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Cambridge University Press 0521826136 - The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350-1650 Carla M. Sinopoli Index More information

Index

Abraham, Meera, 103, 104, 188 Appadurai, Arjun, 31, 69, 95, 98, 102 Acharya, P.K., 206 Arabian coast, 88 Achyutadevaraya, 124, 162, 167, 180, 226, 235 Aravidu dynasty, 78, 82 description, 183 archaeological data reign, 81 and history, 313–315 temple, 143, 144, 226 history of Vijayanagara research, 141–142 Adil Shahis, 80 iron works, 195–197, 201 Aduthurai, 288 site functions, 150 agriculture sources of evidence, 10, 119, 139–155 Hoysalas, 74 Varadadevi-amana-pattana, 151 Kakatiyas, 72 Vijayanagara city core, 142–145 river valleys, 87 Vijayanagara metropolitan region, 141, uplands, 84 146–155 Vijayanagara period, 63, 151 architecture, 209–211, 307 Ahmadnagar, 76, 81, 160 Arimalatta Nayinar, 277–278 Aihole, 104 Aristotle, 40–41, 46, 61 Airavat , 134 Arkalagudu, 267 Akbar, Emperor, 59 armories, 203 al-Fazl, Abu, 58 army, craftsmen attached to, 255 Alagasingaraya, 234 Arnold, Dean, 7, 13, 25, 174, 248 Alamkonda, 258, 260–261 Arthasastra,51 Alamkonda Puttasti. See Puttasti of Alamkonda Ashokan inscriptions, 51 Alauddin, General, 75–76 Asian states, and western thought, 38 Alcock, Susan, 39, 61, 82, 117, 301 Asiatic Mode of Production, 38, 44–48, 115, Ali, Athar, 58 299 Allchin, F.R., 65 attached production, 32–35, 160, 236, 255 Allison, James, 18 Atthavanavyaharatantram, 246 Alur society, 55 ayagars, 36, 100–103, 193, 246, 283, 309–310 amara-nayaka, 91 Ayyavole 500, 71, 72, 98, 104–105, 188, 308 Ames, Kenneth, 33 Aztecs, 16, 20, 29, 35, 36 Amuktamalyada, 157, 162 Anderson, Perry, 47, 52 Bahmani sultanate, 68, 76, 79, 80, 88 Andhra Pradesh, 59, 69 Bailey, Anne, 44, 47 inscriptions, 72, 80 Balfet, H., 303 iron ore, 85 Banadoja, 232 Kakatiyas, 71 bards, 160–166, 279–280 Vijayanagara territory, 79, 82, 83, 85 Barﬁeld, Thomas, 301 Anegundi, 75, 140, 146 Barnes, Ruth, 171 Anjuvannam, 104 basalt working, 235–236 ankusha, 203 Basava, 208 Annamacarya, Tallapaka, 165 Basavana-anna, Hegade Hitalabagila, 208 anthropology, 2 Basavapatana-sthala, 267 Appadorai, A., 105 Basavaraja, K.R., 71

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521826136 - The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350-1650 Carla M. Sinopoli Index More information

Index 343

Basham, A.L., 218 castes Bayman, James, 13, 36 craft regulation, 21, 308, 309–311 beads, 24 inter-caste agreements, 284, 290–291 Beck, Brenda, 102 list, 138 Behura, N.K., 243, 247, 276 right- and left-hand divisions, 102, 288 Benco, Nancy, 25 South India, 98–100 Berar, 76 spread of caste ideologies, 65 Berdan, Frances, 36 subcastes, 99 Bernier, François, 41–43, 46, 48 censuses, 136, 138 betaya bedaru, 134 ceramics Bhairavacharya, 234, 250 forms, 240–241, 242 Bhan, Kuldeep, 24, 33 organization of production, 247–249 Bhatkal, 192, 229 technology, 240–241, 243–245 Bhavadure, Bhaskara, 107 use and significance, 238 Bhojaprabhanda, 243 ceremonial robes, 183–185, 307 Bidar, 76 chaˆıne-opératoire approach, 27 Bijapur, 76, 80, 81, 160 Chakrabarti, D.K., 39, 192 Blackman, M.J., 25 Chalukyasof Kalyani, 9, 66, 70–71, 73 blacksmiths, 16, 26, 190, 191, 280 Chamarakanagara temple, 234 Blake, Stephen, 58–59 Champakalakshmi, R., 54, 55, 56, 65, 68, 103, Blanton, Richard, 49, 301 104–105 boar emblem, 70, 71 Chandra, Satish, 54 Bomoja, 208 Chandragiri, 71, 80, 82, 139, 165 bonded labor, 108 Channabasava Purana, 134, 193 Bourdieu, Pierre, 27, 295 Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, 3, 50, 52, 54, 55, Bracciolini, Poggio, 128 59, 60, 61 Brahmadeyas, 53–54 Cheras, 68 Breckenridge, Carol, 40, 95 Chhatradahalli, 284 Brenning, Joseph, 176 Chikkadevar, 286 bronze, 203–206 Chikkadevaraya, 234 Brouwer, Jan, 190, 191 Chikkarasar, 288 Brown, James, 13 Childe, Gordon, 13, 23, 32, 38, 49, 299 Brubaker, Robert, 64, 140, 141, 152, 211, 254, Childs, Terry, 33 307 Chilton, Elizabeth, 31 Brumfiel, Elizabeth, 3, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, China, Jingdezhen, 34 32, 36, 301 Chinnadevamma, Queen, 203 Buchanan, Francis Chintopantha-Rudropantha, 281 colonial account, 135–136 Cholas, 9, 51, 54, 55, 68 crucible steel, 202 bronzes, 203–204 iron working, 136, 137, 193–195 historiography, 109–110, 116–117 quarrying, 208, 213–215, 220 history, 68–69 spinning, 174, 178 inscriptions, 59 Buddhism, 65 Tamil Nadu, 56 Bukka I, 78, 93, 107 warfare, 70, 73 Burnell, A.C., 129 weavers, 100 Christianity, and Islam, 41 cabaya, 183, 307 Cittarameli, 104 Campbell, Mary, 125 Clark, John E., 15 canals, 151 clothing, 179, 181, 182, 184, 307 Ç angam literature, 65, 68, 174 Cohn, Bernard, 40, 136, 172 cardamom, 88 coins, 36, 105–106, 311 carding, 157, 177 colonial accounts, 135–136 carpenters, 190, 191, 237–238 columns, 217–218, 219, 239

