Simone De Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics: What the Visible Can Teach Us About The
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Simone de Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics: What the Visible Can Teach Us About the Ethical by Christinia Ryan Landry Honours Bachelor of Arts (Philosophy), The University of Western Ontario, 2002 Masters of Arts (Philosophy), Brock University, 2006 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Wilfrid Laurier University 2011 Christinia Landry © 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r&6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-81491-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81491-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada Abstract This thesis is an investigation into Simone de Beauvoir's existentialist ethics and the problem that woman's situation presents in realizing that ethics. I argue that Beauvoir does not take her existential-phenomenological commitments far enough given the ontological influence of Sartre on her ethics. By failing to truly push her phenomenological thinking her examination of woman's situation risks closing off a brilliant ethics that accounts for the complexity of the human reality. I show that Beauvoir's ethics can speak to contemporary Western woman's situation if Beauvoir takes seriously the implications of her notion of disclosure and brings it to bear on the patriarchal power-terrain of contemporary Western culture. Disclosure creates a bridge by way of appropriating and recognizing the possibilities for reciprocity. Disclosure demonstrates that we cannot simply close down the ethical relationship by reducing the other to a body-object, thus woman's situation as body-object is not final rather it is creatively co-constituted through her interaction with the other. In thinking through the possibilities for inter subjective relationships this thesis unpacks the ontological, ethical, and existential-phenomenological work of Beauvoir and brings her into dialogue with her predecessors and colleagues. In order to push Beauvoir's phenomenological thinking on intersubjectivity beyond her original formulation, I turn to the work of Maurice Merleau- Ponty, who assists me in achieving a viable existentialist ethics by way of the visible. 1 Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been possible without the patience, passion, and tireless work of Dr. Christine Daigle and Dr. Helen Fielding. Both professors gave me years of their precious time and cultivated within me a passion for philosophy in their capacities as professors at Brock University and The University of Western Ontario and as dissertation advisors. Dr. Daigle encouraged me to workshop my ideas and was generous with her own. She always had time to review my work even in its very rough beginnings and for this I am thankful. Dr. Fielding directed me toward sources and discussed the ideas presented therein which helped to push my own thinking farther. I am most grateful that both thinkers provided me not only with dissertation advising, but more importantly they served as mentors. I would also like to thank Dr. Allison Weir and Dr. Rebekah Johnston for their helpful suggestions. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Margaret Toye and Dr. Dorothea Olkowski for reviewing my thesis with fresh eyes and encouraging me to take my work in new and exciting directions. It would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without the financial support of Wilfrid Laurier University and the Ontario Government. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the travel funding I received from the Wilfrid Laurier University Department of Philosophy, the Dean of Arts, the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, and the Graduate Students' Association. Without these travel monies I would not have been able to engage in the philosophical community to the extent that I did. Finally, I would like to thank my partner David, my family, and my colleagues in Waterloo and across Canada for all their emotional support. Their friendship and encouragement mitigated the isolation of research and writing. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Acknowledgments 2 Introduction 4 Section I: Beauvoir's Ontological Beginnings 28 Chapter 1: Hegel's Ontological Influence 31 Chapter 2: Heidegger's Ontological Influence 55 Chapter 3: Sartre's Ontological Influence 69 Conclusion to Beauvoir's Ontology 89 Section II: Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics 91 Chapter 1: Beauvoir's Existentialism 94 Chapter 2: Beauvoir's Ethical Beginnings 105 Chapter 3: Beauvoir's Explicit Ethics of Ambiguity 121 Chapter 4: Beauvoir's Situated Existentialist Ethics 133 Conclusion to Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics 146 Section III: Woman's Situation 148 Chapter 1: Exploring the Biological Situation of Woman 153 Chapter 2: Exploring the Psychological Situation of Woman 169 Chapter 3: Exploring the Comportmentality of Woman 187 Chapter 4: Exploring the Historical Situation of Woman 196 Conclusion to Woman's Situation 212 Section IV: Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics and the Role of the Visible 215 Chapter 1: Becoming Woman—Becoming Visible 218 Chapter 2: Appearance and the Appeal 235 Chapter 3: Visibility and the Ethical 250 Conclusion to Beauvoir's Existentialist Ethics and the Role of the Visible 268 Conclusion 270 Works Cited 278 3 "What circumstances limit woman's liberty and how can they be overcome?"1 Introduction This thesis is an investigation into Simone de Beauvoir's existentialist ethics and the problem that woman's situation presents in realizing Beauvoir's ethics. I argue that Beauvoir's ethics falls short in thinking through intersubjective relationships, such that her examination of woman's situation risks closing off a brilliant ethics that can account for the complexity of the human reality. However, it is possible to push her existential - phenomenological thinking further by considering the human being's corporeal aspect offered up through the visible. The tension between Beauvoir's existentialist ethics and woman's situation hinges specifically on the role of woman's appearance and the way in which woman learns to appeal to the other. Beauvoir argues that woman often works against her ambiguity and reinforces her body-objectivity through her appeal to the other as a body-object. This bodily habituation presents problems for Beauvoir's existentialist ethics and raises the question of necessity. Although the way in which woman appears to the other may not readily be conceived of as a concept worthy of ethical inquiry, the apparent body is the existential-phenomenological pretext against which a woman's choices and a woman's barriers are foregrounded, iterated, and idealized. In order to locate a bridge between Beauvoir's existentialist ethics and her notion of (woman's) situation, I employ Beauvoir's ethical phenomenological inquiries, as found 1 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, ed. and trans. H.M. Parshley (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), XXXV. 2 The question of woman as essence underlies the discussion of woman's situation. Although I deal with the question of to whom 'woman' refers in this Introduction, it is really in Section III, Chapter 1, that I deal with the question of essentialism given that it is best unpacked in the context of Beauvoir's discussion of biology.' 4 primarily in Pyrrhus and Cineas, The Ethics of Ambiguity, and The Second Sex. These works provide a fertile philosophical ground from which to unpack woman as an embodied ethical being and further, to explore woman's possibilities for engaging in reciprocal ethical relationships. As this thesis will demonstrate, it is through the transcending and yet open activity of disclosure that one may appeal to the other as an ambiguous being and not merely as an immanent body-objectivity.6 Beauvoir's notion of disclosure will figure in taking her thinking beyond the weight of woman's situation as explained in The Second Sex. It will do so because it highlights the vulnerability of being- in-the-world. More specifically, disclosure demonstrates that the other cannot simply close down the ethical relationship by reducing the other to a body-object, given this failure woman's situation is not final, but is rather creatively co-constituted through her interaction with the other. Ironically, Beauvoir explains this in thinking through woman's situation, but her commitment to phenomenology comes up short in her adherence to a Sartrean model of intersubjectivity.