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Psychoanalytic Therapy Introduction and Key Concepts Psychoanalytic Therapy Introduction and Key Concepts This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Introduction Among other theories on Human Behavior developed by well known pillars in the field of Psychology, Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, stands up even until today, as one of the most controversial, as it included terms and concept on sex, the unconscious and the interpretation of dreams. The theory nonetheless, had provided a wide breeding ground for developing other kinds of theories that aim to understand human behavior. Such as Carl Jung’s own mix of Analytical Psychology, and Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development, a more ‘toned down’ and a greater supplement to Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Introduction In terms of contemporary psychotherapy, the practice of Psychoanalysis had radically changed and properly organized into a more ‘less sensitive’ method to treat psychological disorders. By making use of different techniques to conquer the incongruence of the personality from the unconscious. Psychoanalysis proves to be one of the more useful techniques when it comes to handling internal psychological conflicts that can alter the person’s perception of reality. Sigmund Freud The proprietor and the original initiator of the Psychoanalytic approach on Human Behavior. Eldest among 8 children, Freud was well known for his utter devotion to devoting and expanding the borders of his theory. With the stresses, psychosomatic occurrences, and paranoia about dying that he experienced in his early 40’s led him to discover new ways to understanding how and why people behave the way they do. He had eventually overcome his stresses and then began devoting the remaining years of his life developing the Psychoanalytic approach to discover the unconscious that affects a person’s behavior Sigmund Freud Freud was known to be very creative and productive on his work. He was very dedicated to his theory, and had very little tolerance to persons who had thought otherwise or critiqued his school of thought. Because of this, he dismissed two of his closest colleagues, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, who had disagreed on Freud’s views, and created their own theories stemming from Freud’s Work. Sigmund Freud died in September 1939 due to an inoperable cancer of the jaw. Key Concepts It’s General Psychology all over again. The View of Human Nature In most cases on his work on Psychoanalysis, Freud has drawn a clear line on two things concerning Human Nature. Human nature is “Purely Deterministic” Simply put, Human Nature “Happens because it happens”, there is no point in time in where we “call the shots” (or having control over our behavior) because according to Freud, our behavior is determined by Irrational forces, unconscious motivations and biological & instinctual drives that are stemmed from repressed childhood memories or experiences that hold a certain degree of impact to our lives. “Instincts” are essential to the Psychoanalytic Approach Instincts are actively displayed in times of survival. Leaning towards growth, development and creativity. Freud originally termed this as “Libido”, comprising of sexual energy, but then broadened the term to “Life Instincts”, where all ‘pleasurable’ acts serves as a person’s goal in life to simply gain pleasure and avoid pain. “Instincts” cont. Freud also came up with another type of instinct called the “Death Instinct”, mostly responsible for the aggressive drive where at times some persons manifest through their behavior, an unconscious wish to die, or to hurt themselves or to hurt others. All in all, both Life and Death instincts are powerful determinants to why people act the way they do. The Structure of Personality Well known and commonly taught in the annals of the theory of Psychoanalysis. The theory illustrates the personality consists of three specific and distinct systems: the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. Bear in mind that the three systems don’t function as three separate entities, but as one whole inter- dependent system. The Id The Id is considered as the primary and original system of personality, the source of psychic energy, and the seat of instincts. It lacks organization, is blind, and very insistent. It cannot tolerate tension, and once it does feel tension, it functions to immediately discharge it. Having ruled by the Pleasure Principle, it always aims to avoid pain and gain pleasure. The Ego Another duty of the Known as the “Traffic Ego is to keep in check, Cop”, it has it’s touch and balance the with reality, controls demands of the consciousness and pleasure-seeking and exercises censorship. unorganized Id, and of the perfectionist- It formulates rational and logical decisions and centered and radical plans for satisfying moral objectives of the needs. Superego The Superego The Judicial Branch of the three. Comprised of an individual’s moral conduct and the concept of right and what’s wrong given from earlier life experiences and the cultural mores given from the environment. The Superego holds the Moralistic Principle. It strives to inhibit the Id and seeking to be “Perfect” by persuading the ego to replace it’s realistic goals for the more “perfectionist” ones. Consciousness & The Unconscious The unconscious can be compared to an Iceberg. The conscious can be on the tip of it, but underneath sea level is a massive body of the unconscious, where, according to Freud, is where psychological functioning exists. Experience, memories, repressed material, as well as needs or motivations that are out of awareness and control. Considered as one of the primary concepts to understand Human behavior. It cannot be normally studied under ordinary means, but it can mostly be inferred from a person’s behavior. From Freud’s work and clinical evidences, there are six concepts that are believed to be part of the unconscious 6 Things: 1. Dreams – Symbolic representations of Unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts. 2. Slips of the tongue 3. Post hypnotic suggestions 4. Material derived from free-association 5. Material derived from projective techniques 6. Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms What does the Unconscious relate to Psychoanalytic Therapy? Internal psychological conflicts are not easily tackled as it is repressed deep within the bowels of the unconscious. Because of this, one of the main goals of the Psychoanalytic Therapy is to make the unconscious motives conscious, as this will be the only time where the individual can understand the role of the unconscious, as well as exercise choice. The unconscious is at the root of all forms of neurotic symptoms and behavior. The “cure” is based on how one uncovers the meaning of symptoms, causes of behavior and repressed materials that interfere with healthy functioning Anxiety Also known as the feeling of “Dread” that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. Anxiety usually develops out of a conflict among the Id, Ego, and Superego over control of the available psychic energy. There are 3 kinds of Anxiety 1. Reality Anxiety. Simply put- it is the fear of danger from the external world 2. Neurotic Anxiety. The fear that the impulses may cause someone to do something where the person will be punished. 3. Moral Anxiety. The fear of one’s own conscience. If a person does something contrary to their moral code, they usually feel bad and guilt-ridden of what they have done Ego Defense Mechanisms For the individual to cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed, self-defense mechanisms are used. These mechanisms that are employed depends on how well the individual is develop, and the level of anxiety. Defenses have 2 things in common: (1) They either deny or distort reality and (2) They operate on the preconscious/unconscious level. Defense Mechanisms 1. Repression – A process of removing something from awareness and consciousness. Burying it deep within unconsciousness. 2. Denial – “Closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening stimuli. It is where the individual “distorts” what the individual thinks, feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation. 3. Reaction Formation – Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse. 4. Projection - Attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses. Defense Mechanisms 5. Displacement - Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible. 6. Rationalization - Manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego. 7. Sublimation - Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels. 8. Regression - Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands. Defense Mechanisms 9. Introjection - Taking in and “swallowing” the values and standards of others. 10. Identification - Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile. 11. Compensation - Masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations. The Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud had come up with five stages of development. When a child’s needs are not adequately met during these stages of development, an individual may become fixated at that stage and behave in psychologically immature ways later on in life. The Psychosexual Stages of Development The Oral Stage The Anal Stage The Phallic Stage The Latency Stage The Genital Stage Counseling Implications When applied in psychotherapy, Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of development alone may cause difficulty to the client to actually recall repressed memories, more so on the person’s childhood, Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages can prove useful on later stages, but may require a more deeper approach to explain fixation and behaviors expressed by the unconscious, but by combining both theories can help counselors tackle both issues. While the theory gives implications on the client’s childhood and adolescent stages that can affect later development, counselors can also help the client realize that later development have their own crises as well.
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