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Iiwith Credit and Honour:1I Archaeological Investigations at the Plantation of John Whitesides, a Small Planter of Christ Church Parish, Charleston County, South Carolina

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Iiwith Credit and Honour:1I Archaeological Investigations at the Plantation of John Whitesides, a Small Planter of Christ Church Parish, Charleston County, South Carolina IIWith Credit and Honour: 1I Archaeological Investigations at the Plantation of John Whitesides, A Small Planter of Christ Church Parish, Charleston County, South Carolina , •• . • , __ . •t . .... ' ------',"-_. _..... ,. , • ~I~ ~I~ CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 48 · "WITH CREDIT AND HONOUR:" ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE PLANTATION OF JOHN WHITESIDES, A SMALL PLANTER OF CHRIST CHURCH PARISH, CHARLESTON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA Research Series 48 Michael Trinkley Debi Hacker With Contributions by: Arthur Cohen Irwin Rovner Chicora Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202 8031787-6910 April 1996 ISSN 0882-2041 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Trinkley, Michael. IIWith credit and honour" : archaeological investigations at the plantation of John Whitesides, a small planter of Christ Church Parish, Charleston County, South Carolina / Michael Trinkley, Debi . Hacker; with contributions by Arthur Cohen, Irwin Rovner. p. cm. -- (Research series / Chicora Foundation; 48) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). 1. Whitesides Plantation Site (S.c.) 2. Plantations--South Carolina--Charleston County. 3. Plantation life--South Carolina­ -Charleston County. 4. Charleston County (S.C.)--Antiquities. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)--South Carolina--Charleston County. I. Hacker, Debi. II. Title III. Series: Research series (Chicora · Foundation) ; 48. F279.W54T75 1996 975.7'91--dc20 96-8823 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. 00 A Description of Charles Town in 1769 Black and white all mix'd together, Inconstant, strange, unhealthful weather Burning heat and chilling cold Dangerous both to young and old Boisterous winds and heavy rains Fevers and rheumatic pains Agues plenty without doubt Sores, boils, the prickling heat and gout Musquitos on skin make blotches Centipedes and large cock-roaches Frightful creatures in the waters Porpoises, sharks and alligators Houses built on barren land No lamps or lights, but streets of sand Pleasant walks, if you can find 'em Scandalous tongues, if any mind 'em The markets dear and little money Large potatoes, sweet as honey Water bad, past all drinking Men and women without thinking Every thing at a high price But rum, hominy and rice Many a widow not unwilling Many a beau not worth a shilling ~any a bargain, if you strike it, This is Charles-town, how do you like it. -- Capt. Martin, captain of a Man of War South Caroliniana Library ABSTRACT Christ Church Parish was situated just house, and a diet of pork and fish seem to northeast of Charleston, South Carolina. This area characterize the Whitesides. The ceramic was characterized by infertile soils, large areas of assemblage includes primarily plain or simply sloughs with poor drainage, and marsh frontage. decorated vessels, most of which were bowls. Although close to Charleston, and consequently settled early, the soils of Christ Church were Also examined in some detail is the small generally not well suited to plantation agriculture collection of Colono wares present in the main and holdings were small. In the late eighteenth settlement. Almost all of these best fit the century, for example, Christ Church had the lowest description of River Burnished pottery, suggesting value of estates of all the parishes and tied with that they may have been produced by Native Prince Frederick's Parish for the lowest average · Americans, rather than the African American number of slaves held. Christ Church was an slaves. While the current study does not attempt to enclave of small planters - yeoman farmers by no demonstrate the origin of the pottery, it does means, but still far removed from the grand provide additional information concerning the planters of St. George, St. James Goose Creek, development of a Colono ware typology. and Prince William's parishes. An examination of both pollen and This study descnbes the historical and phytolith data reveal the importance of these archaeological examination of one of these small techniques to a complete understanding of the plantations in Christ Church, owned early by ecology and agricultural development of plantation Thomas Whitesides and, in 1762, willed to his son, society. John Whitesides. John Whitesides apparently held the tract into the mid-antebellum, although there This study focuses attention on the large is relatively little historical evidence of his activities number of small planters who made up the at the tract. majority of free land holders in the eighteenth century. It reveals that our understanding of The rise of gentility and the refinement of plantations and planters has been based on the the planter class which began in the early wealthy elite of the