DOCSLIB.ORG

ORAU Team Document Number: ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ORAU Team Document Number: ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2 NIOSH Dose Reconstruction Project Effective Date: 09/09/2004 Revision No.: 00 PC-1 Technical Basis Document for the Y-12 National Security Complex Controlled Copy No.:_______ – Site Description Page 1 of 30 Subject Expert: Karin Jessen Supersedes: Document Owner Approval: Signature on File Date: 11/19/2003 William E. Murray, TBD Team Leader None Approval: Signature on File Date: 11/19/2003 Judson L. Kenoyer, Task 3 Manager Concurrence: Signature on File Date: 11/19/2003 Richard E. Toohey, Project Director Approval: Signature on File Date: 11/21/2003 James W. Neton, OCAS Health Science Administrator TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Record of Issue/Revisions ................................................................................................................... 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Operating Contractors ................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Site Activities .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Site Processes ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 Electromagnetic Enrichment (1943–1947) ........................................................................ 10 2.4.2 Feed Preparation for Enrichment Operations (1943–1947) .............................................. 10 2.4.3 Uranium Recovery and Recycle Operations (1944–1951) ................................................ 10 2.4.4 Uranium Salvage Operations (1947–1951) ...................................................................... 10 2.4.5 Uranium Preparations and Recycle for Weapon Component Operations (1949–1995)................................................................................................... 10 2.4.6 Uranium Forming and Machining for Weapon Component Operations (1949–1995) ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.7 Weapon Component Assembly Operations (1952–1995) ................................................. 11 2.4.8 Stockpile Stewardship and Maintenance (1996–2003) ..................................................... 11 2.5 Facilities .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.6 Waste Treatment and Disposal Operations ............................................................................... 15 2.7 Criticality Accident ..................................................................................................................... 16 Effective Date: 11/19/2003 Revision No. 00 Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2 Page 2 of 30 2.8 Radionuclides and Radiation Sources ....................................................................................... 17 2.8.1 Uranium ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.8.2 Recycled Uranium ............................................................................................................ 17 2.8.3 X-Ray and Electron Generating Equipment ...................................................................... 17 2.8.4 Radionuclide and Neutron Sources .................................................................................. 17 2.8.5 Special Nuclear Material................................................................................................... 18 2.8.6 Transuranics .................................................................................................................... 18 2.8.7 Thorium ............................................................................................................................ 18 2.8.8 Lithium ............................................................................................................................. 19 2.9 Solubility and Insolubility ........................................................................................................... 19 References ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Attachment B – Site Description ........................................................................................................ 25 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.3-1. Radionuclides of concern ........................................................................................ 7 Table 2.4-1. Process chronology of operations ........................................................................... 8 Table 2.4-2. Key uranium operations .......................................................................................... 9 Table 2.5-1. Key uranium facilities ............................................................................................ 13 Table 2.8.4-1. Known sealed radiation sources ........................................................................... 17 Table 2.9-1. Chemical formulas and solubility class .................................................................. 20 Table 2.9-2. Solubility of material for various buildings and work areas as calculated by DOSE 66(a) code ......................................................................... 21 Effective Date: 11/19/2003 Revision No. 00 Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2 Page 3 of 30 RECORD OF ISSUE/REVISIONS ISSUE AUTHORIZATION EFFECTIVE REV. DATE DATE NO. DESCRIPTION Draft 10/31/2003 00-A Technical Basis Document for the Y-12 National Security Complex – Site Description. Initiated by William E. Murray. 11/19/2003 11/19/2003 00 First approved issue. Initiated by William E. Murray. 11/19/2003 09/09/2004 00 PC-1 Deletes unused reference on page 22. Initiated by William E. Murray. Approval: Signature on File____________ _09/08/2004 William E. Murray, TBD Team Leader Signature on File_________________08/27/2004 Judson L. Kenoyer, Task 3 Manager Signature on File_________________08/30/2004 Richard E. Toohey, Project Director Signature on File____________ _09/09/2004 James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science Effective Date: 11/19/2003 Revision No. 00 Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2 Page 4 of 30 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEC Atomic Energy Commission Ci Curie CEDE Committed Effective Dose Equivalent CY Calendar Year DNFSB Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board DOE Department of Energy DU Depleted Uranium EU Enriched Uranium HEU Highly Enriched Uranium IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICPP Idaho Chemical Processing Plant ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection keV kiloelectron volt kg kilogram LLW Low Level Waste mCi millicurie MED Manhattan Engineering District MeV megaelectron volt mg milligram NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ORGDP Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORO Oak Ridge Operations ORR Oak Ridge Reservation RWP Radiological Work Permit RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RU Recycled Uranium SM Source Material SNM Special Nuclear Material SRS Savannah River Site TEC Tennessee Eastman Corporation TRU Transuranic UNH Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate WETF West End Treatment Facility Effective Date: 11/19/2003 Revision No. 00 Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2 Page 5 of 30 2.1 INTRODUCTION The Y-12 Plant (currently, the Y-12 National Security Complex) is located at the eastern section of the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The plant occupies approximately 811 acres (0.67 mile wide and 3.2 miles long) and consists of approximately 531 buildings that cover more than 7.5 million square feet of space. Construction of Y-12 was initiated in late 1942 and completed in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Engineering District (MED). The specific mission of Y-12 was to separate fissionable isotopes of uranium (235U) for use in atomic weapons. Of the four wartime Manhattan Project plants, Y-12 was one of the most urgently needed because it was thought to be the fastest and surest of the gambles in its race with Germany to build an atomic bomb. At its peak, Y-12 employed approximately 22,000 workers. Today, Y-12 is focused on support of US Nuclear Defense Policies. The information in this part is based on reports and other sources of information that are not classified. In some cases, classified documents have been redacted to allow their release as unclassified information. We are fully aware that more information is available that may be of use in reconstructing worker doses. However, due to classification restrictions, such information can not be included in this document. The First Era – 1942 to 1947 Mission: Uranium Isotope Separation The Y-12 Plant, conceived in 1942 by the MED of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), was constructed by Stone and Webster Construction Company at a cost of about $427 million. Prior to completion, the operating contractor, the Tennessee Eastman Company (TEC) of Kingsport, TN, moved its people in to start operations.
Recommended publications
  • WINTER 2013 - Volume 60, Number 4 the Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A

