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Medical History VOLUME II NUMBER 1 AN N ALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY ml Entered as second class matter June 2, 1917, at the post office at New York, N. Y ., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Yearly Subscription $6.00. Single numbers $2.00 Hi . ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY V o l u m e i i S p r i n g i q i q - N u m b e r i 4 f ANATOMISTS IN SEARCH OF THE SOUL B y GEORGE W. CORNER, M.D. University of California BERKELEY, CAL. EA V EN lay about us pendently of the flesh, and oftentimes in the infancy of our must be confined by bonds of linen to race. When the mind’s prevent its imminent escape through the eye of the tribesman gash of a desperate wound, or be held first opened upon a down with weights of iron upon the head. world of mystery, to But even here, as into the jungle, the him the h au n ts o f explorer came, and began an unending good and evil spirits search for an ever-receding goal, a search than the jungle just which like that other led at first through beyond his hut. The jungle explored, the regions nearest home; for two thousand river followed to its head, mountain sum­ years the pious hands of anatomists sought mits still remained untrodden, and here for the springs of life in the tissues of animals, a while dwelt the gods. Olympus at last and even attempted to find in the bodies ascended and found to be a vacant peak, of the dead the organic seat of man’s the mountain-climber came down, his immortality. N disappointment forgotten, to tell of gazing The first civilized dissectors were those ^ across a vast ocean and of the Blessed Isles Sumerian priests and haruspices who drew v- which seemed to lie therein, beyond the auguries from the viscera of sacrificial setting sun; and when mariners returned animals. In this widespread rite it was the without news of such far shores, there were liver especially in which the omens were still the stars and the sun-god’s chariot of sought; while in the earlier thought of the fire, beyond the reach of any mortal traveler. races which practiced it, Assyrians, He­ So with the inward mystery of man’s brews, and Greeks, the liver was also life; at first a mere wraith of fancy or of considered the seat of life, of heat, and of fear, a vague image of the body it in­ whatever higher faculties distinguished man habited, the spirit could wander inde­ from the animals, and animals from lower 2 Annals oj Medical History nature. The Psalmist literally said “The seat of understanding. Other early Greek liver of the righteous man shall be made investigators, as Alkmaion of Croton, began fat.” . “My liver shall sing praise to to have glimmerings of the importance of Thee and not be silent.” The learned the brain; but even these new organs studies of Professor Jastrow suggest, indeed, could not entirely dispossess the liver from that it was because of the importance its old place of honor. New philosophies, attached to this organ as of sacred function, like new religions, build upon the old. that the rite of liver-searching became so There were metaphysicians as well as general and finally led, its original signifi­ anatomists at work upon the problem of cance forgotten, to the immolation of ani­ flesh and spirit; and there soon grew up mals with the more elevated conception of that half-shrewd, half-false doctrine which vicarious sacrifice. How in the first place is so clearly expressed by Aristotle, a doc­ the liver earned such important rank among trine which was still taught as fact in the the tissues, takes us perhaps into too dark Middle Ages, and survives in the etymology, a region of primitive symbolism, but where though lost to the thought, of the present the philologist did not tread, a casual day. Life is of triple nature (says Aristotle); wanderer in this field may rashly enter. the plants of the field are nourished and Primitive man, opening the abdomen grow; beasts feel and move; man reasons of a beast, saw much that explained itself. and remembers, and knows that he exists. The stomach, the intestines, the kidneys, Possessors of threefold faculties, we live bespoke their own functions by their very and move and have our being, and for each contents or their connections, and being faculty an organ is set apart. As the ancients understood, were no cause for wonder. knew, the liver is the place of the vegetative But the liver—largest and heaviest mass soul, drawing nourishment from the stom­ of all, blood-hued, and as it seemed, the ach, and sending it through the hepatic source of all the veins; with spreading vein to the heart, where its more subtle lobes and the strangely colored vessel of portions are refined to form the sensitive gall—offered an inviting mystery, and soul, whose outward motions are felt in could not fail to be the seat of faculties less all the pulses. Over these lesser organs ignobly comprehensible than mere emunc- presides the brain, seat of the intellectual tion or digestion. Was it not, then, the faculties, the “animal soul.” A blow upon source of the blood, of bodily warmth, of the head, injury of the brain, may abolish life itself? for a time all consciousness, but the vital Centuries later, with the practice of dis­ spark remains alight until the last beat section as a scientific method, other regions of the heart. of the animal body were laid bare, and The anatomical theories upon which all heart and brain began to present new this was based were hardly modified until mystery and new opportunity for the seeker the Renaissance, except that discovery of of souls. In the Hippocratic writing “De the bile-forming function of the liver made corde,” the right cavities of the heart are that organ more or less cpmprehensible and represented as receiving the blood from so deprived it of its remaining share of the the liver and driving it out again through soul. The heart, needless to say, retains the veins; but the left ventricle (found its old place of honor, if not in the scientific empty after death) contains the vital prin­ sense, at least in the speech of romance ciple or pneuma, which is to be sent through­ and of worship. Buried in our language out the body by the arteries. The heart are curious traces of this and even older is thus the central organ of life and the philosophies; thus we say “frenzy” of an 4 A nato m ists in S earch of th e S oul 3 ailment of the mind, but the phrenic Plato, it freed the soul from the trammels nerves and vessels are those of the dia­ of body for eternity, yet it bound the spirit phragm—a relic of a pre-Aristotelian view subject to the flesh during the span of that the diaphragm, placed between liver earthly existence; and herein it raised a and heart, was itself the seat of the intellect. strange new problem for the anatomists The higher functions once established in of the soul. the brain, the search was narrowed, and The Christian Fathers did not seek new every recess of the cranium was invaded. organs for the new soul; anatomy was At Alexandria, in the third century before stagnant, and they went to pagan Galen Christ, Erasistratus and Herophilus added for physicians’ lore as trustingly as to to other great achievements an exact study their sacred codices for texts. To many, of the human brain. The first was the dis­ indeed, the intellectual or animal soul, coverer of the meningeal coverings, and already firmly seated in the brain, was placed in them the intellectual faculty, itself the immortal essence, though others but later transferred it to the cerebellum, imagined this a fourth entity for which partly, we may suppose, because of its Galen could have given them no new organ marvelous structure still called arbor vitae, had they sought one; wherefore, with but also because he had seen the grave Augustine, they let it be diffused through­ results of damage done to the cerebellum out the body. Thus it was not toward the in animals. Herophilus went deeper, dis­ science of completed form the Latin Fathers covered the ventricles of the cerebral hemi­ turned, but to embryology, for they were spheres, and gave to them the same inter­ greatly troubled to know in what manner pretation, whence perhaps arose the quaint the soul comes at first to join the body. mediaeval division of the brain-cavities into Whether created anew by God, or having cells of imagination, reason, and memory. waited from the beginning among a great But most striking guess of all was Strato’s throng of the other unborn; whether in­ of Lampsacus, who found, so Plutarch tells, herited from the parents, or given to the the pars princeps animx in the middle of child at the moment of its first breath, or the forehead, between the eyebrows. We infused into the unborn embryo, were need no flight of fancy to imagine his joy questions of vast argument. and awe, who must have been the first In the debate TertuIIian and Augustine to drive chisel into the frontal sinuses. were foremost; but it is curious that with In the very substance of the skull, between all their insistence upon spiritualities, the brain and eye, where thought and vision only evidence they had to prove the pres­ meet, those dark caverns might well have ence of the soul in the embryo before birth seemed to him the abiding place of man’s was based upon such purely corporeal inner self.
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