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Étude De L'impact De La Réception Des Cadres Médiatiques Sur La Étude de l’impact de la réception des cadres médiatiques sur la genrisation de l’évaluation de la performance politique Thèse Catherine Lemarier-Saulnier Doctorat en communication publique Philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Catherine Lemarier-Saulnier, 2018 Résumé Cette thèse étudie la réception des nouvelles médiatiques genrées par les citoyens. À l’aide d’une approche multiméthodes et mixte, trois collectes de données ont été menées afin de comprendre la médiation des leaders politiques et son impact sur l’évaluation de ces derniers. La première est une analyse de contenu des cadres médiatiques sur les chef(fe)s de partis politiques provinciaux lors de l’élection québécoise de 2014. La seconde est une enquête en ligne, comprenant un questionnaire et une séance de listage d’idée à partir d’un article genré ou non. La troisième collecte est constituée de groupes de discussions réalisés un mois après la fin de la campagne avec un échantillon de participants de la seconde collecte. Les principaux résultats de nos analyses mettent en lumière que la norme masculine, proche de l’identité du « Mâle Alpha », est encore omniprésente lorsqu’il est question des leaders politiques dans les médias en contexte de campagne électorale, et ce, malgré la présence d’une femme comme première ministre sortante. Cette norme est aussi mobilisée, à des degrés divers, par nos répondants dans leurs réactions mesurées par l’enquête en ligne. Certains participants utilisent davantage les principes du genre masculin dans leur évaluation, particulièrement lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des cadres médiatiques allant dans ce sens. Nos groupes indiquent que la norme masculine du milieu politique n’est pas remise en question par les citoyens, et qu’elle est encore aujourd’hui la base de l’évaluation du leadership politique québécois. ii Abstract This thesis studies how people react to gendered news about political leaders. Doing so, we have used a mixed-methods design comprising three data collections. Our goal was to understand the gendered mediation of political leaders and its impact on leaders evaluation. Our first data collection is a content analysis of gendered news frames about political leaders during Quebec 2014 election. The second dataset was generated through an online thought listing experiment using three distinct experimental conditions. The third source of data is a series of focus groups, held a month after the election, with a sub-sample of our online experiment participants. Our results indicate that the masculine norm, especially the “Alpha Male” gendered identity, is dominant in the mediation of political leaders in the news coverage of the 2014 election, despite the presence of the first woman as incumbent prime minister. This “Alpha Male” norm is also present in the evaluation of political leaders measured in our thoughts listing, but with some variety. Some participants have used more gendered responses, especially those who were exposed to the gendered experimental conditions. Finally, focus groups reveal that the dominance of masculinity in the political arena is not questioned by citizens, and that the “Alpha Male” norm, is still used to evaluate Quebec political leaders during an election. iii Table des matières Résumé ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières .................................................................................................................................. iv Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................................... vi Liste des graphiques .............................................................................................................................. vii Liste des figures ..................................................................................................................................... vii Remerciements ........................................................................................................................................ ix Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1. Problématique de recherche: médiation genrée des chef(fe)s de partis ............... 4 1.1 Comprendre la médiation du politique ........................................................................................... 5 1.2 Le contenu de la médiation de la politique ...................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 La place grandissante des leaders politiques dans l’information ................................................. 9 1.2.2 La masculinité et le milieu politique .......................................................................................... 15 Chapitre 2. Cadre théorique : le cadrage, le genre et la réception immédiate ....................... 22 2.1 Les concepts du cadrage et des cadres ........................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 Définir les cadres ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 Les théories du genre ....................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 La thèse de la médiation genrée ................................................................................................. 31 2.3 Réception et traitement de l’information. ..................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 La réception ................................................................................................................................ 35 2.3.2 Cognition et schémas d’interprétation ....................................................................................... 35 2.3.2.1 Cognition et cadrage ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.3.2.2 Cognition et genre : les schémas genrés ............................................................................................. 45 2.3.3 Cognition, cadrage, genre : quels effets? ................................................................................... 46 2.4 Questions et hypothèses de recherche ............................................................................................ 48 2.4.1 La médiation des leaders politiques ........................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 Les effets des cadres genrés ....................................................................................................... 49 2.4.2.1 La variable dépendante : l'indice de genre ......................................................................................... 51 2.4.2.2 Les variables indépendantes issues de la littérature sur le genre ........................................................ 51 2.4.2.3 Les variables indépendantes issues de la littérature sur les comportements politiques ..................... 52 2.4.3 La perception des cadres genrés ................................................................................................. 54 Chapitre 3. Méthodologie : mesurer et comprendre le cadrage, le genre et la réception ..... 55 3.1 Mesurer la médiation genrée des leaders politiques par l’analyse de contenu .......................... 57 3.1.1 Corpus à l’étude ......................................................................................................................... 58 3.1.1.1 Unités d’analyse ................................................................................................................................. 61 3.1.2 Codification des données : protocole et grilles .......................................................................... 61 3.1.3 Mesurer le genre dans les médias : les cadres et les identités genrées ....................................... 64 3.1.4 Accord interjuge ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Mesurer les effets de la médiation genrée sur les répondants par une expérience en ligne ..... 70 3.2.1 Sélection des participants et description de l'expérience ........................................................... 70 3.2.1.1 Mode d’administration de l’expérience .............................................................................................. 72 3.2.2 Mesurer la cognition et les réactions : les réponses cognitives spontanées ............................... 74 3.2.2.1 Protocole de l’expérience ................................................................................................................... 77 3.2.3 Codification des données : catégorisation et grilles de codage .................................................. 85 3.3 Mesurer la perception des cadres genrés des répondants par des groupes de discussions ...... 88 iv 3.3.1 Préparation des groupes de discussions ..................................................................................... 89 3.3.1.1 Le recrutement des participants .........................................................................................................
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