    WINTER 2013 - Volume 60, Number 4 the Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A

    WINTER 2013 - Volume 60, Number 4 WWW.AFHISTORICALFOUNDATION.ORG The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations.
  • The Making of an Atomic Bomb

    The Making of an Atomic Bomb

    (Image: Courtesy of United States Government, public domain.) INTRODUCTORY ESSAY "DESTROYER OF WORLDS": THE MAKING OF AN ATOMIC BOMB At 5:29 a.m. (MST), the world’s first atomic bomb detonated in the New Mexican desert, releasing a level of destructive power unknown in the existence of humanity. Emitting as much energy as 21,000 tons of TNT and creating a fireball that measured roughly 2,000 feet in diameter, the first successful test of an atomic bomb, known as the Trinity Test, forever changed the history of the world. The road to Trinity may have begun before the start of World War II, but the war brought the creation of atomic weaponry to fruition. The harnessing of atomic energy may have come as a result of World War II, but it also helped bring the conflict to an end. How did humanity come to construct and wield such a devastating weapon? 1 | THE MANHATTAN PROJECT Models of Fat Man and Little Boy on display at the Bradbury Science Museum. (Image: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory.) WE WAITED UNTIL THE BLAST HAD PASSED, WALKED OUT OF THE SHELTER AND THEN IT WAS ENTIRELY SOLEMN. WE KNEW THE WORLD WOULD NOT BE THE SAME. A FEW PEOPLE LAUGHED, A FEW PEOPLE CRIED. MOST PEOPLE WERE SILENT. J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER EARLY NUCLEAR RESEARCH GERMAN DISCOVERY OF FISSION Achieving the monumental goal of splitting the nucleus The 1930s saw further development in the field. Hungarian- of an atom, known as nuclear fission, came through the German physicist Leo Szilard conceived the possibility of self- development of scientific discoveries that stretched over several sustaining nuclear fission reactions, or a nuclear chain reaction, centuries.
  • Oct. 14, 1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL 2,856,263 PROCESS for the RECOVERY and PURIFICATION of URANIUM DEPOSITS Original Filed April 21, 1944 ‘7 Sheets-Sheet 1