344 Index

community specialization, 18 relations with institutions, 253–282, construction works, 107–108, 216–218 305–306 consumption, 15, 21 relationswith temples,271–282 Conti, Nicolo, 128, 146 serving temples, 272–277 copper, 203–206 social protests, 267–269, 285–290, 311 Coromandel region, 108, 174, 176 and state, 254–256, 270–271 Costin, C., 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22–25, 29, status, 28–30, 100, 251 32–33, 34, 159 temple privileges, 274, 277–279 cotton, 84, 87, 157, 159, 174–176 Crown, Patricia, 13 court employment, 236, 255 crucible steel, 201–203 Craddock, Paul, 192, 194, 195, 201, 202, 203 currency. See monetization craft goods Curubaru caste, 173 and political economies, 35–37 valued goods, 158–160 Dallapiccola, Anna, 208–209, 217, 226–227 craft production. See also specific crafts D’Altroy, Terence, 17, 36, 37, 117 Asiatic Mode of Production, 38, 44–48, dancers, 166–173 115 dandanayaka,74 categories, 158–160 Daulatabad, 75, 76 ceramics, 247–249 Davis, Richard, 222 concentration, 23, 24 Davison-Jenkins, Dominic, 145 context, 23–24 Deccan definition of craft, 8, 16 plateau, 83, 213 factory industry, 19 Satavahana empire, 65, 228 and feudalism, 54 states, 70–75, 160 household industry, 18 sultanates, 68, 76, 77 household production, 17–18, 156–157, 247 Deetz, James, 31 intensity, 23 Dehejia, Vidya, 68 and monetization, 311–312 Delhi, 42 non-institutional influences, 307–313 Delhi Sultanate, 66, 68, 74, 75–78 non-state regulation, 11–12 demography, 64, 89, 96 organization, 5–6, 8, 16–24 Derrett, Duncan, 73, 74 parameters, 17, 22–24 Desai, Devangana, 54 and political economy, 32–37 devadasis, 166, 169–171, 279 production units, 17–22, 302–305, 313 Devagiri, 74, 75, 76 range, 10 Devanga caste, 173, 177 regulation, 15–16 Devanna, Chintayaka, 208 scale, 23 Devanna of Varanasi, 221 social contexts, 27–28 Devarasa-odeya, 263 specialization. See specialization of craft Devaraya I, 79, 89, 112, 278 production Devaraya II, 79, 89, 112, 130, 134, 145, 180, 286 and the state, 254–256 Devi, K.S., 92 status, 28–30, 100, 251 Dharmashastra, 239 Vijayanagara, 302–305 Dhrujati, 164, 166 village industry, 18 Dietler, Michael, 27 workshop industry, 18 Dirks, Nicholas, 98, 113, 298 craftsmen Diyyalingesvara, 285 and competing political elites, 306–307 Diyyalingesvara temple, 280 donationsto temples,279–281 Dobres, Marcia-Anne, 27 employment, 255 Dorvadi, 75 inter-caste agreement, 290–291 dress, 179, 181, 182, 184, 307 inter-craft relations, 284–285 dry-stone masonry, 211, 212 master craftsmen, 308 Dvarsamudram, 74 non-institutional relations, 282–291 dyes, 178

