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Development of Water Protection of Lake Onega

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Development of Water Protection of Lake Onega SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 36 | 2009 D Lake Onega is the second largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga. The area of the lake is E YMPÄRISTÖN- V ELOPMENT SUOJELU 9800 km2, its max depth is 127 m and the average depth about 30 m. The main cities situ- ated on the shore of the lake are Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga. The lake is connected to Development of Water the Baltic Sea via the River Svir, Lake Ladoga and the Neva River. Protection of Lake Onega O Russia is not joining the European Union (EU) in the near future. However, there is ten- WA F dency to adopt the central principles of many EU directives also in Russia. Water Frame- TER work Directive (WFD) is a useful directive giving the main guidelines about how to organi- Victor Podsechin, Heikki Kaipainen, Nikolai Filatov, Ämer Bilaletdin, Tom Frisk, Arto Paananen, Arkady Terzhevik, ze water management. prote Heidi Vuoristo The aim of the project was to make an investigation of the status of Lake Onega, to assess C pressures and risks into the lake and make a general plan for water protection to guaran- TION tee a good chemical and ecological status of the lake, as expressed on the WFD. One pur- O pose of this project was to transfer Finnish knowledge and results of Finnish investigations F L concerning the WFD to the area of Lake Onega. AK E ONE In this study, many different steady-state and dynamic catchment and water quality models were used in assessing the effects of different loading scenarios. While Lake Onega pre- GA serves a good status of water as a whole, the problems with pollution and eutrophication exist in Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga Bays where anthropogenic loading is more pronoun- ced. SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 36 | 200X YMPÄRISTÖ SUOMEN PIRKANMAA REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT CENTRE ISBN 978-952-11-3570-5 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-11-3571-2 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 (pain.) ISSN 1796-1637 (verkkoj.) Pirkanmaan ympäristökeskus THE FINNISH ENVIRONMENT 36 | 2009 Development of Water Protection of Lake Onega Final Report Victor Podsechin, Heikki Kaipainen, Nikolai Filatov, Ämer Bilaletdin, Tom Frisk, Arto Paananen, Arkady Terzhevik, Heidi Vuoristo Tampere 2009 PIRKANMAAN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS JULKAISEVANPIRKANMAA VIRASTON REGIONAL TUNNUS, ENVIRONMENT CENTRE KORKEUS 16 mm (SYKE-logo 19 mm) THE FINNISH ENVIRONMENT 26 | 2009 Pirkanmaa Regional Environment Centre Department of Water Management Page layout: Anu Peltonen Cover photo: Susanna Pakula The publication is also available in the Internet: www.environment.fi/publications Juvenes Print, Tampere 2009 ISBN 978-952-11-3570-5 (nid.) tai (sid.) ISBN 978-952-11-3571-2 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 (pain.) ISSN 1796-1637 (verkkoj.) SISÄLLYS 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................5 2 EU Water Framework Directive ..........................................................................6 2.1 General ....................................................................................................................6 2.2 Implementation in Finland .................................................................................9 2.3 Cooperation between EU and Russian Federation in the area of water resources management and protection ....................................................................10 3 Review of existing data and monitoring programmes ..............................12 4 General description of Lake Onega and its catchment .........................17 4.1 Geography .............................................................................................................17 4.2 Climate ...................................................................................................................17 4.3 Hydrography .........................................................................................................18 4.4 Hydrochemistry and water quality .................................................................19 4.5 Identification of pressures .................................................................................22 4.6 Detailed examination of ”hot spots” - Petrozavodsk Bay and Kondopoga Bay ............................................................................................................................25 5 Classification of surface waters ...........................................................................28 6 Scenarios of reducing loading ..............................................................................32 7 Mass balance calculations (steady-state) ........................................................33 7.1 Description of the method ..................................................................................33 7.2 Phosphorus input to the Lake Onega ...............................................................34 7.3 Modelling results .................................................................................................35 8 Water quality modelling under dynamic loading ........................................37 8.1 Estimation of long-term changes of phosphorus concentration in lakes . 37 8.2 Application of Danish phosphorus model P2 to Kondopoga Bay ............44 8.3 Aquatox model – box-type model for aquatic ecosystems...........................47 9 General programme of measures ....................................................................51 9.1 Wastewater treatment in sparse population and point source loading ....51 9.2 Water pollution control methods in agriculture ............................................52 9.2.1 Reducing the use of fertilizers ...............................................................53 9.2.2 Controlled drainage ................................................................................53 9.2.3 Green fallowing .......................................................................................53 9.2.4 Reducing the use of pesticides ..............................................................54 9.2.5 Subsoil drainage ......................................................................................54 9.2.6 Lime filter drainage ................................................................................54 9.2.7 Buffer zones and strips ...........................................................................55 9.2.8 Sedimentation basins ..............................................................................56 9.2.9 Wetland areas ..........................................................................................57 9.3 Water pollution control methods in forestry ..................................................58 9.3.1 Drainage ....................................................................................................59 9.3.2 Digging and dredging breaks ...............................................................59 9.3.3 Submerged weirs .....................................................................................60 9.3.4 Lighter soil cultivation ............................................................................60 9.3.5 Reducing fertilization .............................................................................61 9.3.6 Avoiding the use of pesticides ...............................................................61 9.3.7 Sludge sumps and sludge pockets ........................................................61 9.3.8 Buffer zones ..............................................................................................62 9.3.9 Sedimentation basins ..............................................................................63 9.3.10 Overland flow areas and wetland areas .............................................64 9.4 Water pollution control methods in peat mining ..........................................65 9.5 Wastewater treatment in rural areas ................................................................67 9.6 Possibilities of the restoration and the water protection .............................67 10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................69 References ........................................................................................................................70 Documentation pages .................................................................................................72 4 The Finnish Environment 36 | 2009 1 Introduction Water is one of the most essential elements required for human life. Chapter 18 of Agenda 21, adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, defined the overall goal of water policy developments: “Water is needed in all aspects of life. The general objective is to make certain that adequate supplies of water of good quality are maintained for the entire population of this planet, while preserving the hydrological, biological and chemical functions of ecosystems and adapting human activities within the capacity limits of nature and combating vectors of water related diseases”. (UN 1992, p. 275) The Water Framework Directive (WFD), Directive 2000/60/EC includes the main guidelines on organizing water management within the EU member states. It is not obligatory to non-EU countries, but experience gained during the last years of WFD implementation could also be applied to water objects in Russia (and other CIS sta- tes). In Finland, as well as in other EU countries, a lot of research and planning work has been carried out when it comes to the implementation of the WFD in different regions of Europe. Lake Onega (sometimes name Onego is used, Onezhskoye
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