    Oct. 14, 1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL 2,856,263 PROCESS for the RECOVERY and PURIFICATION of URANIUM DEPOSITS Original Filed April 21, 1944 ‘7 Sheets-Sheet 1

    Oct. 14, 1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL 2,856,263 PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS Original Filed April 21, 1944 ‘7 Sheets-Sheet 1 IN VEN TORS James M Car/‘er Mar?n D. ?ame/7 BY ATTORNEY Oct. 14, 1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL 2,856,263 PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS Original Filed April 21, 1944 7 Sheets-Sheet 55 QQOUMM,vRMmG w.9386mmE IN VEN TORS James M. Car fer By Marfin 0 Home/7 W4 W ATTORNEY Oct. 14,1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL 2,856,263 PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION _ OF URANIUM DEPOSITS Origlnal Filed April 21, 1944 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 SCRUBBYING. AND WASHING PARTS OF CALUTRON ' WITH HOT WATER Lf- WASH WATER :FCONDENSATE ' \WATERANDMAKE UP snevmc SOL/D IMPUR/ TIES — WASH WA TER -—p>- CONDENSING To DISCARD I OXIDIZING ORSALVAGE SOLUTION U02” Cu?! Few’! Cr!!! Ni“ FILTERING‘ - '3 PREC/P/TATE 0* |——‘———/ F/LTRA TE _ U024!- TO DISCARD __ EVAPORATING gel”,++ OR SALVAGE PRECIPITATING Z/VH OH AND F'LTER'NG gFlLTRA TE TO FURTHER T REATMENT Fig. 4 I INVENTORS ‘James M Cor fer, BY Mar/7'0 D. Kama/7 ' @ M A TTORNEY Oct. 14,1958 J. M. CARTER ET AL . 2,356,263 PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION 0F URANIUM DEPOSITS Original Filed April 21, 1944 7 Sheets-Sheet s DISSOLVING URANIUM METAL DEPOSITED ON COPPER COLLECTOR IN COLD HNo3 (8N) CONDENSATE I AND MAKE UP SOLUTION HNO3 U02" ' Cu ** 7—>— CONDENSING ' HN03 . EVAPORATI NG CONCENTRA TED \ soburj'o/v _ F/LTRA TE C35 cu {NHJLF H PRECIPITATING ‘ -[—-~’—NH4OH A ND F ILTERING ' f/RECIP/ TA TES *Cu/‘OHZH4 :0 01 ORTO SALVAGEDISCARD *Trace T__>_ DISSOLVING HN 0 3 ' - SOLUTION U02 +4 *cuvf *Tme F/LTRA TE PRECIPITATING _l—_'_NH OH AND FILTERING 4 { PREClP/TATE NH U 0 TO DISCARD ( ‘)2 2 ’ OR SALVAGE , r---‘“—? TO FURTHER TREATMENT 5 I N V EN TORS' James M Car/‘er ' Mar/"in D.
  • ORGANOMETAT,T,TC CHEMISTRY of URANIUM a Thesis Submitted By

    ORGANOMETAT,T,TC CHEMISTRY of URANIUM a Thesis Submitted By

    ORGANOMETAT,T,TC CHEMISTRY OF URANIUM A thesis submitted by R1TN R. SIGURDSON, B.Sc. for the DEGREE of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY of LONDON Royal College of Science Imperial College of Science and Technology London, SW7 ?AY August 1976 TO MY PARENTS 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Geoffrey Wilkinson, F.R.S. for his guidance and enthusiastic support throughout the course of this work. Many thanks are also extended to Drs. Dick Andersen, Ernesto Carmona-Guzman and David Cole-Hamilton for their suggestionS, encouragement and advice, and to Dr. Kostas Mertis for his patient help during the first months. I am indebted to the Canadian Research Council of Canada for financial support during the past three years. 4 CONTENTS ABSTRACT 6 INTRODUCTION I. The Chemistry of Uranium(IV) 8 .II. The Chemistry of Uranium(V) 15 III. The Chemistry of Uranium(VI) 16 CHAPTER I. DILITHIUMHEXAALKYLURANATE(IV) COMPLEXES I. Introduction 19 II. Results and Discussion 27 III. Experimental 35 CHAPTER II. TRILITHIUMOCTAALKYLURANATE(V) COMPLEXES I. Introduction 54 II. Results and Discussion 55 III. Experimental 60 CHAPTER III. ADDITION COMPOUNDS OF URANIUM(VI) HEXAISO-PROPDXIDE WITH LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALKYLS I. Introduction 70 II. Results and Discussion 71 III. Experimental 77 CHAPTER IV. ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY OF ADAMANTANE I. Introduction 84 II. Results and Discussion 85 III. Experimental 87 REFERENCES 92 5 ABBREVIATIONS Me - methyl Et - ethyl Prn- normal-propyl Pri- iso-propyl Bun- normal-butyl But- iso-butyl But- tertiary-butyl Ph - phenyl CP cyclopentadienyl DME - dimethoxyethane tmed - N,N,NI,N'-tetramethylethylenediamine pmdt - N,N,Nt,N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine g.l.c.
  • THE MEETING Meridel Rubenstein 1995

