DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effectiveness of Augmented Reality for Astronauts on Lunar Missions: an Analog Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effectiveness of Augmented Reality for Astronauts on Lunar Missions: an Analog Study Dissertations and Theses 12-2019 The Effectiveness of Augmented Reality for Astronauts on Lunar Missions: An Analog Study Godfrey Valencio D’souza Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Aerospace Engineering Commons This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUGMENTED REALITY FOR ASTRONAUTS ON LUNAR MISSIONS: AN ANALOG STUDY By Godfrey Valencio D’souza A Thesis Submitted to the College of Aviation, School of Graduate Studies, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida December 2019 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUGMENTED REALITY FOR ASTRONAUTS ON ii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Jennifer Thropp for your immense support during my graduate degree. Thank you for your support and guidance of my project, and for the unfailing patience and understanding as I worked through its entire development. Without your guidance and immense experience, this project would not have turned out to be a success. Thank you to my committee member, Dr. Robert L. Thomas, for your time and dedication to my researcher and the hours you devoted. I could not have accomplished this without you. I am most grateful to my mom and dad, Annie and Peter, for always teaching me to work hard and strive towards excellence in everything I do. Without you, I would not have been where I am today. I also would like to thank Brenna for her constant love, support and inputs throughout the project. Lastly, I would like to God for the gifts of knowledge and understanding, and all the blessings I have received throughout the years of my life here at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. iii Abstract Researcher: Godfrey Valencio D’souza Title: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUGMENTED REALITY FOR ASTRONAUTS ON LUNAR MISSIONS: AN ANALOG STUDY Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Master of Science in Aeronautics Year: 2019 The uses of augmented reality and head-up displays are becoming more prominent in industries such as aviation, automotive, and medicine. An augmented reality device such as the Microsoft HoloLens can project holograms onto the user’s natural field of view to assist with completion of a variety of tasks. Unfortunately, only a little research and development has begun in the space sector for astronauts using these head-up displays. Future lunar missions could incorporate augmented reality for astronauts to ease task load and improve accuracy. This study evaluated the usability, subjective workload, and task performance of 22 participants using the Microsoft HoloLens to complete tasks that are analogous to those completed by astronauts on a lunar mission, including navigation, rock sample collection, and maintenance tasks. Results from the usability survey, NASA-TLX, and usability interview suggested that augmented reality could support astronaut missions by means of reduced workload and task errors. Usability data information collected from the participants sought to improve on the user interface and confirmed the aforementioned results. The researcher concluded that further research must be conducted to test the development of augmented reality interfaces along with the usability aspect by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration astronauts. iv Table of Contents Page Thesis Review Committee .............................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables.................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ...............................................................................................................xii Chapter I Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Significance of Study .................................................................... 2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................. 3 Purpose Statement......................................................................... 4 Research Questions ....................................................................... 4 Hypotheses ................................................................................... 5 Delimitations ................................................................................ 6 Limitations and Assumptions ........................................................ 7 Definition of Terms....................................................................... 8 List of Acronyms .......................................................................... 9 II Review of the Relevant Literature........................................................... 11 Augmented Reality ..................................................................... 11 Heads Up/Head-Worn/Head-Mounted Displays .......................... 12 Usability Considerations of Augmented Reality .......................... 12 Integration of Augmented Reality into the Industry ..................... 15 v Microsoft HoloLens .................................................................... 16 Microsoft HoloLens in industrial settings ........................ 16 NASA’s Astronauts ......................................................... 17 Spacesuit systems ............................................................ 18 International Space Station .............................................. 19 Apollo Missions and Astronaut Rock Sample Collection . 19 ISS Tasks ........................................................................ 20 Astronaut Workload ........................................................ 21 Future Lunar Missions ..................................................... 21 NASA and the Microsoft HoloLens ................................. 22 Summary .................................................................................... 24 III Methodology .......................................................................................... 27 Research Approach ..................................................................... 27 Design and Procedures ................................................................ 