Index 345

Earle, Timothy, 17, 22, 23, 32, 36, 37 ginning, 177 Early Historic period, 64–65 Glassie, Henry, 31 East India Company, 135, 187 gods, 221, 223, 224, 225, 285 Eastern Ghats, 85–87 Goetz, H., 160 Eaton, Richard, 68, 88, 159 Gogte, V.S., 196 Eicher, Joanne, 171 Golconda, 76, 81, 160, 176, 193, 230 Elavanasur, 288 goldsmiths, 190, 191, 280 elephant stables, 210 Goldstone, Jack, 53 elephants, 129, 159 Gondawaram, 176–177 elite goods, 158–160 Gopal, B.R., 121 elites, 3–4, 270, 306–307 Gopala Rao, A., 180, 181 Engels, Friedrich, 38, 40, 43, 46–47 Gordon, Stewart, 182, 183–185 engravers, 233–234 Gosselain, O.P., 27 epic poems, 159 Greenlaw, John, 141 Guha, Ranajit, 40 factionalism, 3–4 guilds, 98, 103–105 factory industry, 19 Gujarat, Khambat, 24 famines, 83 Gundlupete, 171, 280 Federici, Cesare, 141 Gupta period, 51, 52 Feinman, Gary, 20, 22, 25, 303 Gurivi Setti, 261 feudalism, 47, 50, 52–55, 88 model of Vijayanagara state, 109, 114–116, Habicht-Mauche, Judith, 18 299–300 habitus, 27, 295 Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain and Vasundhara, 121, Hagstrum, Melissa, 25 215 Halebid, 74, 246 flaked stone tools, 236–237 Hall, Kenneth, 68 Flannery, Kent, 49 Hampi. See Tungabhadra River forced labour, 255 Haneya, 75 forced resettlements, 108 Hanuman, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225–226 forests, 194 Hanumasani, 167, 171, 277 forging, 137, 193–195 Haradanahalli, 280, 285 fortifications, 151–152, 153, 211–213, Harappan civilizations, 9 214, 307 Harihara II, 78, 89 fortresses, 89 Hassig, Ross, 36 forts, 200, 218 hats, 181, 183, 184, 307 Fox, John, 3 Hawai’i, 29 Fox, Richard, 55 Hayashida, Frances, 15, 34 Frank, B., 16 Hegel, G.W.F., 39, 43–44 Friedman, Jonathan, 36 Hegmon, Michelle, 18, 27 Fritz, John, 140, 142, 145 Heifetz, Hank, 164 Heitzman, James, 50, 56, 59, 68, 69, 94, 122 Gandroja, 192 Helms, Mary, 16, 33 Ganesha, 222, 225 Hendrickson, Hildi, 171 Gangadevi, Queen, 130 Herbich, Ingrid, 27 Gangaikonacholapuram, 205 hereditary occupational groups, 5–6, 63, Gangoly, O.C., 203 98–100, 250, 309–311. See also castes; Ganihar, F.A., 228 specific groups Garnsey, P., 61 hero stones, 228–229, 230, 232 Garuda, 221 Hill, James, 31 Gaurappanayanipeta, 261 Hinduism, 65 gazetteers, 136 Hiruya kaluve, 145 Gilbert, Creighton, 35 historiography. See South Asian ginger, 88 historiography

346 Index

Hobson, R.L., 34 Japan, Tokagawa rule, 116 Hodge, M.G., 36 jati, 99, 187–188 Hoffman, Christopher, 27 Jeda caste, 173, 177 Hona-aya, 234 Jha, D.N., 53 honey, 88 Johnson, Gregory, 49 Honumaya, 280 Jones, Richard, 46 horses, 106, 129, 159 Jones, William, 45 Hosamaledurga, 75 Joshi, O.P., 172 Hospet, 148, 279 Junker, Laura Lee, 36 household industry, 18 household production, 17–18, 156–157, 247 kaﬁyats, 101 Hoysalas, 9, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73–74, 76 Kagaiyur, 171 Hurst, Winston, 18 Kaikkolar weavers caste, 100, 102, 173 identity, 8, 310 generally, 176, 187–190, 291 ideology, 16 inscriptions, 189, 268 Inka, 29, 33–34 temple privileges, 277–279, 306 Inden, Ron, 3, 38, 40, 44, 45, 51, 98 Kakatiyas Indus Valley states, 7–8, 9 castes, 99 Inomata, Takeshi, 28, 33 fall, 76 inscriptions generally, 9, 59, 66, 68, 70, 71, 76 database, 122–125 rule, 70, 71–73 dominant evidence, 253 Kalahasti temple, 164 evidence of taxation, 262–266 Kaluvana family, 232 illiterate inscriptions, 234, 235 Kalyani, 66 languages, 120–121 Kamakoti, 162 recording, 121–122 Kamalapuram, 152 sources of evidence, 119–125 Kamegere, 267 types, 126 Kammalar caste, 190, 192, 206, 233, 234, 237, Vijayanagara, 233–234 268, 310 institutions Kampilis, 66, 68, 74–75, 76, 140, 141, 193 and artisans, 253–282, 305–306 Kanakadasa, 134, 220 sacred and secular, 253–254 Kanchipuram, 94, 96, 104, 190, 205, 269 Iron Age, 64–65 Kanchivani, 177 iron ore, 85 Kane, P.V., 239 iron works Kannada language, 65, 70, 74, 120–121 archaeological evidence, 195–197, 199, 200, Kanikkai, 257 201 Kanthirava Narasrja Vijaya, 133, 179 crucible steel, 201–203 Karajaunayya, 145 forging, 137, 193–195 Karashima, Noburu, 10, 50, 53, 54, 56, 67, generally, 192–203 68, 69, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 103, 108, 112, sites, 199, 200 122, 125, 171, 172, 186, 257, 262, smelting, 137, 193–195 264–266, 268–269, 277–278, 279, irrigation, 47–48, 72, 107–108 286–289 Isaracari, 233 model of Vijayanagara state, 109, 114–118, Islam, vs. Christianity, 41 299–300 Italy, Renaissance painters, 35 Karnataka 8th–10th centuries, 70 Jackson, Peter, 75 Hoysalas, 74 Jahan, Shah, 41–43 inscriptions, 80 Jainism, 65 iron ore, 85 memorial stones, 228, 231–232 Kakatiyas, 71 Jalakantesvhara temple, 95 right- and left-hand divisions, 102