    THE MEETING Meridel Rubenstein 1995

    THE MEETING Meridel Rubenstein 1995 Palladium prints, steel, single-channel video Video assistance by Steina Video run time 4:00 minutes Tia Collection The Meeting consists of twenty portraits of people from San Ildefonso Pueblo and Manhattan Project physicists—who met at the home of Edith Warner during the making of the first atomic bomb—and twenty photographs of carefully selected objects of significance to each group. In this grouping are people from San Ildefonso Pueblo and the objects they selected from the collections of the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture to represent their culture. 1A ROSE HUGHES 2A TALL-NECKED JAR 3A BLUE CORN 4A SLEIGH BELLS 5A FLORENCE NARANJO Rose Hughes holding a photograph of WITH AVANYU One of the most accomplished and (Museum of Indian Arts and Culture) Married to Louis Naranjo; her father, Tony Peña, who organized (plumed serpent) made by Julian and recognized of the San Ildefonso Sleigh bells are commonly used in granddaughter of Ignacio and Susana the building of Edith Warner’s second Maria Martinez, ca. 1930 (Museum of potters. Like many women from the ceremonial dances to attract rain. Aguilar; daughter of Joe Aguilar, who house. Hughes worked at Edith Indian Arts and Culture) Edith Warner pueblos, she worked as a maid for the Tilano Montoya returned with bells like helped Edith Warner remodel the Warner’s with Florence Naranjo one was shown a pot like this one in 1922 Oppenheimers. these from Europe, where he went on tearoom. Edith called her Florencita. summer. She recalls that Edith once on her first visit to San Ildefonso, in the tour with a group of Pueblo dancers.
  • Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington January 2017 Foundation Document

    Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington January 2017 Foundation Document

    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington January 2017 Foundation Document MANHATTAN PROJECT NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Hanford Washington ! Los Alamos Oak Ridge New Mexico Tennessee ! ! North 0 700 Kilometers 0 700 Miles More detailed maps of each park location are provided in Appendix E. Manhattan Project National Historical Park Contents Mission of the National Park Service 1 Mission of the Department of Energy 2 Introduction 3 Part 1: Core Components 4 Brief Description of the Park. 4 Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 5 Los Alamos, New Mexico . 6 Hanford, Washington. 7 Park Management . 8 Visitor Access. 8 Brief History of the Manhattan Project . 8 Introduction . 8 Neutrons, Fission, and Chain Reactions . 8 The Atomic Bomb and the Manhattan Project . 9 Bomb Design . 11 The Trinity Test . 11 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan . 12 From the Second World War to the Cold War. 13 Legacy . 14 Park Purpose . 15 Park Signifcance . 16 Fundamental Resources and Values . 18 Related Resources . 22 Interpretive Themes . 26 Part 2: Dynamic Components 27 Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments . 27 Special Mandates . 27 Administrative Commitments . 27 Assessment of Planning and Data Needs . 28 Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values . 28 Identifcation of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs . 28 Planning and Data Needs . 31 Part 3: Contributors 36 Appendixes 38 Appendix A: Enabling Legislation for Manhattan Project National Historical Park. 38 Appendix B: Inventory of Administrative Commitments . 43 Appendix C: Fundamental Resources and Values Analysis Tables. 48 Appendix D: Traditionally Associated Tribes . 87 Appendix E: Department of Energy Sites within Manhattan Project National Historical Park .
  • Oppenheimer & Groves