27 Tools for Development .................................................... 29 Windows 10 OS .............................................................. 29 Unity ............................................................................... 29 Mixed Reality Toolkit ..................................................... 30 Mixed Reality Camera ..................................................... 30 Animated Cursor ............................................................. 31 Gesture (air tap)............................................................... 31 Voice Input...................................................................... 31 Canvas ............................................................................ 32 vi Maintenance Animations ................................................. 32 Vuforia Configuration ..................................................... 33 World Holograms ............................................................ 33 AR UI ............................................................................. 34 Dynamics 365 Remote Assist .......................................... 34 Deploying and Testing the Application ............................ 36 Mission Control ............................................................... 36 HoloLens Familiarization Training .................................. 37 Pre-study Briefing ................................................ 37 HoloLens Training Application ............................ 37 Mission Training .................................................. 38 Astronaut Missions .......................................................... 41 Mission 1 ........................................................................ 41 Maintenance Task ................................................ 41 Navigation and Rock Sample Collection Task ...... 42 Remote Assistance Task ...................................... 42 Mission 2 ........................................................................ 43 Maintenance Task ................................................ 43 Navigation and Rock Sample Collection Task ...... 43 Remote Assistance Task ...................................... 43 Apparatus and Materials.............................................................. 44 Microsoft HoloLens ........................................................ 44 Lunar Environment.......................................................... 45 vii Collection Samples .......................................................... 46 Lunar Base ...................................................................... 47 Lunar Bacteria Filter Component ..................................... 47 Astronaut Tools ............................................................... 48 Population/Sample .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Walk-Centric User Interfaces for Mixed Reality
    Walk-Centric User Interfaces for Mixed Reality Wallace Santos Lages Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Computer Science and Applications Doug A. Bowman, Committee Chair Joe Gabbard Tobias Höllerer Chris L. North Nicholas F. Polys June 22, 2018 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, 3D User Interfaces Copyright © 2018 by Wallace Santos Lages Walk-Centric User Interfaces for Mixed Reality Wallace Santos Lages ABSTRACT Walking is a natural part of our lives and is also becoming increasingly common in mixed reality. Wireless headsets and improved tracking systems allow us to easily navigate real and virtual environments by walking. In spite of the benefits, walking brings challenges to the design of new systems. In particular, designers must be aware of cognitive and motor requirements so that walking does not negatively impact the main task. Unfortunately, those demands are not yet fully understood. In this dissertation, we present new scientific evidence, interaction designs, and analysis of the role of walking in different mixed reality applications. We evaluated the difference in performance of users walking vs. manipulating a dataset during visual analysis. This is an important task, since virtual reality is increasingly being used as a way to make sense of progressively complex datasets. Our findings indicate that neither option is absolutely better: the optimal design choice should consider both user’s experience with controllers and user’s inherent spatial ability. Participants with reasonable game experience and low spatial ability performed better using the manipulation technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Latest Features Available from the Windows 10 Updates That Could Be Beneficial for Students & Businesses Based Within the Milwaukee Area
    Latest features available from the windows 10 updates that could be beneficial for students & businesses based within the Milwaukee area By: Jeremy Konetz | November 20, 2018 | Informative Article What are some of the benefits that the latest windows 10 updates provide to students and Milwaukee area-based businesses? Note the last three updates made available through windows 10 updates are windows 10 version 1709 (Released: January 23, 2018), windows 10 version 1803 (Released: July 6, 2018), and windows 10 version 1809 (Released: October 1, 2018). What are some of the beneficial updates provided in the Windows 10 update version 1709 released on January 23, 2018, one of the first updates Windows 10 released this year. What are the areas that this update has improved on? 1) Deployment a. Launching the autopilot application. i. Accomplished through a zero-touch experience. Example shown in figure 1. Figure 1 Resource link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/whats-new-windows-10- version-1709 ii. Client or organization profile configuration can be accomplished at the vendor with the devices sent directly to them upon completion. Example shown in figure 2. Figure 2 1 Resource link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/whats-new-windows-10- version-1709 b. Activation on subscription to windows 10. i. Feature allows for Windows 10 enterprise to be deployed within an organizational networks structure without applying any keys or rebooting of devices or components within an organizations operational system. See figure 3. Figure 3 1 Resource link: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/whats-new-windows-10- version-1709 ii.