Index 347

Vijayanagara capital, 83 Leroi-Gourhan, A., 27 Vijayanagara territory, 79, 82 Lightfoot, K.G., 25 katar, 203 Lillios, Katina, 31 Katikam Mallaya, 279 Linoschoten, John Huyghen van, 129 Kava, Nanjunada, 134, 193 literary works Kaveri delta, 68–69, 87 languages, 162 Kayatanahalli, 280 list, 131–132 Kenoyer, Mark, 24, 33, 177 poetsand bards,160–166 Kerala, 79, 82 sources of evidence, 119, 129–135 Kesavacari, 233 Llobera, Joseph, 44, 47 Ketavve, 171, 280 Longacre, William, 25, 31 Kil-paluvur, 288 looms, 178–179, 259–260 Kishkinda, 222 LotusMahal, 210 Kollegal Taluk, 280 Lowe, Thelma, 202 Konerideva Nayaka, 186 Ludden, David, 4, 62, 87 Koppavaram, 261 Lycett, Mark, 80, 81, 120, 121, 122, 195, 237, Kopytoff, I., 31 254, 279 Korrukai, 289 Kosambi, D.D., 53 Machiavelli, Niccolo,` 41, 61 Krader, Lawrence, 47 Mack, Alexandra, 81, 96, 105, 106, 143, 144, Krishna, 143, 226 236, 254, 273 Krishna, M.H., 124 Mackenzie, Colin, 101–102, 141, 246 Krishnadevaraya Madhuravijaya, 130 administrative reforms, 112 Madoja-Nagoja, 232 Amuktamalyada, 157, 162–163 Madurai, 96, 227 inscriptions, 124 Magadi, 194, 202 literary patron, 81, 162–163, 166 Mahalingam, T.V., 101 literary works, 130, 161–162 Mahamayi, 279 portraits, 203, 226 Mahanavami festival, 167 rule, 81, 110 Maharashtra, Daulatabad, 75 Krishnamurthy, K., 243 Mailara, 234 Krishnappa Nayaka, 269 Majeed, Javed, 44, 45 Kuderu, 263 Major, R.H., 128, 146 Kudligi Taluk, 279 Majumdar, R.C., 51 Kulke, Hermann, 3, 40, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, Mallideva, 280 66, 93 Mallikarjuna, 226 kullayi hats, 181, 183, 184, 307 Mallikarjuna temple, 263 Kumbakonam, 205 Mani, M.S., 87 Kumbharpara, 276 Manigaram, 104–105, 107 Kummaragunte, 247 Maniyacari, 233 Kummata, 75, 76, 141 Maratamma, 280 Kunigri Lingi Setti, 261–262 Marcus, Joyce, 33 Kurnool, 91 Marx, Karl, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46–47, 48–49, 97, 156 labour organization, 107–108, 255 Marxist historians, 52 Lakhanna, 220 masons, 190, 206–237 Lakkandadandesa, 180 material culture, 30 Lakshminatha, 280 Mauryan empire, 38, 51, 52, 65 languages, 120–121, 129, 162 Maya, 28, 35 Lass, Barbara, 29, 33 McCafferty, Geoffrey and Sharisse, 29 Lechtman, Heather, 27 medieval period, 52–55, 66–78 Lemonnier, Pierre, 27 memorial stones, 228–233 Lepakshi temple, 180–181, 182, 185 mercenaries, 104, 145

