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Gisela Pauli Phd Thesis >30 .<0,>498 91 <0,6 199/ ,8/ <0,6 ;09;60 + 208/0< .97;60708>,<4>@ ,7982 >30 7085? 91 .08><,6 -<,A46 2JRFLB ;BTLJ , >IFRJR =TCMJSSFE GOQ SIF /FHQFF OG ;I/ BS SIF ?NJUFQRJSW OG =S ,NEQFVR (&&& 1TLL MFSBEBSB GOQ SIJR JSFM JR BUBJLBCLF JN =S ,NEQFVR <FRFBQDI <FPORJSOQW BS+ ISSP+%%QFRFBQDI#QFPORJSOQW$RS#BNEQFVR$BD$TK% ;LFBRF TRF SIJR JEFNSJGJFQ SO DJSF OQ LJNK SO SIJR JSFM+ ISSP+%%IEL$IBNELF$NFS%'&&()%''&*( >IJR JSFM JR PQOSFDSFE CW OQJHJNBL DOPWQJHIS The creation of real food and real people: Gender-complernentarity among the MenkU of Central Brazil Gisela Pauli PhD in Social Anthropology June 1999 University of St. Andrews Table of Contents Tables 9 Abstract 10 Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Amazonian issues 13 1.1.1 Aspects of Amazonian social organisation 13 1.1.2 Amazonian concepts of the person 18 1.2 Geographical location of the MenkO and their relationship with neighbouring indigenous groups 20 1.3 Fieldwork aims 25 1.4 Outline of the thesis 26 1.5 The MenkO in ethnographic and ethnological literature 30 1.6 Conclusion 35 Part I Approaching the MenkO 38 2 Historical context 38 2.1 The penetration of Mato Grosso - Rond6n, rubber tappers, and missionaries 38 2.2 Missionary presence in Mato Grosso 42 2.2.1 Utiariti 45 2.2.2 The Second Vatican Council and its repercussions 3 in Latin America 47 2.2.3 The Developments in Mato Grosso 49 2.2.4 'Operag5o Anchieta' - OPAN 50 2.2.5 Indigenous Missionary Council - CIMI 52 2.2.5.1 The emergence of the national Indigenous Missionary Council 52 2.2.5.2 CIMI Mato Grosso 55 2.3 Governmental Institutions 57 2.3.1 National Foundation for the Indian - FUNAI 57 2.3.2 Insitute for the Colonisation and Agrarian Reform - INCRA 59 2.3.3 National Foundation for Health - FNS 59 2.4 MenkO ethnohistory 60 2.4.1 Some historical data 60 2.4.1.0 Collecting MenkO history: Personal histories versus a collectively authorised 'text' 63 2.4.1.1 The Menkb at the river Tapuru (- 1905) 70 2.4.1.2 The period of separation and further decimation (1905 -1971) 75 2.4.1.2.1 MenkO 75 2.4.1.2.2 Iranxe 82 2.4.1.3 Contact, reunion and growth (1971 87 3 At the settlement 91 3.1 The beginning of the journey 92 3.1.1 My encounter with the MenkO 92 3.1.2 Collecting data 94 3.1.3 Arriving at the settlement 95 3.2 Outline of the settlement in 1996 96 3.3. Social spaces 100 3.3.1 The individual house 101 3.3.1.1 Building a house 104 3.3.1.2 Making a hammock 105 3.3.1.3 Whose house is it? 106 3.3.2 The settlement plaza 110 3.3.2.1 The central plaza as a space for the reception 4 of the outside 111 3.3.2-1.1 Ritual Weeping 112 3.3.2.1.2 The ceremony of ritual greeting 114 3.3.2.1.3 The head ball game 115 3.3.2.1.4 The dance of the katdtiri 117 Part 11 The generation of 'real food' through gendered complementarity 120 4 MenkO food production 120 4.1 Providing the ingredients: hunting and gathering in the forest 123 4.1.1 Game 127 4.1.2 Fish 130 4.1.3 Insects 131 4.1.3.1 Ants 131 4.1.3.2 Maggots 132 4.1.3.3 Bees, honey and wax 134 4.1.4 Birds 135 4.1.5 Fruits 138 4.2 Gathering materials in the forest: utensils for the production of 'real food' 138 4.2.1 Utensils produced by men 140 4.2.1.1 Bow and arrow 140 4.2.1.2 The grater 141 4.2.1.3 The basket 142 4.2.2 Utensils produced by women 143 4.2.2.1. The sieve 143 4.2.2.2 Pots 143 4.2.2.3 Mats 144 4.2.2.4 Wooden hoe 145 4.3 Cultivating crops in the garden 145 4.4 Processing gathered foodstuffs into 'real food' at the settlement 149 4.4.1 Meat 150 4.4.2 Cassava bread 151 4.4.3 The Drink 153 5 4.4.4 Seasonal supplements 154 5. Productive interaction with the world of non- human beings 156 5.1 Non-humans dwelling outside the settlement 157 5.1.1 Mdmju'u and Xinkaruli: mistress-of-the-savannah and master-of-the-natural-life-forces (father of the forest) 157 5.1.2 Non-humans dwelling in the forest: animals, and masters of forest and rivers 160 5.1.2.1 Fathers of the