behavior because the ego can not balance the strong desire from id and superego. William Siegfried added in his journal, ―As humans our behavior, our thoughts and actions, are the product of our psyche. In order to have an understanding of why we behave as we do, it is necessary to identify the formation and structure of the human psyche.‖31

In 1923, Freud introduced his book The Ego and The Id about the structure of human personality; the id, ego and superego. The structure of human personality contains thoughts, feelings, social adjustment, and behavior influence

29Moesono Anggadewi, (2003), Op.Cit. p 3. 30 Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psycho-analysis edited by James Strachey, (New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1949), p. 22. 31 William Siegfried, ―The Formation and Structure of the Human Psyche Id, Ego, and Super-Ego‖, Athene Noctua: Undergraduate Philosophy Journal Issue No. 2, (2014), published by Florida Atlantic University, p. 1.

on expectations, responses, values, and attitudes. As the id, ego and superego has different function.

1. Structure of Personality

a. Id

Id is the oldest of physical provinces. Id lies in the unconscious mind; there is the native instinct of sexual and aggressiveness in repression or on hold.

Id is obtained from the childhood as basic formation of a person's life. Yustinus has written in his book that ―Id works with pleasure principle that always tries to get away from something that makes it uncomfortable. The id ignores and demands to fulfill as soon as possible; as the infant who has native desire to suckle at mother as his pleasure and he will cry if his pleasure is not immediately fulfilled. The id does not recognize the morality.‖32 Actually, the id represents as human biological needs. Id also can be regarded as the inner world before people have the experience of the outside world. Freud also added, ―It contains everything that is inherited, that is present at birth, that is laid down in the constitution—above all, therefore, the instincts, which originate from the somatic organization and which find a first physical expression. […] moreover, the investigation of psychoanalysis started with it.‖33

b. Ego

The ego connects the world in the level of human consciousness. Yustinus added in his book, ―The ego distinguishes between fantasy and reality with the principle of reality (reality principles). Ego can not operate on the pleasure

32 Yustinus Semiun, Teori Kepribadian dan Terapi Psikoanalitik Freud, (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2006), pp.61-63. 33 Sigmund Freud, (1949), Op.Cit. p 2.

principle because the real world does not operate on that principle. Ego runs the defense mechanism to reduce the anxiety and fear that may be appear.‖34 Freud gave his statement:

―[…] the ego has the task to mediating between the external world and the id. It must seek a compromise between the strivings for immediate gratification of the id and the realities of the external world. The tools with which it accomplishes this task of arbitration are attention, perception, the control of motor activity and repression‖.35

In relation to the id, the ego works to satisfy the needs, relieve anxiety or desire and solve the conflict that does not fit each other. The ego also controls the task by deciding whether satisfaction is allowed, postponed or repressed. The ego is continually changing depends on the situation.

c. Superego

The last personality structure is superego. Yustinus wrote in his book,

―Superego is the manifestation of values and norms prevailing in society. The superego is formed in four to six years of age. Superego evolves from prohibition and rule from the outside. The superego is the fundamental of moral conscience which contains the applicable rules and has an explanation about right and wrong to help the ego holds the desire of id.‖36 Superego has two sides; conscience about warning of punishment and the ideal ego contains praise and positive examples.

Conscience is the result of the child‘s experience when parents give the punishment to them in doing inappropriate behavior and telling the child about prohibited behavior. The ideal ego evolves from the experience when children do

34 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit. pp. 64-66. 35 William B. Arndt, Jr., (1974), Op.Cit. p 269. 36 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit. pp. 66-68.

proper behavior then his parents give the reward and tell their child another proper behavior. It could be said that a child receives the moral norms from parents.37

The superego is controlled by the principles of moralistic and idealistic that contrary to the id in pleasure principle and the ego in reality principle.

Superego has self-control that requires human perfection in thought, action and word.38 Sigmund Freud stated in his book about Superego,

―Superego is the long period of childhood, during which the growing human being lives in dependence on his parents, leaves behind it as a precipitate the formation in his ego of a special agency in which this parental influence is prolonged. An action by the ego is as it should be if it satisfied simultaneously the demands of the id, of the superego and of reality—that is to say, if it is able to reconcile their demands with one another.‖39

Superego begins to develop when ego is internalizing social norms and moral, it could be said that superego is an internal manifestation of the values and ideals of traditional society. The superego will control the sexual impulse and aggressiveness through the process of repression. Superego does not repress the desire but orders the ego to do repression. The feeling of guilt occurs when the ego is acting contrary to the moral norm of superego. The feeling of low self- esteem or inferiority will arise when the ego is unable to get the perfection of the superego. The feeling of guilt is the conscience while feeling of inferiority due to the ego-ideal.40

―A person is healthy psychologically when the ego has been coordinating the demands of the id and superego; she or he is the person who can control both

37 Ibid, pp. 66-68 38 Ibid, pp. 66-68 39 Sigmund Freud, (1949), Op.Cit. p. 3. 40 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit. pp. 66-68.

the pleasure and moral principle. In summing up, the system of personality structure is not the system that running a person‘s personality. These three systems are just the names for various psychological processes with the different systems each other.‖41

2. Psychosexual Development Stages

Freud believed that human had passed number of psychosexual stages since childhood into an adult. When someone unsuccessful to complete a certain stage, he or she will stuck in certain characteristics that relate to the failed stage.

―It may well be believed that psychoanalysis provoked astonishment and denials when, partly on the basis of these three neglected facts, it contradicted all the popular opinions on sexuality. Its principal findings are as follows: a. Sexual life does not begin only at puberty, but starts with plain manifestations soon after birth. b. It is necessary to distinguish sharply between the concepts of ‗sexual‘ and ‗genital‘. The former is the wider concept and includes many activities that have nothing to do with the genitals. c. Sexual life includes the function of obtaining pleasure from zones of the body, a function which is subsequently brought into the service of reproduction. The two functions often fail to coincide completely.‖42

a. Oral Stage ( 0 – 15 month)

This is the first stage of psychosexual development stages. In this stage, the mouth is the first pleasure organ for the infant. Most of libido is available since at birth in the oral zone and all activity is concentrated to this zone. The infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, babbling or putting something into the mouth, tongue and lips. The infant only has the id that always wants to be satisfied and fulfilled immediately, and the

41 Ibid, pp. 67-68. 42 Sigmund Freud, (1949), Op.Cit. p. 9.

baby will be crying if his demands are not fulfilled. The success of this stage depends on the quality of parents as the caregiver and the relationship between the infant to his parents. Parents have an important role in fulfilling the desire of the baby, but the role of a mother is more needed by the infant. Infant‘s basic desire is derived in the mouth by sucking the breast of mother and it makes the infant satisfied. The infant only makes a respond toward other by biting, smiling and crying.43

b. Anal Stage (1,5 – 3 years of age)

In this anal stage, the satisfaction of the infant is concerned in the excretory function. The child learns to respond some of the demands of society

(such as bowel and bladder control). The role of caregivers is also important in this stage how to dispose feces. The major portion of Freud‘s work on the formation of character focused on the anal type.44 Freud noticed that,