    Oppenheimer & Groves

    Oppenheimer & Groves: The Duality That Led To Trinity Theresa G. Connaughton and Sharon E. Smith Presented at the SouthwestiTexas Popular Culture AssociatiordAmerican Culture Association Conference, “ATOMIC CULTURE IN THE NUCLEAR AGE,” Albuquerque, N.M. February 14,2002, Abstract: The alliance of J. Robert Oppenheimer, scientist, and Leslie R. Groves, military leader, is often interpreted as the classic example of the clash between the academic mind and the military style. Evidence suggests, instead, that it was a collaboration that led to the dawn of the nuclear age. Instead of a clash, it was collaboration and an implosion of the diverse talents needed for the success of this project. Discussion of these flawed and fascinating individuals still ignites controversy today. This presentation will explore the backgrounds and personalities of these two men and their work together to accomplish their mission. Was the aftermath inevitable, given a relationship based on respect, but perhaps not trust? The genesis of the modern military-industrial complex rested on the genius of these two men, though they personify two distinct American sub-cultures. What lessons can be drawn from their wartime and post-war relationship? What analogies can be drawn for current American values? Introduction For the past fifty-seven years the myth of the “good” scientist vs. the “evil” military man has been personified by the relationship of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Leslie R. Groves during and after World War 11. This paper attempts to discuss their lives and their relationship and dispel a bit of the myth. New examinations of their relationship and contributions to the development of the atomic bomb are overdue.
  • 1214 Final Report SF 10 03 06-CS

    1214 Final Report SF 10 03 06-CS

    AN ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES, PATHWAYS, MECHANISMS AND RISKS OF CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE POLLUTION OF WATER AND SEDIMENTS IN GOLD-MINING AREAS OF THE WONDERFONTEINSPRUIT CATCHMENT Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION Compiled by Henk Coetzee Council for Geosience Reference to the whole of the publication should read: Coetzee, H. (compiler) 2004: An assessment of sources, pathways, mechanisms and risks of current and potential future pollution of water and sediments in gold-mining areas of the Wonderfonteinspruit catchment WRC Report No 1214/1/06, Pretoria, 266 pp. Reference to chapters/sections within the publication should read (example): Wade, P., Winde, F., Coetzee, H. (2004): Risk assessment. In: Coetzee, H (compiler): An assessment of sources, pathways, mechanisms and risks of current and potential future pollution of water and sediments in gold-mining areas of the Wonderfonteinspruit catchment. WRC Report No 1214/1/06, pp 119-165 WRC Report No 1214/1/06 ISBN No 1-77005-419-7 MARCH 2006 Executive summary 1. Introduction and historical background The eastern catchment of the Mooi River, also known as the Wonderfonteinspruit, has been identified in a number of studies as the site of significant radioactive and other pollution, generally attributed to the mining and processing of uraniferous gold ores in the area. With the establishment of West Rand Consolidated in 1887 gold mining reached the Wonderfonteinspruit catchment only one year after the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand. By 1895 five more gold mines had started operations in the (non-dolomitic) headwater region of the Wonderfonteinspruit as the westernmost part of the West Rand goldfield.
  • The Oppenheimer Years 1943-1945 6

    The Oppenheimer Years 1943-1945 6

    " . .When you come right down to it the reason that we did this job is because it was an organic necessity. If you are a scientist you cannot stop such a thing . You believe that it is good to find out how the world works . [and] to turn over to mankind at large the greatest possible power to control the world and to deal with it according to its lights and its values. " . I think it is true to say that atomic weapons are a peril which affect everyone in the world, and in that sense a completely common problem . I think that in order to handle this common problem there must be a complete sense of community responsibility. " . The one point I want to hammer home is what an enormous change in spirit is involved. There are things which we hold very dear, and I think rightly hold very dear; I would say that the word democracy perhaps stood for some of them as well as any other word. There are many parts of the world in which there is no democracy . And when I speak of a new spirit in international affairs I mean that even to these deepest of things which we cherish, and for which Americans have been willing to die—and certainly most of us would be willing to die—even in these deepest things, we realize that there is something more profound than that; namely the common bond with other men everywhere . .“ J. Robert Oppenheimer speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists Los Alamos November 2, 1945 Excerpts from a speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists in Los Alamos, New Mexico, on November 2, 1945.
  • The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” Is a Short History of the Origins and Develop- Ment of the American Atomic Bomb Program During World War H