348 Index

merchant associations, 11, 104 Nanadesi, 104 Ayyavole, 71, 72, 98, 104–105, 188, 308 Nandi, 221 Hoysalas, 74 Narasimharaya, 258 role in craft production, 308–309 Narayana Rao, Velchuru, 75, 89, 90, 120, 161, merchants 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 298, 306 Arabian coast, 88 Narasimha II, 80 inter-caste agreement, 290 Nayadu, Gaurappa, 258 textile merchants, 174, 185–187 nayakas, 90–91, 112–113, 115–116, 228 Merk, N., 202 nayankara,73 Mesoamerica, 29 Neff, Hector, 25 Mesopotamia, 16, 29, 30 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 51 metal workers Neitzel, Jill, 20 bronze, 203–206 Nieves, Alvaro, 25 copper, 203–206 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., 10, 51, 57, 66, 67, 68, 75, generally, 190–206 79, 88, 91, 101–102, 157, 186, 246, 258, iron working, 192–203 260 Methwold, William, 193, 230 model of Vijayanagara state, 109–111, Michell, George, 10, 75, 95, 119, 139, 140, 141, 116–118, 299 142, 145, 160, 203, 204, 208, 209–210, non-state regulation, 11–12, 282–291 222, 227 Nrihari, 162 migrations, 64, 89, 96, 115, 247, 256, 286 Nuniz, Fernao, 41, 91, 128, 183 military employment, 255 Mill, James, 40, 44–46, 48, 61, 97, 156 Oaxaca, 20 Miller, Andrea, 31 O’Leary, Brendan, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 Mills, Barbara, 13 oriental despotism, 38, 40–44, 50, 52, 113, Mines, Mattison, 100, 172, 188 299 minting, 105–106, 311 Orissa, 59, 79, 80 Mohanatarangini, 134 Orr, Leslie, 122, 167, 169–171, 279 monetization, 36, 64, 98, 104–105, 107, 308, Orugallu, 71 311–312 Ottakuttar, 188 Montesquieu, 43, 46, 61 Moorti, U.S., 64 Padaivividu, 269 Moreland, John, 31 paddle and anvil work, 243, 244 Moreland, William, 193, 230 Padmaraja Purana, 133 Morrison, Kathleen, 39, 60, 79, 80, 81, 84, 88, Paes, Domingo 89, 107, 120, 121, 122, 140, 141, 145, 146, construction, 107, 210, 211 148, 154, 195, 254, 279, 282, 286–289 cotton, 174 mortars, 236, 237 craft groups, 135 Muddachari, B., 73 craftsmen, 127–128, 129, 281 Muddayyasani, 258 dress, 183 Mughal empire, 38, 41–43, 51, 58–59 fortiﬁcations, 145 Mukhia, Harbans, 52, 54 performers, 179 Munro, Thomas, 91 traveller’saccount, 41, 129 Murra, John, 34 paintings, 159, 181, 182 musicians, 166–173 Palat, R., 56 Musiya-Ravuta, 279 Pallava period, bronzes, 203 Palya, 275 Nagaraja Rao, M.S., 120, 141, 142, 145 Pandita, Virupaksha, 134, 193 Nagaraju, H.M., 89 Pandyas, 68, 73 nagaram, 103 Parabrahma Sastry, P.V., 71, 72, 211 Nagaswamy, R., 96, 144, 203, 204–205, paraiyar, 284 272–273, 275 Parasher-Sen, Aloka, 65, 96 Naik, Usha, 96 Parry, William, 15

Index 349

Parvati, 181 Raghavacharlu, K., 162 Paschner, Regine, 180, 181 Raghunadha Rao, P., 71 Patil, Chanabasappa, 70, 75, 120, 121, 122, Raichur Doab, 83 141, 162, 208, 221, 234, 238, 247, 279, Raichur fort, 218, 220 281, 284 Rajan, K., 65, 192, 201 publication of inscriptions, 124 Rajaraja I., 68 Patil, Vinoda, 122, 162, 208, 221, 234, 238, Rajasthan, 59 247, 279, 281, 284 Rama, 221, 224 patrimonial states, 50, 58–59 Rama-kavi, 162 pattar, 203 Rama Raya, 81 Pattunulkarrar caste, 173 Ramacari, 233 Peacock, D.P.S., 17, 19, 303 Ramachandra temple, 226 Peddana, Allasani, 163 Ramanatha, Kumara, 75, 193 pegs, 235–236 Ramanatha Charite, 133, 134, 193 Pennadam, 288 Ramaraja-nayaka, 285 Penukonda, 81, 82, 139 Ramaswamy, Vijaya, 69, 85, 107, 108, 122, 125, pepper, 88 172, 173, 174, 175, 177–179, 185–190, Peregrine, Peter, 32 193, 207, 211, 245, 246, 257, 263–264, performers, 166–173 270, 290–291, 312 Perlin, Frank, 38, 39, 113, 172 Ramman, 281 perunderuvu, 188 Rangapparajayya, 91, 258, 262 pilgrimage centres, 94 Rangaswamaiah, G.R., 74 poets, 160–166, 279–280 Rashtrakutas, 70, 71 poligars, 91, 112, 298 Rautman, Alison, 245, 247 political economy, 1, 32–37 Rayalaseema, 91 political structures, Vijayanagara, 88–92 Rayanna, 281 politics, and craftsmen, 306–307 Razzaq, Abdul, 105, 128, 146, 166–167 Pool, Christopher, 22 Reents-Budet, Dorie, 33, 35 portraits, 226–228 Reeve, C.D.C., 40 Porumilla, 107–108, 210 Reineche, Marie-Louise, 122, 124 potters relational structures, 6, 11 gender tasks, 99 religion. See also temples Kummaragunte, 247 sacred images, 221–226 migration, 247 sculptures, 220, 221–226 social status, 245–246 South India, 92–97 temple potters, 276 revolts, 89, 115, 285–290, 311 pottery Rice, B. Lewis, 124 forms, 240–241, 242 Rice, Prudence, 7, 13, 19, 20, 25 generally, 238–249 Richards, John, 58 organization of production, 247–249 Rig Veda, 190 social signiﬁcance, 238 right- and left-hand divisions, 102–103, 288 technology, 240–241, 243–245 ritual suicide, 231 use, 238 river valleys, 85–87 Price, Pamela, 167 Robb, John, 31 privileges, temple privileges, 277–279 “robesof honor”, 183–185, 307 property rights, 41, 46, 49 Rothermund, Dieter, 66 Purandaradasa, 168, 239–240 Roux, Valentine, 27 Puri, 276 Rowe, John, 34 Purohit, 246 Rowlands, Michael, 36 Puttasti, 11, 91, 130, 258–262, 296–297 royal courts, craftsmen attached to, 236, 255 Rubies,´ Joan-Pau, 40, 41, 61, 113 quarrying, 208, 213–218, 220 Rudradeva, 71 Quechua, 29 Rudramadevi, Queen, 73