―the three character traits of orderliness, including cleanliness, parsimony, and obstinacy, were often found in combination with a history of marked difficulty in toilet training such as retention of feces. He postulated that in this cases pleasure in the stimulation of the bowel and anus was intensified because of innate, constitutional factors.‖45

In this stage, the formation of ego continues to form. The children could distinguish and balance the demands of the id and social boundaries. A child who is treated with extremely hard by parents during this stage to control the bladder will be a rude person and uncontrollable.46

43 William B. Arndt, Jr., (1974), pp. 200-201. 44 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit. pp. 103-105. 45 Sigmund Freud, Character and Anal Erotism: Collected Papers, translated by In Joan Riviere, (London: The Hoghart Press Ltd., 1950), p. 45. 46 William B. Arndt, Jr., (1974), Op.Cit., p. 418.

c. Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years of age)

This stage focuses on children‘s development of sexual feeling for their parents, gender identity formation, and discovery masturbation. Genitals are the focus of sexual activity. This is the important development stages of Oedipal

Complex in boys and Electra Complex in girls. It is the most important case in the child‘s mental life. The child learns to realize the differences between male and female and they become aware of sexuality.47 Ian Ridgway also added, ―If this complex is not resolved, males (or females) will remain attracted to women (or men) who are like their respective mothers (or fathers) perhaps to their great detriment. Freud understood this stage to be a problem-generating stage for later life because of the Oedipal complex.‖48

d. Latency Stage (6 / 7 – 12 years of age)

Freud considered in this stage, the puberty of boy and girl experienced a stop period of psychosexual development. Yustinus noticed about latency stage in his book, ―This stage known as latent phase because the suppression of sexual instinct and others organic factors that received from others‖49. In this stage, the restrained sex drive, ego and superego begins to develop and has the ability to adapt to the environment. The child continues his or her stages of development and his defense mechanism. Latent stage is reinforced by feeling of shame, guilt and politeness. Children also become more social in developing same-sex and

47 Ibid, p. 418. 48 Ian Ridgway, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), accessed on January 15, 2015 http://myauz.com/ianr/articles/lect3freud07 p. 9. 49 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit., p. 111.

cross-sex friendships. In latency, the sublimated libido is aimed in social and cultural achievement, such as schoolwork and establishes friendships.50

e. Genital Stage ( 12 years of age – Adult )

The genital stage is the sexual reawakening period; the sexual libido that holds in previous stage is now appearing. The pleasure relates to someone other than the family. Freud believed that if someone had unresolved conflicts in previous stage with parents during adolescence, it would appear in this stage. But, when the conflicts are resolved, the individual is capable to develop a mature love relationship as an adult.51 William gave his statement, ―The earlier sources of sexual pleasure are coordinate and subordinate to the genital organ. This is the adult stage of psychosexual development that is seldom, if ever, completely attained.‖52

This stage is signed with the puberty at the adolescent when the sexual purposes are awakening. The sexual life of someone in puberty enters the second phase that is different from infantile phase.53 Each aspect of personality structure has its own unique features that often conflict with one another but they also work harmoniously to resolve these conflicts.

3. Defense Mechanism

Defense mechanism is the ego‘s method to reduce anxiety, threatening and unpleasant feeling. Freud believed that the person who had conflict with personality components and his ego did not run the defense mechanism; he would

50 Ibid, p. 111. 51 Myre Sim, Guide to Psychiatry, 3rd ed., (London: Churchill Livingstone, 1974), p. 396. 52 William B. Arndt Jr., (1974), Op.Cit. p. 420. 53 Yustinus Semiun, (2006), Op.Cit., p. 112.

be under so much stress and mental illness that lead to suicide. When the ego is in conflict with the id and superego then the id creates tension and emotional problems, the ego runs defense mechanism to get rid of this tension. This is as the way of ego to reduce the anxiety. 54 Freud stated that anxiety was, ―(i) something felt, an unpleasant affect, (ii) certain physiological reactions, such as changes in heart and respiration rate, distinguish anxiety from other unpleasant emotions, and

(iii) involves perception of the unpleasant affect and the physiological reactions‖55

Cramer asserted about defense mechanism, ―In such cases, it is necessary for the self to have some mechanism or process to defend itself against the threatening implications of this event. Such processes are commonly called defense mechanisms‖56

In other word, the ego will control the unacceptable feeling or behavior caused by either id or superego. The person experiences anxiety as the response to that treat and unpleasant feeling. According to William Siegfried, he noted that defense mechanisms are not necessarily direct or conscious. The ego reduces the tension by covering up our impulses that are threatening.57 Phebe wrote, ―Among these unconscious processes are a group of mental operations referred to as defense mechanisms. Different from conscious coping strategies, these

54 William Siegfried, (2014), Op.Cit. p. 3. 55 William B. Arndt Jr. Op.Cit. p. 381. 56 Roy F. Baumeister, et. al., ―Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial‖, Journal of Personality 66:6, (December 1998), published by Blackwell Publishers, p. 1082. 57 William Siegfried, (2014), Op.Cit. p. 3.

mechanisms operate at an unconscious level, so that the individual is unaware of how they function.‖58

Although defense mechanism is normal and used by everyone, if someone using in an extreme way, it will impact a compulsive, repetitive and neurotic behavior. Jess Feist asserted, ―Freud saw defense mechanism as helpful to the individual in that they reduced or avoided the pain of anxiety, but with the exception of sublimation, they are not helpful to society.‖59 There are several kinds of defense mechanism that I will explain:

a. Repression

Repression is the basic defense mechanism. It involves an unconscious process of blocking a threatening memory from conscious awareness. Example: abuse victims sometimes do not recall their memories in childhood. This defense mechanism is employed by the ego to keep the disturbing or threatening thoughts appear in conscious. The id‘s unacceptable impulses are pushed down into the unconscious.60 William wrote in his book, ―Freud believed that most of the contents of the unconscious were unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. Freud also believed that the unconscious continually influences behavior and experience, even though there is no awareness of the influences.‖61

58 Phebe Cramer, ―Seven Pillars of Defense Mechanism Theory‖, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rapaport-Klein Study Group, (June 13, 2009), accessed on September 13, 2015 www.psychomedia.it/rapaport-klein. 59 Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist, Theories of Personality: fifth edition, (New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002), p. 53. 60 Roy F. Baumeister, et. al., (1998), Op.Cit., p. 1084. 61 William Siegfried, Op.Cit. p. 2.