forest 161 5.1.2.2 Mothers of the water element 163 5.1.2.3 Animals 164 5.2 The interaction with the dead in the garden and at the settlement 164 5.2.0 Describing the ritual complex of the Yet.A 166 5.2.1 Yurupari 168 5.2.2 The acquisition of the Yetd and its companions 168 5.2.3 The Yet.A -a female taboo 171 5.2.4 The ritual of the Yetd 173 5.2.5 Challenging the divide: The ritual of the Yet.A as a means of bridging existential differences 179 5.2.5.1 Uniting the dead and living 181 5.2.5.2 Overcoming the gender divide 185 5.2.5.3 The Yet.A as a means of initiation 187 5.2.5.4 Differentiation as a precondition for cohesion 190 5.2.6 The use of the Yetd in agriculture 191 5.2.7 Traditional crops and their human origin 194 5.3 Concluding remarks 198 Part II I The creation of real people 202 6. Acquiring gendered productivity 202 6.0 MenkO life cycle 202 6 6.1 Theories of Procreation 204 6.2 Pregnancy 205 6.3 Birth 206 6.4 Childhood 212 boys 6.5 Preparing for adulthood - the initiation of and girls 217 6.5.1 The initiation of boys 218 6.5.2 The initiation of girls 224 6.6 Attaining adulthood - marriage and the management of production and reproduction 227 6.7 Old Age 232 6.8 Death 234 6.8.1 Seeing the souls of the dead 237 6.8.2 Nahi, the host of the realm of the dead 238 6.2.3 Ajnan, consumer of dead bodies 239 6.2.4 Burial 239 7 Establishing links between people: Menk0 kinship and naming 242 7.1 Notions of endogamy 242 7.2 Affinity 245 7.3 MenkO kinship 249 7.3.1 The MenkO classificatory kinship system 249 7.3.1.1 Grandparents and grandchildren 250 7.3.1.2 Parents and parents-in-law 253 7.3.1.3 Siblings and cousins 255 7.3.1.4 Children and children-in-law 260 7.3.2 Dealing with change: Alterations to the system 269 7.3.2.1 Extension of marriageability to other generations 271 7.3.2.2 The marriage of formerly unrelated persons 277 7.3.2.3 Altering indirect to direct exchange 283 7 7.4 Names 283 7.4.1 The origin of names 284 7.4.2 Naming practices 287 7.4.3 Sharing a name 293 8 Living Well Together: MenkU Social Organisation 296 8.1 Living together 298 8.2 The art of sharing 301 8.2.1 Conjugal sharing 303 8.2.2 Sharing between parents and children 305 8.2.3 Sharing between households 305 8.2.3.1 Sharing work: Work parties 306 8.2.3.1.1 Cooperation based on informality 306 8.2.3.1.2 The ritual discourse as a formal invitation to share work 307 8.2.3.1.2.1 Zalaku's formal invitation to go on a fishing expedition 309 8.2.3.1.2.2 Formality as a means for collective involvement 315 8.2.3.2 Sharing of food 318 8.3 The notion of abundance 325 8.4 The chief couple 326 8.5 Challenging the ideal: human conflicts 332 8.5.1 Conflicts and their causes 332 8.5.2 Conflict resolution 335 Conclusion 339 Annex 342 1. Kinship table 342 2. Table of MenkO families and their residence in 1996 345 3. Myth of origin 348 4. Myth of the origin of the garden 350 5. Tables of animals used for domestic puposes 353 Bibliography 356 8 Tables Maps 1. Location of Menkb and other groups in Mato Grosso 22 2. Prelacy of Diamantino 43 3. MenkO territory pre 1905 70 4. Attack of rubbertappers and consecutive movement of MenkO and Iranxe 76 5. Situation in 1950s 84 6. Situation in 1970s 88 7. MenkO settlement location at time of contact and today 90 8. MenkO village plan 109 Tables 1. Historical overview of main events for MenkO and Iranxe 61 2. Kinship table 342 3. MenkO families 345 9 Abstract The thesis aims to provide a first ethnographic description of the MenkO of Central Brazil by focussing on their non-hierarchical gender-complementarity as it realises itself in relationships of production and reproduction. The first part of the thesis comprises of an introduction to the group from a historical point of view by providing a description of the MenkO's historical experiences during this century. This is followed by a description of the settlement, and the social spaces it encompasses.
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