DOCSLIB.ORG

The Phoenix Generation at Westminster Richard Carr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Phoenix Generation at Westminster Richard Carr The Phoenix Generation at Westminster Great War Veterans Turned Tory MPs, Democratic Political Culture, and the path of British Conservatism from the Armistice to the Welfare State Richard Carr BA East Anglia, M.Phil Cantab September 2010 Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of History, University of East Anglia. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that no quotation from the thesis, nor any information derived therefrom, may be published without the author's prior, written consent. © 1 Abstract This analysis intertwines two narratives: the impact of the Great War upon British public life, and the history of the Conservative Party. It shows how the memory of 1914-18 influenced Westminster politics for decades after the conflict. Whereas previous accounts have placed the ex-serviceman at the periphery of events – in pressure groups like the British Legion or as single issue campaigners fighting for issues directly connected to soldierly causes (war pensions, memorials and such) – this analyses those soldiers who became Conservative MPs after 1918 as a distinct and philosophically inquisitive cohort, and places them within the key trends and issues of the day. Using numerous archival sources, together with primary and secondary literature, it illustrates how the war formed a turning point in the lives of politicians later to assume prominence (including Harold Macmillan and Anthony Eden) together with lesser names. It places such figures within the Conservative Party structure – outlining bones of contention with the leadership, principally Stanley Baldwin, and at the same time shows where the ex-serviceman cohort was unable to reach consensus. In its later sections, it shows why such a body did not rise up and rebel against parliamentary democracy in Great Britain, as they did in Germany and Italy. It also challenges popular perceptions of the political isolation of Oswald Mosley, the shape of anti-appeasement movements within Westminster, and the nature of the post-war consensus. Finally, it outlines how this cohort was eventually eclipsed by younger men, and how an understanding of this very eclipse can help explain the path British politics took in the second half of the twentieth century. Partially jettisoned then, is the impression painted by literary works of a generation shell-shocked to the point of inertia, and condemned to wallow in despair. In its place emerges a tale of sustained political activism. Word Count This thesis comprises a total of 96,449 words. Thesis Content Statement The following represents only the candidate’s work (i.e. nothing by way of collaboration), and has not been previously submitted for any degree, at UEA or elsewhere. 2 List of Abbreviations The following are acronyms and abbreviations used in the main body of text. Footnotes are also abbreviated, indicated in the bibliography. B.U.F. – British Union of Fascists D.S.O. – Distinguished Service Order L.N.U. – League of Nation’s Union M.C. – Military Cross N.U.X. – National Union of Ex-Servicemen O.T.C. – Officer Training Corps O.W.D. – Out of Work Donation Scheme, introduced in November 1918. R.I.C. – Royal Irish Constabulary T.R.C. – Tory Reform Committee U.D.C. – Union of Democratic Control Y.M.C.A. – the loose alignment of young Tory members that emerged in the mid- 1920s. 3 Acknowledgements Having researched long deceased Tory politicians for almost four years, I have many to thank for both their help and occasional patience. Academically, my BA at UEA provided a solid base from which to build. Ian Farr and Geoff Hicks helped curb my tendencies towards waffle, and focused my attention on the interwar years. During my postgraduate year at Cambridge, Jon Lawrence helped shape many of the techniques that inform this study. Given the sometimes tenuous nature of my requests, it would be remiss not to reserve a word of thanks to the various archivists and librarians I have directly or indirectly bothered in Birmingham, Cambridge, Dublin, Guernsey, Hertford, London, Norwich and Oxford. Allen Packwood at the Churchill Archives Centre has been particularly helpful. Lady Avon and the Conservative Party kindly gave me permission to access their material. John Colfox has shared memories of his father which helped bring the interwar period a little closer to home. Many have read or heard what follows in its early stages. To the organisers at the various conferences I have attended, my thanks. Ben Worthy at the Constitution Unit, UCL has read and commented on the election chapter. David Singerman has allowed me to impinge upon our friendship, and take time off from his own PhD at MIT, by also taking a look in parts. Bradley Hart of Churchill College, Cambridge has read through an early draft of the work in its entirety, offered helpful comments, and remained typically breezy throughout, even on the ludicrously slow and often WiFi less X-5 to Oxford. For accommodation and friendship - particularly throughout my nomadic first doctoral year - I cannot ignore Pablo Candela, Jonathan Hollander, Lloyd Husbands, Huw Jones and Shoop Oei. Pete Cherns has received my email banter with good humour from Grenoble. My thanks to them all. The staff at Caffe Nero, Market Street, Cambridge deserve a medal, or at least a muffin. Likewise, Viva La Maharajah! For my PhD years at UEA I must thank the Faculty of Arts and Humanities for financial support. Malcolm Gaskill has been of great assistance regarding the Charles Loseby papers, whilst Steve