eighteenth century and urges eighteenth century ran along a continuum. Just as exploration of the more common planter. ceramics range along a smooth-rough continuum from the finest porcelain to the crude earthenwares and colono wares, so too did genteel culture and those practicing it. The Whitesides were not yeoman farmers, with estates of only a few hundred dollars, although their wealth was limited. In the early antebellum John owned around 237 acres and only 15 slaves, while his brother, Moses, owned 309 acres, 30 slaves, and a lot in town. Although only the main house was examined in this study, the range of artifacts, including ceramics and personal items, provides an exceptional view of a small planter's life. An assemblage dominated by kitchen items, a simple 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Figures xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Development of the Project 1 Research Strategy and Questions 4 The Natural Setting 13 Curation 18 Historic Synopsis 19 English Settlement 19 Economic Development 19 Antebellum Charleston, Cotton Production, and the Civil War 21 Postbellum Period 35 Twentieth Century 37 Summary 40 Excavations 41 Strategy and Methods 41 Excavations 44 Distribution Studies 47 Summary 47 Artifacts 51 Introduction 51 38CH1471, Main Settlement 52 Overview of Dating at the Plantation 61 Pattern Analysis 61 Ceramics and Status 63 Summary 66 Colono Ware 69 Introduction 69 Brief Synopsis of Previous Research 69 Analytical Methods 73 Results of Traditional Analytical Techniques 75 Conclusions 82 Pollen Analyses from the Whitesides Plantation ... Arthur Cohen 83 Phytolith Analysis from the Whitesides Plantation ... hwin Rovner 85 Introduction 85 Results 86 Discussion 87 Conclusions 88 111 Floral and Faunal Remains 89 Ethnobotanical Remains 89 Faunal Materials 91 Conclusions 95 Overview of Ecology, History, Artifacts, and Ecofacts 95 The Research Questions 97 Toward a Broader View of Planters 98 Sources Cited 101 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mean ceramic date for 38CH1563 4 2. Wealth of colonial Assemblymen 9 3. Comparison of artifact patterns for the Elfe plantation with the Baxter settlement 10 4. White and slave population of South Carolina in 1720 17 5. 1850 agricultural production in Christ Church Parish and on the Whitesides plantation 30 6. 1860 agricultural production in Christ Church Parish and on the Bonneau plantation 31 7. Major types of dateable pottery at 38CH1471 53 8. Shape and function of ceramic vessels 55 9. Mean ceramic date for Whitesides main house 56 10. Buttons recovered from Whitesides plantation 60 11. Artifact pattern for the Whitesides main settlement compared with previously published patterns 62 12. Ceramic motifs by percent 64 13. Ceramic index values for the Whitesides plantation 66 14. Attribute summaries for Yaughan and River Burnished potteries 70 15. Colono wares and European ceramics from Charleston area slave sites 71 16. Percentage of Colono wares and European ceramics at eighteenth century plantation sites 75 17. Pollen materials identified from Feature 1 83 18. Frequency of counts of selected phytolith types 86 19. Ratios of grass short cells 87 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Area location map showing the Charleston vicinity 2 2. Location of archaeological sites associated with the Whitesides occupation 3 3. Plan view of 38CH1473 after impacted by construction 5 4. View of damage to 38CH1473 discovered in January 1995 5 5. Plan view of 38CH1563 discovered during efforts to re-identify 38CH1471 6 6. Site 38CH1563 showing damage when found in late January 1995 6 7. Plat of the John and Moses Whitesides tracts in 1798 22 8. Close-up view of the John Whitesides settlement 23 9. 1804 plat of the western portion of Thomas Whitesides' estate 25 10. Charleston County property map, compiled 1932-1934 26 1l. Portion of the 1841 William Mathews plat 28 12. 1856 Thomas D. Wagner plat of the re-assembled Whitesides tracts 32 13. Portion of the 1863 "Map of Charleston and Its Defences" 33 14. Portion of the 1919 Wando topographic map showing the project area 38 15. View of the 38CH1471 site after hydroaxing 41 16. Auger tests, area of the block excavations 43 17. Plan view of the excavations at 38CH1471 45 18. Feature 1 in Unit 5 46 19. Distribution of kitchen group artifacts in the block excavations 48 20. Distribution of architecture group artifacts in the block excavations 48 21. Distribution of brick in the block excavations 48 22. Distribution of oyster shell in the block excavations 48 23. Block excavations at 38CH1471 49 24. Artifacts recovered from Whitesides main settlement 58 25. Comparison of Miller's ceramic indices for a variety of sites 66 26. Colono ware from Whitesides main settlement 72 27. Temper shape 76 28. Sand temper size range 77 29. Frequency of sand inclusions 77 30. Oxidation observed from fresh breaks 78 31. Degree of exterior and interior smoothing 79 32. lip forms of the Colono ware 80 33. Rim decorations on the River Burnished sherds 80 34. Vessel diameters of the River Burnished collection 81 35. Vessel diameters of River Burnished specimens plotted as trends 81 36. Evidence of sooting 82 37.
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