350 Index

Sabarautu Mulkibhai, 259 Senji, 269 Sabhapati, 162, 233 Settar, S., 228, 229 sacred images, 219, 221–226 setti, 174 sacred sites, 152 Sewell, Robert, 41, 91, 107, 127, 128, 129, 141, Sadashiva, 81–82, 261–262 145, 175, 179–185, 210, 281 Sadashivaraya, 162 Shah, Muhammad, 76 Sagade, 280 Sharma, R.S., 53 Sahu, B.P., 52, 54 Shetty, B.V., 204 Said, Edward, 40 Shiva, 93, 143, 221, 222 Sale caste, 173, 188 Shulman, David, 50, 75, 89, 90, 120, 159, 161, Saletore, R.N., 92 162, 163, 164–165, 298 Saliyar, weavers, 102 Sidapa-gauda,¨ 267 Saller, R.P., 61 silk, 159, 177 Saluva dynasty, 78, 80, 92 Singa, Muhammad, 74, 75 Saluva Narasimha, 234, 266 Sinopoli, Carla, 19, 22, 25, 39, 51, 57, 58, 60, Sandur, 281 61, 68, 78, 81, 82, 89, 93, 117, 140, 141, Sandur Hills, 192, 196, 201 142, 148, 152, 154, 159, 177, 182, 195, Sangamas, 68, 74, 78 209, 223, 228, 240, 243, 300–301 capital, 140 Sirangu, 226 construction works, 150 Sircar, D.C., 257 expansion, 82, 89 Sita, 224 religion, 92, 93 Sivatatvacintamani, 180 rule, 78–80 smelting, 137, 193–195 Saniyar caste, 173 Smith, Adam, 40, 44 Sanskrit, 70, 120–121, 162 Smith, M.E., 36 Saraswati, B., 243, 247 Smith, Vincent, 51 Sassaman, Kenneth, 13 smiths, 190, 191, 193, 280 sati stones, 228, 229–231 Sobagina Sone, 130, 134 Saunders, Nicholas, 31 social actors, artisans as, 8, 14–15, 25–30, 310 Sawer, Marian, 41, 43, 46, 47 social protests, 267–269, 285–290, 311 Schiffer, M.B., 31 Soma Reddy, R., 96 Schlanger, Sarah, 27 Sontheimer, Gunther, 228 Schneider, Jane, 171 sources sculptors, 190, 191 archaeological. See archaeological data hereditary occupation, 232 assessment of written sources, 139 payment, 233 colonial accounts, 135–136 signatures, 220, 232 documents, 125–136 status, 233 inscriptions, 119–125 sculpture literary works, 129–135 bronze, 205 travellers’ accounts, 127–129 columns, 217–218, 219, 239 Vijayanagara period, 1–2, 6–7 dress styles, 172, 184 written sources, 119–139 elite goods, 159 South Asian historiography generally, 218–233 Asiatic Mode of Production, 38, 44–48, 115, memorial stones, 228–233 299 performers, 167–168, 169, 170 conventional model, 50 portraits, 226–228 early historiography, 48–49 sacred images, 219, 220, 221–226 feudalism, 50, 52–55, 114–116, 299–300 senabova, 162 generally, 2–3, 8–9, 38–40 segmentary states, 50, 55–58, 88 imperial model, 50, 298–302 Vijayanagara model, 109, 111–114, 299 Indian historiographical model, 50–52, Senigar caste, 173 109–111