Cherry and Larry Butler have read through and commented on the first three chapters in their embryonic forms. Even if he may disagree in part with what follows, John Charmley has provided kind and focused supervision throughout. He has been a pleasure to work with, and his encouragement is much appreciated. Paradoxically for a study focused almost entirely on men, I must conclude by thanking two women. Anything I have accomplished would not be possible without the continued support of my mother, Deirdre. From birth to adulthood one could not wish for a more caring figure. I am immensely grateful for all she has done for me. Latterly, Sarah Kathryn Barnes has provided a love and affection the gratitude for which I cannot adequately express. She has put up with, most probably, the odd bout of grumpiness in the time we have known one another. She has also had to toil in a lab whilst I swan about indulging in the caffeine filled lethargy of a history PhD. All I can say in return is how glad I am that she is the biggest part of my life, and that I love her more than anything. 4 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Word Count .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Thesis Content Statement ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .1 The Problem .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 .2 The Pervasion of Trauma ................................................................................................................................................. 13 .3 Structure ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 .4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21 .5 The War and Conservatism ............................................................................................................................................ 24 .6 Mannheim and Generations ........................................................................................................................................... 27 .7 Who Were the Phoenix Generation? .......................................................................................................................... 32 .8 Chapter by Chapter ............................................................................................................................................................. 33 1: 1914 and All That ..................................................................................................................................................................... 38 1.1 A Vision of Pre-War Eton .............................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sarajevo a Stud Y in the Origins of the Grea Τ War
    SARAJEVO A STUD Y IN THE ORIGINS OF THE GREA Τ WAR By R. W. SETON-WATSON D.Litt. (Oxon), Hon. Ph.D. (Prague and Zagreb); Masaryk Professor of Central European History in the University of London; Hon. Member of the Roumanian Academy LONDON: HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. Made and Printed in Great Britain by The Camelot Press Limited, London and Southampton TO MY WIFE AS A MEMORY OF FOUR JUGOSLAV JOURNEYS TOGETHER (1912, 1913, 1920, 1925.) SARAJEVO (A SERB FOLKSONG) Sarajevo, whence comes thy gloom? Tell me, has fire consumed thee? Or has the flood engulfed thy streets? Or has the plague laid hold on thee? Softly Sarajevo gives answer: " Had fire consumed me so sore, My shining courts would rise again. Had the fierce flood engulfed my streets, My markets would be cleansed and fresh. But plague has laid her murderous hand, Her murderous hand on young and old, And those I love has torn apart." PREFACE MUCH has been written on the immediate origins of the Great War and the complicated diplomatic conflict which preceded actual hostilities; but till very recently the Balkan aspect of the question has not received the attention which it deserves. The two most authoritative surveys in English — Mr. Headlam-Morley's The History of Twelve Days (1915) and Sir Charles Oman's The Outbreak of the War (1918) — are now both out of date, owing to the subsequent publication of the German and Austrian diplomatic documents, and of much supple- mentary material of a less official character. Thus there is great need of a book summarising all the latest evidence on a question which is of burning importance in the Europe of to-day.
    [Show full text]
  • London Calling: BBC External Services, Whitehall and the Cold War 1944- 57
    London calling: BBC external services, Whitehall and the cold war 1944- 57. Webb, Alban The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1577 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] LONDON CALLING: SSC EXTERNAL SERVICES, WHITEHALL AND THE COLD WAR, 1944-57 ALBAN WEBB Queen Mary College, University of London A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Signed: '~"\ ~~Ue6b Alban Webb Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Signed: Alban Webb ABSTRACT The Second World War had radically changed the focus of the BBC's overseas operation from providing an imperial service in English only, to that of a global broadcaster speaking to the world in over forty different languages. The end of that conflict saw the BBC's External Services, as they became known, re-engineered for a world at peace, but it was not long before splits in the international community caused the postwar geopolitical landscape to shift, plunging the world into a cold war. At the British government's insistence a re-calibration of the External Services' broadcasting remit was undertaken, particularly in its broadcasts to Central and Eastern Europe, to adapt its output to this new and emerging world order.