Freud also believed, there were several possibilities about impulses in unconscious,

"First, the impulses may remain unchanged in the unconscious. Second, they could force their way into consciousness in an unaltered form, in which case they would create more anxiety than the person could handle, and the person would be overwhelmed with anxiety. A third and much more common fate of repressed instincts is that they find expression in a displaced or disguised form.‖62

b. Fixation

Fixation is the defense mechanism by returning to the phase when someone in early stages development. When someone thinks the next stage provokes too much anxiety, the ego finds a way by deciding to not take the next step in stages development. Someone who has fixation usually chooses to do the things in childhood because he/she does not need to scare about something and they already choose to not take another step. They think being a child is the right way to avoid the problem and fear. Their age is an adult, but their attitude and mind is a child. Fixation usually rigid, infantile and permanent; it needs more effort to escape from the comfortable stage and continue the next stage.63 As

Freud wrote,

―Psychical growth normally proceeds in a somewhat continuous fashion through the various stages development. The process of psychologically growing up, however, is not without stressful and anxious moment. When the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage.‖64

62 Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist, Op.Cit. p.34. 63 Ibid, p 37. 64 Ibid, p 37.

c. Denial

Denial is a defense of refusing to admit something unpleasant is happening or ―a form of refusing to accept the reality of a situation‖65. Denial is also the way to solve the painful experience and memory by denying their existence and ignoring the reality. As Cramer said, ―Denial is the least complex of the three. As base, denial is accomplished by attaching a negative marker (e.g., ―no‖, ―not‖) to a perception, thought or feeling. In this way, thought or feelings that would be upsetting, if accurately perceived, are ignored or misrepresented.‖66

Through denial, someone rejects to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least they choose to ignore and hide the fact of unpleasant memory or anxiety.

d. Projection

The ego reduces the anxiety by projecting the uncontrolled impulses to another object; it could be a person or a thing. It is also gives another definition of projection as seeing unacceptable feeling toward something or a person, but the actual feeling is on his/her unconsciousness. Someone distributes his anxiety or fear to people or objects surrounding him.67 In simple word by Cramer,

―projection can be explained as the attribution of hostile feelings or intentions, or other normatively unusual feelings or intentions, to a character.‖68

65 Ruth Snowden, Teach Yourself: Freud, (Chicago: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006), p. 110. 66 Phebe Cramer, Op.Cit. p. 2. 67 Gerald Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy 8th ed., (Belmont: Thomson Books, 2009), Op.Cit. p. 64. 68 Ibid. p. 2.

Unacceptable impulses are first repressed, and then attributed to others.

William also gave his statement, ―projection is when anxiety-provoking id impulses are attributed to some object in reality. The model of projection is regurgitation. In highly exaggerated form, projection constitutes the main dynamic in the paranoid reactions.‖69

When a person has unpleasant thought or feelings, they project these onto other people by blaming them and make an excuse for own fault by projecting to another person.

e. Fantasy

This is imaginary situation of someone about his/her own desire. In fantasy world is free from the thinking of the prohibition from superego because in this fantasy, the superego has no rule. Steven added, ―we will argue that fantasy is central to all psychoanalytic work and that inference about the consequences of different meanings or usages of the term distort and exaggerate differences in clinical work.‖70

Freud also said that fantasy was created to fulfill frustrated wishes,

―Freud himself, especially in his central usage, and even more for his immediate followers, phantasies is conceived as imagined fulfillments of frustrated wishes. Whether they originate in the system conscious or the system preconscious, they are an activity of the ego and are formed according to the principles of the secondary process.‖71

69 William B. Arndt Jr., Theories of Personality, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974), p 349. 70 Steven T. Levy and Lawrence B. Inderbitzin, ―Fantasy and Psychoanalytic Discourse‖, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis Volume 82, Issue 4, June 28, 2008, accessed on September 5, 2015 DOI: 10.1516/3V6W-Y42Y-RXDH-UU13. 71 Spillius EB, ―Freud and Klein on the Concept of Fantasy‖, International Journal Psychoanalysis, (April 2001) pp. 361-73 accessed on September 5, 2015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341067.

Actually, the defense mechanism is normal to cope the fear and anxiety. If someone always uses it excessively to hide and run from trouble in his life it would be harms to other. Thus, in this research I find that Ryan Jacobson as the main character in House at the End of the Street film has an abnormal personality.

His ego has done defense mechanism to reduce his anxiety but it is not enough to defeat his anxiety and trauma. Based on this problem, I am interested to analyze his personality structure, failure in developmental stages, and the defense mechanism.

CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS

A. Character Analysis

In this chapter, I describe about the research by dividing into three parts.

First, the analysis of the character of Ryan Jacobson especially his characteristics; second, the analysis of the personality structure of Ryan, his failure stage on psychosexual development and his defense mechanism to reduce fear and anxiety.

The writer describes the research by analyzing the words, acts, attitudes, and psychological problems of Ryan Jacobson by using Sigmund Freud‘s

Psychoanalysis theory.

The main character in this film is Ryan Jacobson; 18-year-old man in blonde hair (characterization through appearance) as the only surviving member of his family after the horrible murder that is occurred four years ago in his house.

According to neighbors‘ story, Carrie Anne as his sister had mental disorder and killed their parents. After that incident, Carrie Anne runs away into the woods and

Ryan lives with his aunt in another country. Ryan returns to his home because his aunt is died of stroke. Not long after Ryan returning home, Sarah Cassidy moves next door with her 17-year-old daughter named Elissa.

In the beginning of the film, Ryan Jacobson shows his normal behavior and good character. He is depicted as the figure of kind, calm, good listener, gentle, and care about woman. The first scene in this film shows Ryan is kind

man when he offers a ride to Elissa who walks alone after attending famine relief group at her friend‘s home.

Ryan: Hey, do you need a ride? Elissa: No, I'm fine. This is my driveway. Ryan: No, it's not. I saw you move in on Sycamore Lane. I live next door. It looks like it's going to rain. Can I give you a ride? Elissa: No. I'm fine with walking. Ryan: You're ten miles from home, let me give you a ride. Elissa: OK. (00:18:18,973 - 00:18:44,962)

Although Ryan never talks directly to Elissa, he already knows her existence from Bill as the police officer there that appears to be Ryan‘s only supporter. Remembering of his kindness offer a ride (characterization through reaction of other characters), Elissa as the band participant invites him to come at the Battle of the Band. Actually, Ryan refuses to come because he feels uncomfortable in crowd and difficult to socialize with other. Since his willing to be friend with Elissa, Ryan fulfills his promise to come at the Battle of the Band.

Another good side of Ryan is when he tries to be a good listener for

Elissa, this is another way of Ryan to be friend with her (characterization through external action). Elissa often comes to his house to tell her stories. Knowing this,

Sarah forbids her daughter to come alone to Ryan‘s house because she does not want unexpected thing is occurred there. Ryan understands and he starts to avoid her, but Elissa still comes to his house behind her mother‘s back. The way he treats woman has attracted Elissa to get closer with Ryan.

Ryan is also portrayed as calm person when he answers the question about the tragedy; he always speaks within soft tone (characterization through dialogue). He convinces Elissa as his only friend about the truth.

Elissa: Your parents got killed. I'm sorry. I know the people were talking about it, and I knew I shouldn't say...I'm going to shut up now. Ryan: It's OK. You just said what you were thinking. It's all anybody can think around me anyways. That, and why do I still live in the house my parents got killed in? Elissa: Yeah, why do you still live in the house your parents got killed in? Ryan: My family sent me away when I was seven. That house was really all I had left of them. But actually living there, it's been too hard. I'm fixing it up and I'm going to sell it. (00:19:44,308 - 00:20:31,481)

Sarah also asks him repeatedly about the rumors and his reason could survive there with no one else takes care of him. Ryan replies calmly that his parents give the house and little money that enough for him. Ryan shows his calm attitude (characterization through appearance) in facing the questions that has been answered repeatedly by him, but they still hesitant about the answer.

Ryan‘s character is also depicted as good man when he cares about woman. In some part of the scene, there are some pictures about Ryan and Carrie

Anne taped in front of the refrigerator (see picture 1 below).