Index 351

middle ages, 52–55 stone working models, 50, 108–118 architecture, 209–211 oriental despotism, 38, 40–44, 50, 52, 113, artifacts, 235–236 299 basalt working, 235–236 patrimonial states, 50, 58–59 construction, 216–218 perspective, 298 dry-stone, 211, 212 recent approaches, 50–59 flaked stone tools, 236–237 segmentary states, 50, 55–58, 111–114, fortifications, 211, 213 299 generally, 206–237 South Canara, census, 138 hero stones, 228–229, 230, 232 South India inscriptions, 233–234 14th–17th century religion, 92–97 Jains stones, 231–232 900–1350 AD, 66–78 memorial stones, 228–233 cultural groups, 13 mortars, 236, 237 middle ages, 66–78 pegs, 235–236 society and economy, 97–108 quarrying, 213–218, 220 states, 65, 66 sati stones, 228, 229–231 temples, 94–97 sculpture, 218–233 Southall, Aidan, 55, 57 temple columns, 217–218, 219, 239 specialization of craft production Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 57, 60, 66, 68, 75, 78, attached v. independent specialization, 84, 89, 90, 93, 105–106, 120, 172, 176, 32–35, 160 177, 193, 201, 298, 304 factors, 13 Sugana Sarma, V., 218 increasing specialization, 156 Sugandha, 140 meaning, 1 suicide, ritual suicide, 231 Vijayanagara, 5, 6 sultanism, 58 Spielmann, Katherine, 13 Sunkad, H.B., 229 spinning, 29–30, 100, 173–174, 177–178 swords, 129, 159, 192, 193, 201, 203 Sri Chinna Tirumalaiyangaru, 165, 279 Sri Govindaraja temple, 273, 279 Taila II, 70 Srinatha, 174 Talbot, Cynthia, 3, 39, 59, 66, 68, 70, 72–73, 80, Srinivas, M.N., 158 81, 88, 91, 99, 122, 159 Srinivasan, P.R., 122, 124, 204–205 Tallapakkam Periya Tirumalaiyangara, 165, Srirangadeva, 269 279–280 Srirangapattana, 133, 136, 213, 220 taluks, 136 Srutakirti, 133, 246 Tamil language Stark, Miriam, 27, 31 Ç angam literature, 65, 68 state, and craftsmen, 254–256, 270–271 emergence, 65 status, 4, 28–30, 100, 233, 251 inscriptions, 120–121 steel, crucible steel, 201–203. See also wootz regions, 64 Stein, Burton, 10, 21, 38, 49, 50, 55–57, 61, 65, Tamil Nadu 66, 67, 68, 70, 74, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 90, Chola period, 56, 68, 69 91–92, 93, 102–103, 106, 108, 130, 257, Hoysalas, 74 258, 261, 298 inscriptions, 80 model of Vijayanagara state, 109, 111–114, Kakatiyas, 71 116–118, 299 nayakas, 90 Stein, Gil, 1, 15, 25, 32, 33, 49, 301 right- and left-hand divisions, 102 Steinkeller, Peter, 33 valangai-idangai tax revolt, 285–290, 311 Stephen, S.J., 108, 172, 174, 178 Vijayanagara rule, 115–116 sthapatis, 205, 207 Vijayanagara territory, 82, 85, 87 stick dance, 169, 170 Tanjore, 205 Stirangam, 94 Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 41–43, 46, 48

352 Index

taxation textiles. See also spinning; weavers; speciﬁc assessment, 257 textiles collection, 257, 265 cloth merchants, 174, 185–187 collectors, 265 dyes, 178 donation of taxesto temples,263 geography of production, 174–177 forms, 36 scale of production, 185–187, 313 generally, 4–5, 256–270 specialization, 156 inscription evidence, 262–266 taxation, 259–260 Kakatiyas, 72 technology, 177–179 monetization, 106 travellers’ accounts, 129 protests, 267–269, 289 use, 179 Puttasti records, 258–262 Thackston, W.M., 105, 128, 146, 166 rates, 263–264 Thakur, V.K., 53 remission, 266–270 Thanjavur, 205 revolts, 286–290, 311 Thapar, Romila, 51, 52, 65, 239 sources of evidence, 11, 254 Thirukkarvasal, 205 technologies Thiruvenkadu, 205 innovations, 21, 26 Thomas, G., 202 social foundations, 27 Thomas, Nicholas, 31 Teltscher, Kate, 40, 41, 48, 125 Timmana-nayaka, 280 Telugu language, 64, 65, 72, 120–121, Timmayya, 232 162–163 Tippayacharya, 234, 250 temple donations Tipu Sultan, 136 ﬂuctuations, 80 Tirrupulivanam, 264 from craftsmen, 279–281 Tirukkalukkumram, 264 monetization, 105, 106 Tirumala, 81–82, 227 tax donations, 263 Tirumala, Hiriya, 226 Tuluva period, 81 Tirumalai Nayaka, 262 temple women, 166, 169–171, Tirumalai temple centre 279 cash donations, 105, 106, 165 temples craftsmen, 273–276 centres, 64, 87, 94 craftsmen’s privileges, 277 columns, 217–218, 219, 239 inscriptions, 167, 189 devadasis, 166, 169–171, 279 portraits, 203 donations. See temple donations potters, 245–246 Hoysalas, 74 prominence, 122–124 inscriptions. See inscriptions Tirumalaiyar, 269 and inter-caste agreements, 283–284 Tirumalayarya, 234 Kakatiyas, 72 Tirumaldevamma, Queen, 203 Kalahasti temple, 164 Tirupannangadu, 262 paraphernalia, 203 Tirupati temple centre, 94, 105, 106, 122–124, privilegesof craftsmen,274, 277–279 178, 187, 189 relationswith craftsmen,11, craftsmen, 273–276 271–282 craftsmen’s privileges, 277 royal portraits, 226 potters, 245–246 sacred images, 221–222 Tiruvaigavur, 289 Sangama dynasty, 79 Tiruvannamalai temple, 94, 96, 106, 124, 189, service of craftsmen, 272–277 205, 269, 278 sources of evidence, 272 Tiruvar temple, 207 South India, 94–97 Tiruvengalanatha temple, 143, 144, 226 Teppada Nayana, 275 Tiruvennainallur, 289 Terrell, John, 18 Tite, Michael, 25 Tevur, 286 Tondina Marabova, 263