    [Show full text]
  • Recall of Mps
    House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee Recall of MPs First Report of Session 2012–13 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 21 June 2012 HC 373 [incorporating HC 1758-i-iv, Session 2010-12] Published on 28 June 2012 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to consider political and constitutional reform. Current membership Mr Graham Allen MP (Labour, Nottingham North) (Chair) Mr Christopher Chope MP (Conservative, Christchurch) Paul Flynn MP (Labour, Newport West) Sheila Gilmore MP (Labour, Edinburgh East) Andrew Griffiths MP (Conservative, Burton) Fabian Hamilton MP (Labour, Leeds North East) Simon Hart MP (Conservative, Camarthen West and South Pembrokeshire) Tristram Hunt MP (Labour, Stoke on Trent Central) Mrs Eleanor Laing MP (Conservative, Epping Forest) Mr Andrew Turner MP (Conservative, Isle of Wight) Stephen Williams MP (Liberal Democrat, Bristol West) Powers The Committee’s powers are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in Temporary Standing Order (Political and Constitutional Reform Committee). These are available on the Internet via http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmstords.htm. Publication The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the internet at www.parliament.uk/pcrc. A list of Reports of the Committee in the present Parliament is at the back of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Town and Country Planning
    TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ENGLISH LANDSCAPE Typical of the heart of the English scene, a fitting background for the noble towns of to-morrow, this landscape is within ten minutes’ walking distance of the centre of a twentieth-century industrial town, Welwyn Garden City TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING A Study of Physical Environment: The Prelude to Post-War Reconstruction gilbert M cAllister and ELIZABETH GLEN McALLISTER with a foreword by The Rt. Hon. ARTHUR GREENWOOD, M.P. FABER AND FABER LIMITED 24 Russell Square London m o First published in July Mcrnxli by Faber and Faber Limited 24 Russell Square London W.C. 1 Second impression October Mcrnxli Third impression March Mcmxliii Printed in Great Britain by R. MacLehose and Company Limited The University Press Glasgow A ll rights reserved BIBLIOTEKA MINISTERSTWA W a t I Q.P. /om. KATHARINE BRUCE GLASIER FOREWORD By The Rt. Hon. Arthur Greenwood, M.P. (Member of the War Cabinet and Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Reconstruction Problems) Ieace will come with honour and victory. When it does come the people and the Government of this country will be faced with the special duty of reconstructing the fabric of our national, social and cultural life on a new and better pattern. It is my special responsibility to consider now, even when the people of this country are bearing the stresses and strains of war and the horrors of aerial bombardment with a fortitude that has amazed the world, what steps are necessary to produce an ordered social economy giving security to all. Within the framework of this larger pattern come the problems of physical reconstruction with which my colleague Lord Reith, as Minister of Works and Build­ ings, is specially concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • (I) Sir Cuthbert Headlam: the Second Phase Cuthbert Morley Headlam Came from a Minor Gentry Family Which Had Its Roots in North Yorkshire and South County Durham
    2 The Headlam Diaries text, and its value as a source. Together, these furnish the context in which the diary can be used and understood. (i) Sir Cuthbert Headlam: the Second Phase Cuthbert Morley Headlam came from a minor gentry family which had its roots in north Yorkshire and south County Durham. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Headlams were extensively involved in the respectable professions of the armed services, the Established Church, the law, and public school and university education. Born on 27 April 1876 into a cadet branch, Cuthbert was educated at King's School, Canterbury, and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He had no inherited income to fall back upon, and throughout his life had to make his own living. On leaving Oxford in 1897 he accepted the offer of a Clerkship in the House of Lords. Here he remained until 1924, with the interruption of service on the Western Front between 1915 and 1918 during which he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on the General Staff. The Lords' clerkship proved to be a dreary dead end, but after his marriage to Beatrice Crawley in 1904 he was dependent upon its salary. However, in the early 1920s the development of an independent income from journalistic and business activities at last made venturing into politics a possibility, albeit a risky one. Even then, Headlam had not the surplus wealth necessary to fund the large annual subscription usually required from their candidates by Conservative Associations in safe seats. Throughout his career he was to find himself rejected on these grounds in favour of less able men, an experience which contributed to his growing embitterment by the mid-1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • D. H. Lawrence and the Harlem Renaissance
