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The Wilderness Library The Wilderness Library We gratefully acknowledge the permission granted for publication of this work by the copyright holder(s): © 1992 Daniel R. Williams; Joseph W. Roggenbuck United States Department of Agriculture Visitor Characteristics and Forest Service Preferences for Three National lntermountain Research Station Forest Wildernesses in the Research Paper INT-455 South July 1992 Alan E. Watson Daniel R. Williams Joseph W. Roggenbuck John J. Daigle THE AUTHORS RESEARCH SUMMARY ALAN E. WATSON is research social scientist with the Inter- Greater knowledge is needed about visitors to federally mountain Research Station’s Wilderness Management re- classified wilderness in the South, the reasons they visit search work unit at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory on the wilderness, and the ways wilderness conditions influence University of Montana campus, Missoula. Dr. Watson attended their experiences. This information will allow areas within the School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, Virginia Poly- the region to be compared, and it will improve the potential technic institute and State University, Blacksburg, receiving for tracking future changes that may require management a bachelor’s, a master’s, and in 1983, a Ph.D. degree. His changes. research interests are primarily in wilderness experience qual- Visitors to the Cohutta Wilderness in Georgia, Caney ity, including the influences of conflict, solitude, and visitor Creek Wilderness in Arkansas, and Upland island Wilder- impacts. ness in Texas were surveyed to gather baseline data on use and user characteristics. These characteristics included DANIEL R. WILLlAMS is assistant professor of forest recre- length of visit, group size, activities participated in, social en- ation, Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic institute counter levels, availability of substitute sites, place of resi- and State University, Blacksburg. Dr. Williams received his dence, sociodemographic information, previous wilderness B.S. degree from the University of Nevada, Reno; his M.S. de- experience, level of attachment for wilderness, and visitor gree from Utah State University, Logan; and his Ph.D. degree preferences for wilderness conditions. in forest recreation from the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Results suggest many differences among visitors to the in 1984.. He has written extensively on outdoor recreation be- three wilderness areas studied. The areas differed in some havior, particularly the role of past experience on recreation aspects of visit characteristics, visitor characteristics, and motivation and choice. visitor preferences. This baseline information also suggests JOSEPH W. ROGGENBUCK is associate professor of forest differences among these areas and other wilderness areas recreation, Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic insti- studied, most located in the Western United States. tute and State University, Blacksburg. Dr. Roggenbuck re- This report provides knowledge about current visitation. ceived his B.S. and his M.S. degrees from the University of It may help in planning future educational programs, selecting Michigan, Ann Arbor, and his Ph.D. degree in forest recreation wilderness quality indicators for Limits of Acceptable Change from Utah State University, Logan, in 1975. He has written applications, and establishing management objectives for many papers on wilderness management, particularly on use experience-related issues. and user characteristics. JOHN J. DAIGLE was an outdoor recreation planner with CONTENTS the intermountain Research Station’s Wilderness Manage- Page ment research work unit at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, introduction . 1 Missoula, MT, when this project was begun. He is now study- Baseline Surveys . 2 ing rural community development issues at the University of Study Areas . 2 Massachusetts, Amherst, assigned to the Northeastern Forest Stratification of Wilderness Areas . 2 Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agri- Selected Areas . 3 culture. He received his B.S. degree in recreation resources Survey Methods . 7 management from the University of Maine, Orono, in 1986. Season of Use . 7 He received a master’s degree in recreation resources and Sources of Samples . .................... 7 landscape architecture from Colorado State University, Fort Sampling Procedures . 7 Collins, in 1990. He has written publications on wilderness Mail Questionnaire Procedures . 7 recreation visitor conflict and management. Visitor Response Rates . 8 Implications of Nonresponse Findings ACKNOWLEDGMENTS for Results . 8 Results . 8 This research was partially funded by the Virginia Polytech- Visit Characteristics . 8 nic institute and State University, and Southern Region, Forest Visitor Characteristics . 