Picture 1 (00:23:42) Picture 2 (01:10:50) Picture 3 (01:10:52)

From the pictures above, Ryan loves his sister so much. His affection to his sister is proved from the number of pictures by Ryan when they were sitting in the swing (see picture 2) and the way Ryan tells about his sister. Ryan said that

Carrie Anne‘s favorite thing was to play on the swings. They usually run and play tag most days. From his attitude toward Carrie Anne, he cares about woman and always tries to guard woman like his sister. Ryan cares about Elissa and also her friend, Jillian. It can be evidenced by the scene when Elissa and Jillian who walking together from school then Ryan offers a ride to their house. Ryan always shows his good character when it is about woman, because he sees them as his sister, Carrie Anne. In other word, Ryan shows his affection to his sister through another woman (characterization through external action).

Picture 4 (00:30:18)

Ryan's house that is located far from neighbors as describe his life that is far from the social and isolated by his neighbor. The house that has been abandoned after the murder also illustrates the same condition about Ryan, who is abandoned by parents and neighbors. Although Ryan already shows good characters, his neighbors do not feel that Ryan is a good man. He has tried to show his good behavior but his neighbors still avoid him. It is because of the rumors that Ryan helps his sister to kill their parents. Tyler‘s families have plan to

burn the house because they think it lower home values there with rumors about

Carrie Anne still alive, it can be evidenced by the dialogue below.

Tyler’s Mom: The Jacobson boy pretty much keeps to himself. Jenny (neighbor): Thank God. Somebody should burn that house down. I didn't say Ryan Jacobson had to be in it. But come on. Why is that kid still living there? Tyler’s Dad: He's driven down all our home values. Gibbord (neighbor): The town tried to buy the house and we were going to tear it down and donate the land to the state park. Elissa: And what happened to Carrie Anne after they got killed? Tyler’s Dad: Well, there was a massive search, but she drowned in the dam. Tyler: But they never found her body, so some people think she still lives in the woods. Elissa: What?! Tyler’s Mom: Tyler!! Just ignore him. It's just an urban legend. (00:11:52,754 - 00:12:42,228)

Tyler‘s families feel strange about the murder in his family; because Ryan is the sole survivor while Carrie Anne is never found. They also feel strange about

Ryan (characterization through reactions of other characters), who decides to come back and fix that house after the incident. They think Ryan should burn that house to erase the rumor rather than live and fix that terrifying house. Based on those reasons, he is isolated by his neighbor although he always shows his good character and never hurt anyone to prove the rumor is not true.

After unacceptable presence by his neighbors, Ryan starts to show his strange attitude in this film. His flat expression, curious, mysterious and bad attitude to other than women are revealed after Elissa moves near his house.

Actually, Ryan has shown his strange attitude in the beginning of the film when he felt curious about Elissa.

Picture 5 (00:13:31)

When Ryan watches his new neighbor (see picture 5), he sneaks among the bushes from distance. As good attitude to get acquainted with her, he should introduce directly to her instead of watch her quietly from distance. Nevertheless,

Ryan has found another way to know her when he offered a ride to her. They also become closer and share their stories.

Actually, Ryan is difficult to socialize with his neighbors because they also avoid him. Ryan just talks with Elissa and has little conversation with Sarah although there are several characters appear in this film. He wants to be friend with Elissa because she never talks negative things about his family and does not influenced by the rumors. Elissa is the only friend because Ryan never has a friend before, it can be seen when Ryan only tells her about his family not his friend or schoolmate.

Ryan, who lives alone in his house, never allows other to get into his house without his permission, especially Bill. He comes to Ryan‘s house to give information about the situation around their place and find out Ryan‘s condition.

Ryan allows Elissa to enter his house but Bill only stands in front of the house

(see picture 6). He is very careful to other people and he does not trust anyone

except Elissa. Ryan‘s attitude is like he hides something in his house

(characterization through appearances).

Picture 6 (01:16:21) Picture 7 (00:32:21)

Ryan talks about his family in flat expression (characterization through appearance) as clearly describe that he hides something about his family. He does not show his sad expression when it is about the death of his family. Ryan uses same unexpressive face (see picture 7) when he answers other question. In this part, Ryan has clearly shows his strange and abnormal attitude.

Although Ryan has unexpressive face, he is an imaginative person from the way he draws the picture about Carrie Anne. But, Ryan shows his strange imaginative (characterization through internal action) when he is showing Elissa a tree which he said resemble human face. It can be seen from the dialogue below:

Ryan: I want to show you something. Here, sit down. I don't remember much when I was little. I remember my mom sitting here and telling me everything has a secret. Everything. And at first I couldn't see it. But then one day...One day I could. Elissa: See what? Ryan: Look, I'll show you. Look. Elissa: Oh, my God, it's a face. I see it. Ryan: People don't notice all the secrets around them. Even though they're right in front of them, just hiding, waiting to be found. (00:49:47,026 - 00:51:09,109)

At that time, Elissa believes him about a tree resembles human face.

Actually, it is just an ordinary tree. The reason why Elissa agrees the strange thing of Ryan is because she falls in love with Ryan. Elissa tries to get Ryan‘s attention by doing and looking the same thing with him.

But the strange imaginative of Ryan becomes more excessive. From his way imagines a tree like human face, he also sees girl in white skin and blonde hair like Carrie Anne (characterization through internal action). Ryan imagines those girls like his sister and he will do anything to have Carrie Anne in his house.

This strange attitude will show the truth of the Carrie Anne‘s story.

B. Structure of Personality and Defense Mechanism

According to Freud in his Psychoanalysis theory, he asserted that these three structures—id, ego and superego—were part of the mind, and not the function of the brain. According to that theory, there are three human personalities structure: id; the basest personality form, seeks for pleasure, present since at birth, wants to get immediate gratification for needs, and ignores the time. Ego; operates on reality principle, tries to balance real world of demands by the id and the superego, engages to compromise which is to be delayed, allowed or postponed satisfaction. The last is superego; the internal parental and social value, contains the right and wrong that operates on morality principle. If someone violates the rules from superego, it could make someone feel guilty. Parents and family roles are so important in the formation of these three structures.

Already explained previously, normal people have balance three provinces in mind between the id, ego, and superego, but it does not work to those who can not control his ego with the strong desire of the id and the weak superego. People who have imbalance of personality structure usually have bad habit and even do not have guilty. The same condition happens to Ryan who has weak superego and his strong id dominates the ego.

Actually at the beginning of the film, Ryan can balance his id, ego and superego from his effort to be friend with Elissa and another good attitude he did previously. Ryan is isolated by his neighbors but he still wants to get acquainted with Elissa, his new neighbor. Ryan considers that Elissa will be a good friend to him. She looks Ryan as a good man and never influenced by the rumors. To get attention from Elissa, he offers ride to her home when he sees Elissa is walking alone at the street. From this scene, Elissa is attracted by his way treat woman.

Not only Elissa, he also cares about Jillian as Elissa‘s friend when he meets Elissa who is walking with Jillian from school (see picture 8) and delivers both of them to their house (see picture 9).