    ‘You are white – yet a part of me’: D. H. Lawrence and the Harlem Renaissance A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Laura E. Ryan School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 3 Declaration ................................................................................................................. 4 Copyright statement ................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1: ‘[G]roping for a way out’: Claude McKay ................................................ 55 Chapter 2: Chaos in Short Fiction: Langston Hughes ............................................ 116 Chapter 3: The Broken Circle: Jean Toomer .......................................................... 171 Chapter 4: ‘Becoming [the superwoman] you are’: Zora Neale Hurston................. 223 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 267 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 271 Word Count: 79940 3
    [Show full text]
  • Liberals in Coalition
    For the study of Liberal, SDP and Issue 72 / Autumn 2011 / £10.00 Liberal Democrat history Journal of LiberalHI ST O R Y Liberals in coalition Vernon Bogdanor Riding the tiger The Liberal experience of coalition government Ian Cawood A ‘distinction without a difference’? Liberal Unionists and Conservatives Kenneth O. Morgan Liberals in coalition, 1916–1922 David Dutton Liberalism and the National Government, 1931–1940 Matt Cole ‘Be careful what you wish for’ Lessons of the Lib–Lab Pact Liberal Democrat History Group 2 Journal of Liberal History 72 Autumn 2011 new book from tHe History Group for details, see back page Journal of Liberal History issue 72: Autumn 2011 The Journal of Liberal History is published quarterly by the Liberal Democrat History Group. ISSN 1479-9642 Riding the tiger: the Liberal experience of 4 Editor: Duncan Brack coalition government Deputy Editor: Tom Kiehl Assistant Editor: Siobhan Vitelli Vernon Bogdanor introduces this special issue of the Journal Biographies Editor: Robert Ingham Reviews Editor: Dr Eugenio Biagini Coalition before 1886 10 Contributing Editors: Graham Lippiatt, Tony Little, York Membery Whigs, Peelites and Liberals: Angus Hawkins examines coalitions before 1886 Patrons A ‘distinction without a difference’? 14 Dr Eugenio Biagini; Professor Michael Freeden; Ian Cawood analyses how the Liberal Unionists maintained a distinctive Professor John Vincent identity from their Conservative allies, until coalition in 1895 Editorial Board The coalition of 1915–1916 26 Dr Malcolm Baines; Dr Roy Douglas; Dr Barry Doyle; Prelude to disaster: Ian Packer examines the Asquith coalition of 1915–16, Dr David Dutton; Prof. David Gowland; Prof. Richard which brought to an end the last solely Liberal government Grayson; Dr Michael Hart; Peter Hellyer; Dr J.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinventing Civil Society: the Rediscovery of Welfare Without Politics
    Civitas Reinventing Civil Society Civitas Choice in Welfare No. 17 Reinventing Civil Society: The Rediscovery of Welfare Without Politics David G. Green Civitas London, 1993 First published in 1993 by Civitas © Civitas 1993 All rights reserved ISBN 0-255 36279-X Typeset in Palatino 11 on 12 point Printed in Great Britain by Goron Pro-Print Co. Ltd Churchill Industrial Estate, Lancing, West Sussex Contents page The Author vi Acknowledgements vii Preface viii Introduction 1 Part I The Ideal of Liberty 1 The Institutions Fundamental to Liberty 6 2 The Indispensable Ethos of Liberty: Personal Responsibility 21 Part II The Lived Reality of Liberty 3 The Evolution of Mutual Aid 30 4 Character-Building Associations 46 5 Cash Benefits and Family Independence 54 6 Who Joined? 63 7 Medical Care 70 Part III The Friendly Societies and the State 8 The Classical-Liberal Heyday: 1834-1911 89 9 1911: National Insurance and the Crowding Out of Mutual Aid 98 10 1948: The Eradication of Mutual Aid 109 Part IV Conclusions 11 Re-Energising Civil Society 122 Tables 1 Registered Membership of General Friendly Societies in 1910 42 2 Initiation Fees, Ancient Order of Foresters, 1907 56 3 Sick and Funeral Fund Contributions, AOF, 1907 56 4 Doctors' Pay in Contract Practice, 1905 83 v The Author Dr David Green is the Director of the Health and Welfare Unit at the Institute of Economic Affairs. He was formerly a Labour councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1976 until 1981, and from 1981 to 1983 was a Research Fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • In the Shadow of War