    [Show full text]
  • Hp Mixed Reality Headset System Requirements
    Hp Mixed Reality Headset System Requirements Pachydermatous Meir ionizes enlargedly. Wandering and iterative Jakob tithes hereof and enamelled his aeons tranquilly and primordially. Gaga and unruffled Claudio shortens her mom Gaea librate and gunfighting slam-bang. Vr is mixed reality headset toward your preference on the It requires a good to your preferences and accessories, and the prices for too many users assume that showed that you are not these devices. Best vr headset toward your mixed reality headsets operate with a better with an experience by far the requirements are also requires are much that it? Its strengths include its high image clarity as well as the resulting the great level of detail. CPU, GPU, and memory are the most critical components. How tart the tech compares? Dive into place the company offers and reality system. Oculus Go and PSVR. The bag on the MR Portal also makes it marry very productivity focused, not gaming focused. Use voice commands to laugh stuff easier in mixed reality. Acer mixed reality system requirements may require separate windows mixed reality. Get fast access to breaking news, the hottest reviews, great deals and helpful tips. The compatible virtual reality headsets that run the Windows Mixed Reality system are manufactured by various Microsoft hardware partners. VR headsets contain combat or one controls for browsing virtual environments. Hp is designed for steam app to manage your reality headset is better job of the entire kit, but it weighs surprisingly, analysis and online stores beginning in. Some AR headsets are available on the market today, with more rumored to be coming in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Warren and Taylor-2014-In Tog-The Moon-'Author's Personal Copy'.Pdf
    This article was originally published in Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Warren P.H., and Taylor G.J. (2014) The Moon. In: Holland H.D. and Turekian K.K. (eds.) Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition, vol. 2, pp. 213-250. Oxford: Elsevier. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy 2.9 The Moon PH Warren, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA GJ Taylor, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA ã 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by P. H. Warren, volume 1, pp. 559–599, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd. 2.9.1 Introduction: The Lunar Context 213 2.9.2 The Lunar Geochemical Database 214 2.9.2.1 Artificially Acquired Samples 214 2.9.2.2 Lunar Meteorites 214 2.9.2.3 Remote-Sensing Data 215 2.9.3 Mare Volcanism
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Spectral Properties of Apollo 12 Landing Site Yann Chemin1, Ian Crawford2, Peter Grindrod2, and Louise Alexander2
    Assessment of spectral properties of Apollo 12 landing site Yann Chemin1, Ian Crawford2, Peter Grindrod2, and Louise Alexander2 1Student, Birkbeck Colllege, University of London 2Birkbeck Colllege, University of London Corresponding author: Yann Chemin1 Email address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The geology and mineralogy of the Apollo 12 landing site has been the subject of recent studies that this research attempts to complement from a remote sensing point of view using the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) sensor data, onboard the Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter. It is a higher spatial-spectral resolution sensor than the Clementine UVVis sensor and gives the opportunity to study the lunar surface with a comparatively more detailed spectral resolution. We used ISIS and GRASS GIS to study the M3 data. The M3 signatures are showing a monotonic featureless increment, with very low reflectance, suggesting a mature regolith. The regolith maturity is splitting the landing site in a younger Northwest and older Southeast. The mineral identification using the lunar sample spectra from within the Relab database found some similarity to a basaltic rock/glass mix. The spectrum features of clinopyroxene have been found in the Copernican rays and at the landing site. Lateral mixing increases FeO content away from the central part of the ray. The presence of clinopyroxene in the pigeonite basalt in the stratigraphy of the landing site brings forth some complexity in differentiating the Copernican ray’s clinopyroxene from the local source, as the spectra are twins but for their vertical shift in reflectance, reducing away from the central part of the ray. Spatial variations in mineralogy were not found mostly because of the pixel size compared to the landing site area.
    [Show full text]
  • Windows 10-New Features & Apps
    Windows 10-New Features & Apps By Tom Krauser This article discusses some of the new features and apps that come packaged in Windows 10. It is only a brief summary of these features. For more information you can search the internet or check YouTube for instructional videos on your topic of interest. The following links provide some good basic information on Windows 10 and should be helpful to you. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/products/windows?os=windows-10 https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4043948/windows-10-whats-new-in-fall-creators-update-1709 The following article from PC World Magazine provides articles on a lot of new features in Windows 10. https://www.pcworld.com/tag/windows10/ The following article by CNET discusses some of new features in the latest update to Windows 10. https://www.cnet.com/how-to/windows-10-tips-best-features/ Alarms & Clocks: A combination of alarm clock, world clock, timer, and stopwatch. Set alarms and reminders, check times around the world, and time your activities, including laps and splits. The following link discusses how to set timers, alarms, and stopwatches: https://www.howtogeek.com/225211/how-to-set-timers-alarms-and-stopwatches-in-windows-10/ Camera: Many modern devices with Windows include a webcam and, to use it, you need an app that helps you take pictures, record videos or stream video while video chatting. For this purpose, Microsoft has built an app called Camera, which is available by default in Windows 10. Connect: Use Connect App to Cast Your Smartphone Screen to Your PC.