Picture 8 (00:47:30) Picture 9 (00:48:28)

Already explained previously, Ryan shows his affection to his dead sister toward another woman. In this case, Ryan shows his normal attitude since Elissa moves near his house. He considers Elissa as friend who never treat him as

neighbors did. Elissa also shows her affection to Ryan; she gives Ryan a CD about music, she frequently visits Ryan, she never avoid him although her neighbors already warn her about his strange attitude and her mother also forbids her to get closer with him. When Sarah forbids Ryan to get closer with her daughter, Ryan‘s superego wants him to obey her willing. So, he should keep his distance with Elissa, because someone already warns him about the rules. The ego does not want to violate the rules from the superego and he chooses to ignore

Elissa. This is another way of Ryan to be considered as a good man by Sarah. But,

Elissa always try to get closer with him and Ryan can not forbid her to come to his house. Since Ryan‘s willing to have a friend, he breaks the rules and they meet each other behind Sarah‘s back.

Another scene that proves Ryan is normal person when he can balance his personality structure against neighbors who always mock his strange attitude.

Tyler‘s families as his neighbor, always mock him about the death of Carrie

Anne. Tyler tells the rumors that Carrie Anne still alive and Ryan is an odd man to another people. Ryan just tries to ignore them as his way to avoid problem if

Ryan takes revenge on them. He represses his desire to angry to Tyler as an ego‘s effort to reduce anxiety. His ego makes him to ignore Tyler‘s attitude because the superego warns him that retaliating is not acceptable and inappropriate thing. He still tries to be calm and ignore Tyler even when Tyler insults him in front of

Elissa‘s friend at the Battle of the Band (see picture 10).

Picture 10 (01:00:46) Picture 11 (01:00:53)

From the pictures above, Ryan just passes them (see picture 11), but

Tyler—who angry being ignores by Ryan—chooses to damage Ryan‘s car. Ryan intends to stop Tyler who continuously damages his car, but then Ryan is attacked by Tyler and his friends. Their violence by hitting and striking him triggers his traumatic experience in childhood. Ryan has experienced violence and pain from his abusive parents. Ryan ignores Tyler previously every time Tyler mocks him verbally, but since Tyler dares to hurt him physically it brings back his trauma and pain. His anxiety and fear then start to emerge and it creates unpleasant feeling.

Picture 12 (01:01:55) Picture 13 (01:01:59)

To release the unpleasant feeling, Ryan‘s id which works on pleasure principle, begins to take control. Ryan starts to show his aggressiveness; he grabs

Tyler‘s leg that continuously tramples him (see picture 12) and then breaks it.

Ryan does this to stop Tyler from hurting him. After Ryan breaks Tyler‘s leg, he

runs and leaves his car at the Band‘s Battle and Elissa drives his car to Ryan‘s house to check his condition.

After that incident, he starts to show his true behavior. Ryan, who already shows his balance of personality structure from his good attitude, can not hold his trauma anymore. Ryan‘s id is dominated when it is about his secret and his past life. His trauma about the abusive parents appears at that time. He has trauma in his childhood that haunts him and changes his personality. His superego can not work well and his ego is dominated by the strong desire from id. It is already mentioned previously—when he breaks Tyler‘s leg (see picture 13)—Ryan starts to show his destructive behavior and aggressiveness. His trauma begins in his 7 years old. It is started after the death of Carrie Anne when she was on the swing with Ryan. She falls backwards (see picture 14), smashing her head against the ground that make her head bleeding.

Picture 14 (00:34:09) Picture 15 (00:34:15)

When Carrie Anne is dying, Ryan‘s parents are under the influence of drugs and Ryan can not do anything but screams to his mother (see picture 15).

Actually, Bill is there and he is also under the influence of drugs. Bill Weaver is actually the family friend of the Jacobson‘s; he supplies the drug to John and

Mary Jacobson as Ryan‘s parents. After Ryan‘s father buries Carrie Anne behind their house (see picture 16), he asks Ryan and Bill not to tell their neighbors about

the death of Carrie Anne. After that incident, they hide from the neighbors to keep their secret.

Picture 16 (01:12:42) Picture 17 (01:12:44)

Ryan‘s mother is depressed about the death of Carrie Anne (see picture

17), because Carrie Anne is the heart of the family and she loves her daughter very much. Ryan‘s parents blame Ryan about her death. He should guard and care his sister while his mother and father are using drugs (see pictures 18 and 19).

Ryan also loves his sister but he does not know what to do about her death and he chooses to take responsibility.

Picture 18 (00:34:00) Picture 19 (00:34:06)

Ryan‘s mother still insists that Carrie Anne is not dead yet. In her high depression, she sees Ryan in blonde-haired resembles like Carrie Anne. She forces Ryan to wear Carrie‘s cloth and lengthen his hair to replace his deceased sister. She will hit Ryan if he refuses to act like Carrie Anne. Ryan chooses to obey his mother because of his guilty and he should take the punishment. In this

stage, Ryan‘s ego makes him obey his mother and Ryan represses his desire to rebel and angry to parents. His superego makes Ryan realize that he must obey his parents and the ego chooses to repress unpleasant feeling to the unconscious. In doing repression, Ryan still can manage his personality structure. His ego can balance the id and superego by solving the id‘s desire without violates the superego concept of morality. He chooses to obey his mother because his superego still works although Ryan does not want to be a girl.

Ryan still holds his desire to rebel from parents until his birthday comes.

Ryan feels glad because his parents still remember about his birthday.

Unfortunately, Ryan‘s mother mentions his name as Carrie Anne (see picture 20).

Ryan tells his mother that he is not Carrie Anne (see picture 21) but her mother gets angry, yells at Ryan and slaps him (see picture 22). After that incident,

Ryan‘s identity is changed becoming Carrie Anne and his parents lock him at

Carrie Anne‘s room, they attempt to raise Ryan as girl.

Picture 20 (01:33:17) Picture 21 (01:33:20)

Picture 22 (01:33:24)

Ryan in his early age, he should go to school and have friends but he stays at home as girl. Ryan does not get affection and he holds his fear when his parents abuse him. They also build bars on the entire of his window so Ryan can not run away from home. His parents always try to remove his personality as Ryan

Jacobson to be Carrie Anne in their house. And Ryan can not do anything but stay there as Carrie Anne until his 14 years of age.

According to Freud, he believed in six stages of psychosexual development that all human progress passed through. The certain characteristic of someone is related to the stage from child into adult life, this depends on someone failure or could successfully pass those stages. In psychosexual development, there is possibility of failure that will be occurred and someone gets stuck in one of the developmental conflicts. Failure in development is called fixation.

Someone experiences fixation when receive too little or too much pleasure in certain stage and it will influence the structure of personality. The role of family and people around someone are very important in development stages. The structure of personality of Ryan—id, ego and superego that form in psychosexual development stages—becomes imbalance because of the disturbance or trauma in childhood and the lack of parent‘s role.

In Ryan‘s case, he can not pass the psychosexual development stages without the role of mother and father. His trauma occurs when he was 7 years old in the Latency stage; this stage occurs between 6 or 7 until 12 years of age. At this stage, the ego and superego begin to develop and adapt to environment, then sexual desires are repressed. The child also continues developing defense

mechanism and they become more social in developing friendships. Ryan is difficult to socialize because of his trauma when parents lock him at house in latency stage and his superego can not form well because lack of father‘s figure in his age. Freud implied that the superego as the symbolic internalization of the father figure and cultural rules. Father is the important role at this stage that son regards his father as model to find his identity and the figure who teaches him about the social norms and values; which is good attitude or should be inhibited.

