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Health and Safety Fundamentals and Hazards Within the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

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Health and Safety Fundamentals and Hazards Within the Nuclear Fuel Cycle MODULE 7.0: HEALTH AND SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS AND HAZARDS WITHIN THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Introduction Welcome to Module 7.0 of the Fuel Cycle Processes Directed Self-Study Course! This is the seventh of nine modules available in this directed self-study course. The purpose of this module is to assist you in describing fundamental concepts of health and safety, and identifying hazards associated with nuclear fuel cycle processes. The processes are described in detail in Module 2.0, section 2.1.5. This self-study module is designed to assist you in accomplishing the learning objectives listed at the beginning of the module. There are six learning objectives in this module. The module has self-check questions to help you assess your understanding of the concepts presented in the module. Before you Begin It is recommended that you have access to the following materials: ◙ Trainee Guide ◙ 10 CFR Part 20.1902 through Title 10 CFR Part 20.1905 Complete the following prerequisite(s): ◙ Module 1.0: Overview of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle How to Complete this Module 1. Review the learning objectives. 2. Read each section within the module in sequential order. 3. Complete the self-check questions and activities within this module 4. Check off the tracking form as you complete the self-check questions and/or activity within the module. 5. Contact your administrator as prompted for a progress review meeting. 6. Contact your administrator as prompted for any additional materials and/or specific assignments. 7. Complete all assignments related to this module. If no other materials or assignments are given to you by your administrator, you have completed this module. 8. Ensure that you and your administrator have dated and initialed your progress on the tracking form. 9. Go to the next assigned module. This page has been intentionally left blank. MODULE 7.0: HEALTH AND SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS AND HAZARDS WITHIN THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE TABLE OF CONTENTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 7-1 HAZARD ........................................................................................................................................ 7-2 Hazard Classification ................................................................................................................ 7-2 Memorandum of Understanding: NRC and OSHA .................................................................. 7-3 Hazard Identification................................................................................................................ 7-4 RADIATION ................................................................................................................................... 7-5 TOXICITY ....................................................................................................................................... 7-7 Toxicity Versus Hazard ............................................................................................................. 7-7 TOXIC EFFECT ............................................................................................................................... 7-8 Types of Exposure .................................................................................................................... 7-8 Rate of Exposure Dose-Response Relationship ....................................................................... 7-9 Fate in the Body ....................................................................................................................... 7-9 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE ............................................................................................................... 7-10 Ingestion................................................................................................................................. 7-10 Injection ................................................................................................................................. 7-11 Skin Absorption ...................................................................................................................... 7-11 Inhalation ............................................................................................................................... 7-11 Physical State of Contaminants ............................................................................................. 7-11 CARCINOGENS ............................................................................................................................ 7-13 ALARA ..................................................................................................................................... 7-13 RISK ........................................................................................................................................ 7-13 Risk/Safety Factors ................................................................................................................. 7-13 Process Safety Requirements ................................................................................................ 7-14 Risk Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 7-15 CONTROLS .................................................................................................................................. 7-17 HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION......................................................................................... 7-18 Resources ............................................................................................................................... 7-18 Hazard Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 7-23 QUALITY ASSURANCE ................................................................................................................. 7-23 Self-Check Questions 7-1 ....................................................................................................... 7-26 HAZARDS OF URANIUM AND SELECTED BYPRODUCTS ............................................................. 7-31 Uranium Radioactivity ........................................................................................................... 7-31 Uranium Toxicity .................................................................................................................... 7-32 Transportability ...................................................................................................................... 7-33 Biological Effects of Uranium ................................................................................................. 7-34 Radiological Versus Toxic Limits ............................................................................................ 7-34 URANIUM COMPOUNDS AND BY-PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 7-35 Hydrogen Fluoride ................................................................................................................. 7-35 Uranium Hexafluoride............................................................................................................ 7-35 USNRC Technical Training Center i 3/10 Rev 4 Fuel Cycle Processes Directed Self-Study Course MODULE 7.0: HEALTH AND SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS AND HAZARDS WITHIN THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Nitric Compounds .................................................................................................................. 7-36 Hydrogen Gas ......................................................................................................................... 7-36 Ammonia ................................................................................................................................ 7-36 Chlorine Trifluoride ................................................................................................................ 7-37 Self-Check Questions 7-2 ....................................................................................................... 7-38 CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY AT FUEL CYCLE FACILITIES ............................................................ 7-40 CRITICALITY SAFETY ................................................................................................................... 7-40 Neutron Physics ..................................................................................................................... 7-40 Criticality and Neutron Multiplication ................................................................................... 7-41 Calculations, Subcritical Margin, and Safety Margin ............................................................. 7-42 Criticality Parameters ............................................................................................................. 7-43 Mass ....................................................................................................................................... 7-44 Geometry ............................................................................................................................... 7-45 Density ................................................................................................................................... 7-45 Enrichment ............................................................................................................................. 7-45 Reflection ..............................................................................................................................
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