14 Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Special acknowledg- Visitor Preferences . 19 ment to Larry Phillips, Southern Region wilderness specialist; Summary of Results . 24 Jim Morphew. Clinton Sykes, and Gordon Steele, National Visit Characteristics . 24 Forests in Texas; Robert Waldon, Ouachita National Forest; Visitor Characteristics . 24 J. Mark Young, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; Visitor Preferences . 25 Bill Black, Mike Davis, Johnny Jones, and Harriett DiGioia, Management implications . 25 Chattahoochee National Forest; and Kathleen Goggin and Research implications . 26 Tim Hammond, Intermountain Research Station, for excep- References . 26 tional contributions during data collection. Intermountain Research Station 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84491 Visitor Characteristics and Preferences for Three National Forest Wildernesses in the South Alan E. Watson Daniel R. Williams Joseph W. Roggenbuck John J. Daigle INTRODUCTION resource. Recreational use is the threat that might be easiest to manage. Since 1964, a series of legislative acts (Browning The research reported here is intended to help and others 1989) has built our National Wilderness managers in the South: Preservation System from an original 9 million acres in 55 areas to more than 91 million acres in nearly 1. Understand who visits wilderness. 500 separate management units. Each unit is man- 2. Understand why people visit wilderness. aged by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agri- 3. Understand how wilderness experiences are culture, or the National Park Service, Bureau of Land influenced by conditions in wilderness. Management, or Fish and Wildlife Service, all of the 4. Have a baseline for comparisons of future U.S. Department of the Interior. Classified wilder- wilderness conditions and visitor preferences. ness exists in all but six States (Kansas, Rhode Is- Roggenbuck and Lucas (1987) and Watson (1990) land, Connecticut, Maryland, Delaware, and Iowa). have summarized why wilderness managers are in- The growth of the wilderness system can be illus- terested in information about wilderness visitors and trated by changes in the Forest Service’s Southern how they use wilderness. This knowledge could in- Region. Extending from Texas, east to Florida and crease the effectiveness of visitor management. north to include Virginia, Kentucky, and Arkansas, Knowledge of visitors and their use of wilderness this region had only two wilderness units designated is considered essential to lighthanded management in 1964-both in North Carolina. By 1979, the num- (Lucas 19801. Such approaches are usually preferred ber of individual areas had grown to 16. Between for influencing the behavior of wilderness visitors 1980 and 1984, five additions were made to existing (Watson 1989). Lighthanded approaches emphasize areas and 46 new areas were established. From 1985 subtle, unobtrusive management to help maintain until 1988, six more additions were made to existing the freedom, spontaneity, and sense of escape that areas and 15 new areas were established. Every visitors expect from wilderness. Knowledge of visi- State in the Region now includes classified wilder- tor characteristics could help managers understand ness. The number of wilderness areas in the Region who is likely to comply with lighthanded appeals has increased only slightly since 1988, to a total of (Swearingen and Johnson 1990). In addition, such 76. Future increases probably will be minimal. Re- knowledge could be helpful when selecting direct cent growth trends are not likely to be repeated. management strategies. Visitor education has long While the supply of wilderness is not expected to been heralded to help persuade visitors to refrain increase much in the Southern Region, recreation from high-impact behaviors they don’t realize are demand on these lands remains high. Wilderness harmful in wilderness. Much of the confidence in areas in this Region are relatively easily accessed visitor education arises from the high formal educa- by a large portion of the Nation’s population. The tion of wilderness visitors (Roggenbuck and Lucas importance of wilderness is expected to grow in every 1987). region because of other values (Cordell and others Previous research in both the social and ecological 1990). These include contributions to air quality, wa- impacts of visitor use suggests the relationship with ter quality, wildlife habitat protection, and ecosys- increasing use is not linear. It is influenced by use tem preservation. To maintain these values, manag- characteristics as much or more than by the amount ers must remain alert to threats to the wilderness of use (Cole 1982; Helgath 1975; LaPage 1967). Many 1 of the threats to wilderness, as well as wilderness 3. Visitor preferences for wilderness
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