Actually, Ryan‘s structure of mind has been formed well, but after the abusive and unpleasant treatment from his parents, he becomes difficult to balance his personality structure. His ego has built repression as defense mechanism to reduce his fear about violence but it is not enough for him. Ryan can not do anything to his parents and they still consider Ryan as girl to deny the reality that

Carrie Anne is dead. Bill also chooses to ignore Ryan because he is police officer and does not want this case make him lost his job. Bill leaves Ryan in that home with his junkie parents.

But Ryan‘s ego can not hold his id to rebel from parents. He can not pass his life as girl and get violence anymore. His weak ego can not hold the strong desire from id and ego starts to ignore the superego. Ryan has strong desire to rebel from parents. He can not find any solution then he kills his parents to repay them for punishing him. His strong id dominates the ego and makes Ryan do anything to please himself by killing the parents with hammer (see pictures 23).

The superego has forbidden his desire to kill parents but it is defeated by the strong id. Ryan has lost his balance of personality structure.

Picture 23 (00:03: 53)

After that incident, rumors floating that Carrie Anne who has mental illness after falling from swing that kills both parents and she runs away to the woods. Ryan is the one that survives. Because his parents and Bill never tell their neighbors about the death of Carrie Anne, they assume that Carrie Anne still alive while Ryan stays with his aunt. They also assume that his sister who has brain damage after falling from the swing that attacks their parents then kills them.

Before Carrie Anne dies, Ryan grows into normal child and cheerful. He already knows that his parents are drug addict and he will take care of his sister while their parents are using drugs. After that incident, he acts normally like everything is fine but he can not escape from his trauma of mental and physical torture as child.

The trauma that occurs in his childhood really affects his structure of personality and behavior. Already explain previously that Ryan shows his good attitude since his new neighbor live near his house. Elissa is clearly defined as something new for Ryan that gives him pleasant feeling. Elissa never tries to avoid him as strange and dangerous person. It can be said that Ryan gets what he wants from Elissa and it makes his personality structure balance. Ryan, who never gets attention and love from his parents, finally receives that feeling from Elissa.

Although Elissa‘s mother forbids her to get closer with Ryan, she still gives Ryan her attention and love. Ryan considers the way Elissa treats him is very different from his angry parents that always smack and yell him at house. There are some pictures about his angry parents created by Ryan. He hates them because they always treat him like girl and never give him their love like parents did to their child.

Picture 24 (01:33:52) Picture 25 (01:33:53) Picture 26 (01:34:25)

The pictures above, it symbolizes an attempt to cover an unpleasant condition. The drawing of angry father and mother (it is shown by the eyebrows pulled down together and narrowed lips) are covered by the flowered wallpaper

(see pictures 25 and 26) and there is a picture that showing happy children play in the swing (see picture 27) in front of the new wallpaper. However, the unpleasant condition can not be entirely covered since there is some ripped wallpaper revealing the angry parents. This setting reflects Ryan‘s condition. He tries to repress the traumatic experience and lives a quiet and peaceful life. According to

Freud, the memory and anxiety in repression will be reappearing in the conscious.

Someone should find the way to relieve his anxiety rather than hold the memories and anxiety to the unconscious. Ryan only avoids his fear and unpleasant feeling by remembering his pleasant with Carrie Anne. The ripped wallpaper shows the

hidden picture behind it as clearly describes that Ryan‘s effort to repress and forget his painful memories is failed. Repression is not enough for him to recover his trauma.

Picture 27 (00:32:10) Picture 28 (00:32:25)

There are another evidence that clearly shows Ryan never happy when he is living with his parents in that house after the death of Carrie Anne. When Elissa tells him that his family looks really happy (see picture 28), Ryan is only smiling

(see picture 29). From his expression above, it clearly describes that Ryan never feel that he has a happy family. Based on the pictures of angry parents behind the wallpaper, his parents only angry and abuse him all the time. Ryan is still looking for happiness and love that he never felt since his childhood from parents. From

Elissa, he gets the feeling of being loved by other. This is the reason why Ryan does good thing at the beginning of the film or since Elissa‘s arrival because he can balance his personality structure and his strong id does not dominate the ego anymore. When the id gets pleasure from Elissa which he never gets since childhood, the id will not demand the ego for another pleasure.

After passing his horrible childhood, he tries to become the normal person but he can not remove his trauma, so that, as the impact of this trauma affects his psychological condition. Ryan shows his aggressiveness when it is about Carrie

Anne, he denies that his sister has died by refusing to accept the reality of this situation. Moreover, the unacceptable feeling in repression will be projected to others and Ryan projects Carrie Anne to another girl. It can be seen from his way looking a girl in the bar after he buries the fake Carrie Anne who dies after the high doses of tranquilizer (see picture 29). Ryan will look the girl carefully, especially her hair and eyes (see picture 30). Ryan has strong desire to make his sister still alive and it will bring happiness to him.

Picture 29 (00:58:31) Picture 30 (00:59:08)

As the result of projection, he creates fantasy about his life and Carrie

Anne. Ryan finds his pleasure with Carrie Anne so he chooses to live at his fantasy in childhood when Carrie Anne is alive. It can be argued that Ryan has fixation in Latency stage when he thinks that living in his fantasy in childhood is more comfortable. He is afraid to take the next step as an adult that provokes too many anxiety and unpleasant feeling.

Picture 31 (00:25:57) Picture 32 (00:36:00)

His fantasy makes Ryan kidnapping a girl that resembles of Carrie Anne‘s appearance and locking her in the basement (see picture 31). He also dresses them like girl in 6 years old (see picture 32). The ego wants to pleasure his desire to have Carrie Anne by making fantasy and considering that the girl is Carrie Anne.

His weak superego can not make him realize about the kidnapped girl because his id dominated. He will do whatever he likes to make his feeling pleasant and comfort.

The way Ryan locks the girl at the basement clearly describe that he avoids the unpleasant feeling and fear in his memory. Ryan locked at the Carrie

Anne‘s room by his parents before. His parents locked him at Carrie Anne‘s room to consider that Carrie Anne was not died yet. So, Ryan reduces the unpleasant memories and trauma by avoiding the room. It can be seen by his words (see picture 33) that Ryan never comes to the room since the death of his family. Ryan chooses to get out of the room and he shows his unpleasant feeling when entering the room (see picture 34).

Picture 33 (00:33:16) Picture 34 (00:35:02)

From his words above, Ryan shows his unpleasant feeling about Carrie

Anne‘s room and it triggers the trauma he has in his childhood. This is the reason why Ryan put the girl into the basement (see picture 35) because he wants to erase

his trauma about that room. Ryan always avoids all things that make him remember about his childhood.

Picture 35 (00:24:45) Picture 36 (00:25:23)

When kidnapping the girl, he treats the fake Carrie Anne well by giving the food, drink and sometimes stroking her hair, but he will inject the tranquilizer when the girl is screaming and trying to escape (see picture 36). Ryan gives them the tranquilizer more than once until ‗Carrie Anne‘ is quite. He does not want to hurt the girl, it is just Ryan‘s way to make the girl calm and quite. The high doses of tranquilizer accidentally kill the girl, Ryan feels regret and sad about it for a moment then immediately finding another girl.