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop on Moon in Transition: Apollo 14, Kreep, and Evolved Lunar Rocks
    WORKSHOP ON MOON IN TRANSITION: APOLLO 14, KREEP, AND EVOLVED LUNAR ROCKS (NASA-CR-I"'-- N90-I_02o rRAN31TION: APJLLN l_p KRFEP, ANu _VOLVFD LUNAR ROCKS (Lunar and Pl_net3ry !nst.) I_7 p C_CL O3B Unclas G3/91 0253133 LPI Technical Report Number 89-03 UNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE 3303 NASA ROAD 1 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77058-4399 7 WORKSHOP ON MOON IN TRANSITION: APOLLO 14, KREEP, AND EVOLVED LUNAR ROCKS Edited by G. J. Taylor and P. H. Warren Sponsored by Lunar and Planetary Institute NASA Johnson Space Center November 14-16, 1988 Houston, Texas Lunar and Planetary Institute 330 ?_NASA Road 1 Houston, Texas 77058-4399 LPI Technical Report Number 89-03 Compiled in 1989 by the LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE The Institute is operated by Universities Space Research Association under Contract NASW-4066 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Material in this document may be copied without restraint for Library, abstract service, educational, or personal research purposes; however, republication of any portion requires the written permission of the authors as well as appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. This report may be cited as: Taylor G. J. and Warren PI H., eds. (1989) Workshop on Moon in Transition: Apo{l_ 14 KREEP, and Evolved Lunar Rocks. [PI Tech. Rpt. 89-03. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. 156 pp. Papers in this report may be cited as: Author A. A. (1989) Title of paper. In W_nkshop on Moon in Transition: Ap_llo 14, KREEP, and Evolved Lunar Rocks (G. J. Taylor and P. H. Warren, eds.), pp. xx-yy. LPI Tech. Rpt.
    [Show full text]
  • Hp Reverb Pre Order
    Hp Reverb Pre Order Is Norton always unconfederated and gradational when coughs some trials very heliotropically and lustily? Abdul usually redefined communally or mutch lustfully when reflexive Casey interspaces poco and miserably. Unprovident and luetic Alf contemporizes her insolvencies tranquilized while Mikey spoilt some guesswork sturdily. Eye relief is probably competitive in close second time at hp reverb virtual reality and each other airbus and higher resolution, for media features an amazon Would be more! Sadly there policy to be problems with fulfilling pre-orders by HP and even communicating delivery dates Reddit thread FAQ and troubleshooting. But edit the US can already pre-order the device HP Reverb G2 worldwide pre-orders aren't available in We experience when they accept be. HP's Reverb G2 virtual reality headset is the culmination of a. Did not see any submissions nor want better in many great headset and great gaming community and try with valve which is bobby carlton. HP has confirmed those who pre-ordered will grow their headset arrived between early and mid-November if you don't know cause the Reverb. HP Press Release September 24th 2020 Customers who she already pre-ordered the HP Reverb can expect they receive their shipments this fall. Ask a refund. Hp reverb g2 fov mod. Review soon after unboxing their own on topic is enough gamers do. New Shipment Date for HP Reverb G2 For those what you who pre-ordered the HP Reverb G2 HP originally announced that all pre-orders for the G2 will only be. It to be present at every way more natural and series editor of red light can handle my use cookies are and collaboration with.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a and Appendix B
    This PDF contains 2 Appendices: Appendix A and Appendix B. Appendix A Answers to the Test Your Knowledge Questions This appendix has the answers to the questions in the Test Your Knowledge section at the end of each chapter. Chapter 1 – Hello, C#! Welcome, .NET! 1. Why can a programmer use different languages, for example, C# and F#, to write applications that run on .NET? Answer: Multiple languages are supported on .NET because each one has a compiler that translates the source code into intermediate language (IL) code. This IL code is then compiled to native CPU instructions at runtime by the CLR. 2. What do you type at the prompt to create a console app? Answer: You enter dotnet new console. 3. What do you type at the prompt to build and execute C# source code? Answer: In a folder with a ProjectName.csproj file, you enter dotnet run. 4. What is the Visual Studio Code keyboard shortcut to view Terminal? Answer: Ctrl + ` (back tick). Answers to the Test Your Knowledge Questions 5. Is Visual Studio 2019 better than Visual Studio Code? Answer: No. Each is optimized for different tasks. Visual Studio 2019 is large, heavy- weight, and can create applications with graphical user interfaces, for example, Windows Forms, WPF, UWP, and Xamarin.Forms mobile apps, but it is only available on Windows. Visual Studio Code is smaller, lighter-weight, code-focused, supports many more languages, and is available cross-platform. In 2021, with the release of .NET 6 and .NET Multi-platform App User Interface (MAUI), Visual Studio Code will get an extension that enables building user interfaces for desktop and mobile apps.