    (. o tL ý(-ct 5 /ýkOO IN THE SHADOW OF WAR Continuities and Discontinuities in the construction of the identities masculine of British soldiers, 1914 - 1924 i W" NLARGARET MILLNUN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsof the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of PHosophy July 2002 ABSTRACT The upheavalsof the cataclysmof the First World War reverberatedthrough every comer of British society, how society was reconstructedafterwards is the subject of enormouscritical debate. This study examineshow masculinitieswere disrupted and. reconstructedduring and after the war. It is a study of British men, previously civilians, who becameservicemen in the First World War. It aims to map the continuitiesand discontinuitiesin the construction of their masculineidentities during war and in its aftermath in the 1920s. Pioneeredby feminist scholarsconcerned with analysingthe historical construction of femininity, the study of gender relations has becomea significant area of historical enquiry. This has resulted in a substantialbody of historical scholarshipon the history of masculinitiesand the increasingvisibility of men as genderedsubjects whose masculinities are lived and imagined. This thesis is informed by, and engageswith, the histories of masculinities. It also draws on recent historical researchon the cultural legacy of the war. The first chapter explores the subjectiveresponses to becominga soldier through an examinationof personalmemoirs; largely unpublishedsources drawn from memoriesand written or recordedby men as narrativesof their wartime experiences.The subject of the secondchapter is shell shock. The outbreak of shell shock among the troops aroused anxietiesabout masculinity. The competing versionsof masculinitieswhich emergedin military and medical discoursesis examined. Returning to individual memoirs,the chapter examineshow men producedtheir own representationsof the shell shockedman contesting other versions.
    [Show full text]
  • Walter Runciman and the Decline of the Liberal Party
    WaltER RUNCIMAN AND thE DECliNE of thE LIBERal PARTY Historians remain divided about the contribution that biography can make to their craft. Those who believe that the study of individuals is important because the decisions of those individuals affect the course of events and that the replacement of one key player in the historical mosaic can significantly change the way in which history evolves are matched by others who argue that biography inevitably exaggerates the role and significance of the individual and distorts the reality of the historical narrative. By David Dutton.1 26 Journal of Liberal History 84 Autumn 2014 WaltER RUNCIMAN AND thE DECliNE of thE LIBERal PARTY etween someone like parliament alongside his own father seafaring family. Two of his great- Thomas Carlyle, who and even of having preceded him grandfathers fought as midshipmen Bwrote that ‘history is the there. A governmental colleague at Trafalgar, while his father, also essence of innumerable biogra- offered a very fair assessment of him called Walter, rose from humble phies’, and the committed Marxist in 1912. ‘Runciman,’ he wrote, ‘is beginnings to own a major ship- who views the individual as a help- able, honest, hard-working, coura- ping company in the north-east. less cork bobbing up and down on geous, but while a good speaker, The traditional Liberal commit- the remorseless tides of economic just lacks that touch of genius which ment to free trade was part of the determinism, there can be no meet- Churchill has got, and that charm young Walter’s thinking as a pros- ing of minds.2 But somewhere which Lloyd George abounds in.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservatives in British Government and the Search for a Social Policy 1918-1923
    71-22,488 HOGAN, Neil William, 1936- THE CONSERVATIVES IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SEARCH FOR A SOCIAL POLICY 1918-1923. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 History, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE CONSERVATIVES IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SEARCH FOR A SOCIAL POLICY 1918-1923 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Neil William Hogan, B.S.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by I AdvAdviser iser Department of History PREFACE I would like to acknowledge my thanks to Mr. Geoffrey D.M. Block, M.B.E. and Mrs. Critch of the Conservative Research Centre for the use of Conservative Party material; A.J.P. Taylor of the Beaverbrook Library for his encouragement and helpful suggestions and his efficient and courteous librarian, Mr. Iago. In addition, I wish to thank the staffs of the British Museum, Public Record Office, West Sussex Record Office, and the University of Birmingham Library for their aid. To my adviser, Professor Phillip P. Poirier, a special acknowledgement#for his suggestions and criticisms were always useful and wise. I also want to thank my mother who helped in the typing and most of all my wife, Janet, who typed and proofread the paper and gave so much encouragement in the whole project. VITA July 27, 1936 . Bom, Cleveland, Ohio 1958 .......... B.S.S., John Carroll University Cleveland, Ohio 1959 - 1965 .... U.
    [Show full text]