Index 353

tools, ﬂaked stone tools, 236–237 inscriptions, 122–124, 167 Toreya Doda Tamma, 263 inter-caste agreement, 290–291 trade portraits, 203 expansion, 64 Venkattavaliyar, 279 Kakatiyas, 72 Verghese, Anila, 166, 167–168, 219–220, 221, long-distance, 65 226, 230–231 routes, 86, 135 Vidale, Massimo, 24, 33 trade associations, 98, 103–105 Vidya, Govinda, 133, 179 Trautmann, T.R., 44, 45, 51, 121, 122 Vijaya, King, 278 travellers’ accounts, 119, 127–129 Vijayakumari Charite, 246, 247 list, 127 Vijayanagara Trigger, Bruce, 49 capitals, 82, 139. See also Vijayanagara Trobriand, 28 city Tughluq family, 76 centralization, 51, 56, 89–91, 112 Tuluva dynasty, 78, 80, 92, 112, 151, 273 complexity, 21–22 Tungabhadra River, 74, 75 defences, 151–152, 153, 211–213, 214, photograph, 85 307 region, 66, 76 dramatic changes, 3 temples, 140 dynasties, 78–82 Vijayanagara state, 78, 83 economy, 97–108 tunics, 183, 307 emergence, 7, 76, 78 Turtha canal, 145, 216 empire, 1, 9–10, 67, 295–296, 298–302 feudal model, 109, 114–116 Underhill, Anne, 20 ﬁrst capital. See Vijayanagara city untouchables, 284 historical models, 108–118 Upham, Stedman, 25 historical predecessors, 9, 64–78 uplands, 83–85 history, 78–82, 297–298 uprisings household production, 20 peasant uprisings, 89, 115 Indian historiographical model, 109–111 valangai-idangai uprising, 285–290, 311 maps, 67, 77, 84, 86, 123 Ur III Mesopotamia, 29, 33 metropolitan region, 141, 146–155 urban centres, 63, 65, 133–134 political structures, 88–92 utilitarianism, 44 region, 140–141 religion, 92–97 Vaishnava temple centre, 154 river valleys, 85–87 valangai-idangai uprising, 285–290, 311 Sangama capital, 78 Valanjiyar, 104 segmentary state, 56–57, 109, Valikanapuram, 279 111–114 Valpamadugu, 187, 270 society, 97–108 van der Leeuw, Sander, 17–19, 27 temples, 94–97 van der Veer, Peter, 40 territories, 63, 79, 82–88, 296 Vandiver, P.B., 25 uplands, 83–85 Varadadevi-amana-pattana, 151, 152, 154 urban core, 141, 143, 210 varaha, 70, 71 war-state, 110, 299 Varanasi, 221 Western Ghats, 85, 87–88 Vasa, Kumara, 134 Vijayanagara city Vedas, 207 abandonment, 2, 81, 141, 160 Vellore, 82 archaeology, 139, 140–145, 155 Venkatapatirya II, 162 defences, 151–152 Venkataramanayya, 91, 101–102, 157, 186, 246, Islamic Quarter, 145 258, 260 location, 140 Venkateshvara temple, 273 Royal Center, 145 donationsto, 276, 279–280 Sangama capital, 66, 83

354 Index

Vijayanagara Metropolitan Survey, 10, 80, 124, “master weavers”, 185–187, 190, 261 140, 146, 271–272 putting out system, 291 site functions, 150 settlements, 176–177 Vijayanagara Research Project, 141 tax remissions, 269–270 village industry, 18 weaving communities, 173–174 village specialization, 18 Weber, Max, 40, 46, 58, 97 viragal, 228–229 Weiner, Annette, 28, 33, 171 Virayya, 261–262 Welsch, Robert, 18 Viroja, 191 Wengrow, David, 21 Virupaksha temple, 143 West Africa, 16 Virupanna, 180 Western Ghats, 85, 87–88 Vishnu, 70, 93, 221 Wittfogel, Karl, 38, 43, 47–48, 49, 299 Vishvanatha, 227 Wolf, Eric, 8 Visvakarma, 29, 190–191 woodworking, 237–238 Vitthala temple complex, 143, 168, 219 wootz, 192, 201 Voltaire, 43 workmen Vonuri Govindu, 259 forced labour, 255 recruitment, 107–108, 255 Waetzoldt, H., 29, 33 scale of production units, 107 Wagoner, Philip, 68, 71, 88, 93, 113, 159, 163, workshops 172, 182, 183, 185, 209 bead manufacture in Gujarat, 24 Wailes, Bernard, 13, 23, 32 Delhi, 42 wandering poets, 164–165, 166 organization, 250–251 Warangal, 71, 76 potters, 247–249 warriors, hero stones, 228–229, 230, 232 scale, 6 Wattenmaker, Patricia, 303 Ur III, 33 wax, 88 workshop industry, 18 weapons, 129, 159, 201, 203 Wright, Henry, 49 weavers Wright, Rita, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33 castes, 102 categories, 26 Yadava, B.N., 53 Chola period, 100 Yadavas, 66, 70, 71, 74, 76 concentration, 185–187 Yalanduru, 284 generally, 171–190 Yoffee, Norman, 20 inter-caste agreement, 290 Kaikkolar. See Kaikkolar weavers Zebrowski, Mark, 75 looms, 178–179, 259–260 Zeitlin, R.N., 36