    The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” Is a Short History of the Origins and Develop- Ment of the American Atomic Bomb Program During World War H

    f.IOE/MA-0001 -08 ‘9g [ . J vb JMkirlJkhilgUimBA’mmml — .— Q RDlmm UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ,:.. .- ..-. .. -,.,,:. ,.<,.;<. ~-.~,.,.- -<.:,.:-,------—,.--,,p:---—;-.:-- ---:---—---- -..>------------.,._,.... ,/ ._ . ... ,. “ .. .;l, ..,:, ..... ..’, .’< . Copies of this publication are available while supply lasts from the OffIce of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. BOX 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Attention: Information Services Telephone: (423) 576-8401 Also Available: The United States Department of Energy: A Summary History, 1977-1994 @ Printed with soy ink on recycled paper DO13MA-0001 a +~?y I I Tho PROJEOT UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY F.G. Gosling History Division Executive Secretariat Management and Administration Department of Energy ]January 1999 edition . DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. I DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 1 Foreword The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 brought together for the first time in one department most of the Federal Government’s energy programs.
  • Hands Meeting

    Hands Meeting

    U. S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Los Alamos Field Office Los Alamos National Laboratory LosLos Alamos Field Site Office 1 Site History Scientists in Nazi Germany discovered nuclear fission in late 1938. Refugee scientists Leo Szilard, Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner feared that the energy released in nuclear fission might be used in bombs by the Germans. They persuaded Albert Einstein, America's most famous physicist, to warn President Franklin Roosevelt of this danger in an Aug. 2, 1939, letter. In response to the warning, Roosevelt ordered increased research in nuclear physics. Los Alamos Site Office Site History Continued The United States initiated its own program under the Army Corps of Engineers in June 1942. America needed to build an atomic weapon before Germany or Japan did. General Leslie R. Groves, Deputy Chief of Construction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was appointed to direct this top-secret project. He in turn selected J. Robert Oppenheimer as the director. The search for a site began immediately. Los Alamos Site Office Site History The site of the Manhattan Project, Project Y was selected on November 16, 1942. It was the Los Alamos Ranch School, located on an isolated mesa in the Pajarito Plateau. The selection of the Project Y site must have several considerations: *It had to have adequate housing for 30 scientists. *The land had to be owned by the government or to be easily acquired in secrecy. *It had to be large enough and uninhabited so as to permit safe separation of sites for experiments.
  • Química (2016) 27, 240---248

    Química (2016) 27, 240---248

    Educación Química (2016) 27, 240---248 educación Química www.educacionquimica.info REFLECTION Henry Enfield Roscoe Jaime Wisniak Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel Received 14 July 2015; accepted 15 September 2015 Available online 1 June 2016 KEYWORDS Abstract Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833---1915), together with Robert Bunsen, his mentor, carried Photochemistry; on fundamental research in photochemistry, determining its laws and quantitative effects. His Vanadium; most important studies were on the chemistry of vanadium, uranium, tungsten, and molyb- Tungsten; denum, their oxides and oxychlorides, carrying on, for the first time, their synthesis and Niobium; separation. He also did important studies on public heath. His academic activities transformed Owens College (Victoria University) into the leading chemistry school in Britain. Public health; Education All Rights Reserved © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND 4.0. PALABRAS CLAVE Henry Enfield Roscoe Fotoquímica; Vanadio; Resumen Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833-1915), con la colaboración de Robert Bunsen, su men- Tungsten; tor, realizó estudios fundamentales sobre fotoquímica, fijando sus leyes, y la determinación Niobio; cuantitativa de sus efectos. Sus trabajos mas importantes fueron sobre la química del vanadio, uranio, tungsteno, y molibdeno, sus óxidos y oxicloruros, realizando, por primera vez, su sínte- Salud pública; Educación sis y separación. Asimismo, efectuó estudios importantes sobre salud pública. Sus actividades pedagógicas transformaron a Owens College (Victoria University) en la escuela líder de química en Inglaterra. Derechos Reservados © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química.