Ryan‘s behavior when injecting the girl also related to his fixation. He always thinks that Carrie Anne is a child in 6 years of age, who does not have power, dependent, fragile, and obedient. When the fake Carrie Anne shows her wild behavior by screaming and trying to escape from Ryan or it could be said the characteristics from child above disappeared, he will inject the girl to make her calm like a child.

Picture 37 (01:04:15) Picture 38 (01:10:41)

Although Ryan has abnormal obsession about Carrie Anne, he knows how to treat woman. When the woman is having menstruation, he will buy tampon72 for them (see picture 37). He will also buy the blue contact lenses (see picture 38) to make them look like Carrie Anne. The blue eyes help him to connect with his sister. But, there is peculiar thing about Ryan and Elissa, he never tries to kidnap

Elissa although she has blonde hair and white skin like Carrie Anne. This is because Elissa as the pleasure for Ryan that gives affection and attention by trying to come to his house just to know his condition although her neighbors and mother warn her to avoid him, giving him a CD about music and sharing her stories. Ryan could distinguish Elissa as the pleasure of being loved or Carrie

Anne as girl who can stop his abusive parents.

This is another example of the weak ego and superego, but with the strong id. The ego fulfills the strong desire to make his id comfort and pleasure by ignoring the guilty feeling. As explained previously, ego works with such defense mechanism to indicate what object or situation is necessary to satisfy the need from id. Ryan does negative way to pleasure his feeling and avoids his anxiety of being abused and treated as girl.

72 Tampon is a plug (as of cotton) introduced into a body cavity usually to absorb secretions (as from menstruation) or to arrest hemorrhaging.

Ryan, who previously cares about Elissa and treats her well, then he dares to hurt her because she already knows the truth about the kidnapped girl. She discovers the girl on the basement when she is looking for Ryan after the incident in the Battle of the Band when Ryan breaks Tyler‘s leg. Elissa is shocked and she decides to go from that house, but Ryan holds her.

Ryan: You have to promise me you won't tell anyone about Carrie Anne. Elissa: Is this yours? (pointing at blue contact lenses and tampon) Ryan: Yeah. Promise me you won't tell anyone about Carrie Anne. Elissa: Yeah. Yeah, I promise. I have to go. My mom called. (01:11:21,402 --> 01:12:08,242)

In this dialogue, Elissa shows her different attitude to Ryan. She uses her mother as her reason to go from that house whereas she always ignores her mother and begins to see him behind her mother‘s back. Realizing that Elissa starts to avoid him, it reminds him of unpleasant memories in his childhood about parents who avoid him as Ryan Jacobson and treats him as Carrie Anne. His anxiety appears and the ego finds the way to reduce his anxiety by slamming Elissa‘s head to the wall to make her faint and kidnaps Elissa in the basement (see picture 39).

Ryan hates anyone who treats him like his parents and he thinks that Elissa will be the same as his parents. In this part, she is not his pleasure anymore.

Picture 39 (01:16:00)

While Ryan binds her hands in the basement, Bill comes to his house and asks Ryan about Elissa. Then Ryan lies about Elissa is not there and leaves Bill in

front of his house. Feeling suspicious, Bill enters the house to find Elissa and when he reaches the basement door, Ryan comes from behind pushing him down the stairs.

Ryan : You could've stopped all of this a long time ago, but you didn't. Bill : I protected you. Ryan : No! You protected yourself, even though you knew what they did to me! (01:21:03,525 - 01:21:42,781)

Ryan has repressed his anger when Bill does not care about him who suffers mental and physical torture as child by his parents, but his anger and anxiety appears again. He blames Bill who does not care and defend Ryan in front of his neighbor and Bill only protects himself. Ryan projects his ruin in life by blaming Bill, he thinks that his life would be better if Bill does not supply drugs to his parents, cares about him, and tells other people about the truth of his junkie parents and the death of Carrie Anne. Bill actually can prevent Carrie Anne‘s death if he has not sold the drugs to his parents; it refers to picture 40 when Bill only looks Ryan when his parents punish him. Because of this, the id dominates the ego to get satisfy immediately and the ego ignores the superego. He does anything that only makes his id pleasure like previously he did to parents; he kills the people who threaten him.

Picture 40 (01:21:28) Picture 41 (01:21:41)

Bill never protects Ryan when he is treated as girl to pay the death of

Carrie Anne, moreover Bill does not want his habit using drug is known by their neighbors because he is a police officer there then he acts like he does not know everything about Ryan‘s family. Bill is never really looking out for Ryan, but for himself by making sure Ryan does not tell anyone about the cop giving his parents drugs. Besides those reason, his id does not get any pleasure because the fake

Carrie Anne is died and Elissa starts to avoid him like other. When the id does not get any pleasure, it will dominate the ego to get pleasure immediately. To let go of his anger, Ryan stabs Bill to death (see picture 41) to satisfy his feeling and reduce anxiety; this is such the way to release of annoyance because Ryan can not express his unpleasant thought and feeling to Bill in which make his anxiety become worst.

At the end of the story, Elissa who has been kidnapped by Ryan finally run from him. Ryan can not let her go then threatens her with gun. Elissa grabs his gun and shoots him. Ryan is not died there but Elissa puts him in Mental

Institution (see picture 42).

Picture 42 (01:33:06) Picture 43 (01:33:29)

Although Ryan is in Mental Institution, it does not recover his trauma and mental illness. He still lives in his fantasy about Carrie Anne and remembers the

violence. He always brings back his memory in childhood when his parents consider and treat him as Carrie Anne. It can be seen from the way he always flashback to the time when his mother always calls him as Carrie Anne in his birthday party (see picture 43).

Mary Jacobson: Let's get ready to blow out the candles, baby! Make a wish, Carrie Anne. Ryan Jacobson: My name's not Carrie Anne! It's Ryan! Mary Jacobson: (slapping Ryan) Yes, it is! Your name is Carrie Anne! (01:33:09,542 - 01:33:26,606)

Based on the explanation above, I conclude that Ryan Jacobson in House at the End of the Street film is having disturbance in his personality structure because of his trauma in childhood. The title of this film as clearly describes about

Ryan‘s life. At the words ‗the end of the street‘ clearly describes Ryan‘s life is ended there; at that house. Although he is in Mental Institution to recover his trauma, he still lives in his fantasy at that house in childhood. That house also as the symbol about Ryan after the murder is occurred; the house is abandoned by the people and Ryan is also abandoned by his parents and neighbors. The house is located at the end of the street and far from neighbors as the same condition with

Ryan that is isolated by neighbors and his mind is ended at his house as the child.

Ryan has been trying to live as normal person, but people around him can not accept and help him. His superego is weak and the ego is dominated by the id. It can be seen that Ryan‘s personality structure begins to break; they can not work in harmony. His unpleasant memory that has repressed in the past tries to appear in his conscious and the ego is unable to solve his emotional conflict of this unpleasant feeling, so the id takes over his mind to reduce the anxiety

immediately. Ryan can not distinguish his own reality in mind that he has no sister, to let go of his fear of losing Carrie Anne, he fantasizes that the girl in white skin and blonde hair is Carrie Anne. He considers that his imagination and fantasy about Carrie Anne are real.