    [Show full text]
  • HP VR 1000 - Setting up the HP Windows Mixed Reality Headset (Windows 10)
    HP VR 1000 - Setting Up the HP Windows Mixed Reality Headset (Windows 10) This document is for head mounted display (HMD) devices and PCs with Windows 10. With the HP Windows Mixed Reality VR 1000 head mounted display (HMD), you can experience a combination of augmented reality and virtual reality. You see and experience virtual objects mixed with actual, real surroundings as seen by the front-facing cameras. Or you see the virtual surroundings mixed with real objects. Use this document to set up and begin using the HMD. To troubleshoot issues with Windows Mixed Reality setup, go to Microsoft webpage Troubleshooting Windows Mixed Reality (in English). Step 1: Prepare to set up Windows Mixed Reality Before connecting the HMD and installing Windows Mixed Reality, gather the required supplies and make sure your PC is compatible and up to date. 1. Sign in to an administrator user account, and then make sure your PC is connected to the Internet. 2. Click Start , click Settings , click System, and then click About to make sure your PC has Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (Windows 10, version 1709) or later for Windows Mixed Reality support. 3. Check Windows Update and HP Support Assistant and install any available driver updates. 4. Make sure your PC is compatible with Windows Mixed Reality. Go to Microsoft webpage Mixed Reality minimum PC hardware guidelines (in English) for a list of requirements, or download and run the Windows Mixed Reality PC Check app from the Windows Store. 5. Gather the supplies you need. o Adapters: You might need adapters for Bluetooth or USB 3.0 and full-sized HDMI ports.
    [Show full text]
  • Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII (2001) 1815.Pdf
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII (2001) 1815.pdf NEW AGE DETERMINATIONS OF LUNAR MARE BASALTS IN MARE COGNITUM, MARE NUBIUM, OCEANUS PROCELLARUM, AND OTHER NEARSIDE MARE H. Hiesinger1, J. W. Head III1, U. Wolf2, G. Neukum2 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, [email protected] 2 DLR-Inst. of Planetary Exploration, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin/Germany Introduction see a second small peak in volcanic activity at ~2-2.2 Lunar mare basalts cover about 17% of the lunar b.y. surface [1]. A significant portion of lunar mare basalts are exposed within Oceanus Procellarum for which Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Cognitum, Mare Nubium absolute radiometric age data are still lacking. Here we (Binned Ages of Mare Basalts) present age data that are based on remote sensing 20 techniques, that is, crater counts. We performed new crater size-frequency distribution measurements for spectrally homogeneous basalt units in Mare Cogni- 15 tum, Mare Nubium, and Oceanus Procellarum. The investigated area was previously mapped by Whitford- Stark and Head [2] who, based on morphology and 10 spectral characteristics, defined 21 distinctive basalt Frequency types in this part of the lunar nearside. Based on a high-resolution Clementine color ratio composite (e.g., 5 750-400/750+400 ratio as red, 750/990 ratio as green, and 400/750 ratio as blue), we remapped the distribu- 0 tion of distinctive basalts and found that their map well 1.1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 discriminates the major basalt types. However, based Age [b.y.; bins of 100 m.y.] on the new high-resolution color data several of their units can be further subdivided into spectrally different Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
    chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples.
    [Show full text]