As the conclusion, someone‘s behavior and personality structure are very influenced by his or her childhood. When someone gets trauma in his childhood, it needs more energy to remove unpleasant feeling in the past. The influence of family and environment are very important in healing the trauma of someone. So, the same condition is happened to Ryan. The lack of caregiver‘s role in developmental stages in his childhood makes the personality of Ryan grows into figure with no empathy about the bad thing he did and causes disturbance in his personality structure. Ryan only does whatever he likes without thinking of other people. All of his efforts to release of trauma are failed because he does not have anyone to help him release his pain and he cannot solve his pain alone. He always lives in his fantasy that Carrie Anne is the only one can bring happiness to him.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this research, House at the End of the Street film is the unit of analysis.

This film tells about the house inhabited by 18 years old man, Ryan Jacobson. At the beginning of the story, Ryan is depicted as kind man, calm, good listener, gentle and care to woman. As the trauma and anxiety haunts Ryan‘s life, his personality changes become abnormal and strange. Therefore, I am interested to analyze the personality structure of Ryan Jacobson as the main character in this film by using Sigmund Freud‘s Psychoanalysis theory; the appropriate theory to analyze the changing structure of personality.

After analyzing the film, the conclusion is that Ryan has trauma in his childhood that changes his personality structure. Ryan has trauma when he was 7 years old; he is abused by his parents when Carrie Anne is died after falling from the swing when she was playing with Ryan. He is changed into girl by his parents as the punishment to substitute Carrie Anne‘s role. Then, Ryan kills his parents because he can not suffer more violence from them. Ryan‘s id dominates his ego to release from pain as soon as possible and he does anything to please the id when parents abuse him. If the superego always forbids the ego to not kill the parents, then Ryan will suffer more pain and treat as girl throughout his life, so the ego ignores the superego to stop his angry and junkie parents by killing them.

The ego can not find any solution to stop the parents‘ behavior but kill them for the reason that he has enough of their dress up games, mental torture and regrets.

Ryan develops psychological issue that make him has obsession to have

Carrie Anne with him all the time. Ryan becomes emotional and unstable after his sister is died. Ryan‘s behavior becomes strange and abnormal when he kidnaps the girl at basement that resemble of Carrie Anne‘s appearance in white skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. The fake Carrie Anne is the pleasure thing for Ryan, because only his sister can reduce his fear and anxiety from abusive parents. If the girl is died because of high doses of tranquillizer from Ryan then he will find new girl to replace the dead girl. He does this repeatedly just to make his feeling pleasure and comfort. Ryan‘s id always demands the ego to reduce anxiety and fear by doing anything without consider the superego rules. When someone knows his secret about the kidnapped girl then Ryan will kill him or her without thinking about them. It could be said that Ryan‘s behavior is dominated by his id to always get pleasure and satisfied as soon as possible, the ego fulfills the id by ignoring the superego rules.

However, Ryan has done some good attitude in this film. He shows his changing personality structure that he can balance his id, ego and superego like normal person. This is because Elissa as his new neighbor treats him well by giving him attention and affection. Ryan never gets love and attention since his childhood. Ryan‘s id gets the pleasure from Elissa‘s behavior. Ryan could distinguish Elissa who has the same appearances in white skin and blonde hair like Carrie Anne, because both of them have different pleasure for him. Elissa

gives Ryan pleasure as love, attention and affection while Carrie Anne as his pleasure to feel safety, comfort, and free from the violence.

Ryan has disturbance in stages of development because the lack of parents‘ role in his childhood. Ryan has fixation at the Latency stage; it makes him become introvert, hard to socialize, and does not have friend because his parents only lock him at Carrie‘s room. With this fixation, he finds the pleasure only when in his childhood with Carrie Anne. Ryan will try to get the same satisfaction in the latency stage when he finds much pleasure there by making fantasy that Carrie Anne still alive.

In this film, there are some efforts from Ryan‘s ego to cover his fear and anxiety by using several kinds of defense mechanism. The first is repression;

Ryan represses his unpleasant feeling when he gets violence by parents. When he represses unpleasant feeling, he still can manage his structure of mind. He can balance the ego that represents reality principle, with the id as pleasure and superego that contains moral values. Ryan also represses his anger to Bill who knows the truth of the death of Carrie Anne but he did nothing to help him from his parents, then Ryan represses his anger to Tyler as his neighbor who always mocks him. Second is denial; Ryan denies the truth that Carrie Anne is died and he is the murderer of his parents. Third is projection; Ryan projects his failure in his life because Bill never cares about him. Ryan also projects the dead Carrie

Anne to another girl he kidnapped by considering that Carrie Anne still alive; this is his way to reduce fear and anxiety. He also does this to fulfill his desire to have

Carrie Anne so he did not get any violence. Fourth is fixation; Ryan feels that his

life is more horrible when Carrie Anne is died and he chooses to avoid his fear by living in childhood when his sister still alive in his 7 years of age. Ryan considers that Carrie Anne is the only person that gives him pleasure feeling and free from abuse. The last defense mechanism is fantasy; Ryan scares about the memory of his abusive parents and his feeling of guilty about Carrie Anne that fall from the swing, then he fantasizes that Carrie Anne still alive. Ryan fantasizes that the girl at the basement as the real Carrie Anne. Ryan does this to let go of his desires having Carrie Anne because he can not face reality that he has no sister then his parents will abuse him into girl. However, Ryan is failed to reduce the anxiety even the ego has done some defense mechanisms. It is not enough for Ryan to solve his anxiety that reappears in his conscious. Ryan‘s personality structure is dominated again by the strong id because trauma and anxiety always haunts him.

His ego is unable to solve the emotional conflict when he does not have Carrie

Anne near him, so the id uncontrollable and the ego ignores superego. It causes him can not distinguish reality and his own mind. Ryan still considers his imagination about Carrie Anne still alive is real.

B. Suggestion

From the analysis and conclusion above, I suggest readers who are interested in doing the same research by using this film as the unit analysis to watch the film seriously and understand the story of film well before analyzing it.

The reader should watch carefully every scenes and dialogues that might be show interesting part to be analyzed. However, the reader can use another theory and

approach—not only Psychoanalysis—to analyze some aspect in this film. There are still some interesting aspects that readers could find in this film. Readers can use other psychological issues such Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) and Post

Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or analyze other characters in this film.

Finally, I hope this research could give the contribution and information to the students in English Letters Department who want to analyze character in other film using Psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud, especially in the structure of personality; id, ego and superego.

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Film:

House at the End of the Street. Produced by Aaron Ryder, Peter Block, Ryan Kavanaugh, Sonny Mallhi. Directed by Mark Tonderai. Relativity Media Alliance Films, 2012. Film

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PluggedIn. ―House at the End of the Street‖ accessed on April 23, 2015 http://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/house-at-the-end-of-the-street

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Wikia. ―Ryan Jacobson‖ accessed on October 26, 2014 http://www.villains. wikia.com/wiki/Ryan_Jacobson

APPENDICES

A. Cover of House at the End of the Street Film