Les Enjeux Économiques De L'interconnexion Des Réseaux De

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Les Enjeux Économiques De L'interconnexion Des Réseaux De Les enjeux économiques de l’interconnexion des réseaux de télécommunications Vladimir Bulatovic To cite this version: Vladimir Bulatovic. Les enjeux économiques de l’interconnexion des réseaux de télécommunications. Economies et finances. Université d’Orléans, 2004. Français. tel-00006104 HAL Id: tel-00006104 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006104 Submitted on 14 May 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE D'ORLEANS THESE PRESENTEE A L’UNIVERSITE D’ORLEANS POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE D’ORLEANS Discipline : Sciences économiques PAR BULATOVIC Vladimir LES ENJEUX ECONOMIQUES DE L’INTERCONNEXION DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS Soutenue le 12 Mai 2004 MEMBRES DU JURY : M Xavier GALIEGUE, Maitre de Conférences à l’Université d’Orléans (Directeur de Thèse), M Jean-Paul GOULVESTRE, Directeur d’études à l’Institut National des Télécommunications, M Emmanuel MICOL, Direction Interconnexion et Accès, Bouygues Telecom, M Thierry PENARD, Professeur à l’Université de Rennes 1 (Rapporteur), M Cyrille PIATECKI, Professeur à l’Université d’Orléans, M Gérard POGOREL, Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications (Rapporteur). L’Université n’entend donner aucune approbation ou improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse. Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. A la mémoire de Vojislava Bulatović REMERCIEMENTS Exprimer les plus sincères remerciements à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé à amener ce travail jusqu’à son terme, n’est évidemment pas une chose facile. Toutefois, je vais me risquer à citer quelques unes de ces personnes. Je ne pourrai jamais oublier les encouragements et le professionalisme de Jean-Paul Goulvestre et Xavier Galiègue, qui m’ont guidé à travers de nombreux moments de difficulté inhérente à une telle aventure. Merci également à tous les autres membres du jury. Ensuite, je dis merci à tous mes collègues de la Direction Licence et Régulation, particulièrement à l’équipe LIA, et à tout le personnel du Laboratoire d’Economie d’Orléans et du Département de Sciences de gestion de l’INT. Puis, je voudrais remercier Corinne Cipière, grâce à qui j’ai pu réaliser une étude bibliographique dans les meilleures conditions, Fabrice Chauvet et Rabie Nait Abdallah, qui m’ont généreusement aidé de nombreuses fois et Michel Amouyal, qui m’a transmis beaucoup de connaissance professionnelle. Mon ami Franck restera graver à jamais dans la mémoire qui me lie à cette belle aventure, car il m’a ouvert la porte et montré le chemin vers le monde des télécommunications. Les places particulières dans mon cœur sont reservées à Babé, à mon père et à ma sœur. Sommaire PARTIE 1 L’HISTORIQUE DE L’INTERCONNEXION DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPITRE 1.1 L’INTERCONNEXION DANS LE RESEAU INTERNATIONAL...................................... 19 CHAPITRE 1.2 L’IMPACT DU PROGRES TECHNIQUE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT CONCURRENTIEL DANS LE DOMAINE DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................... 53 CHAPITRE 1.3 L’ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA TARIFICATION DES SERVICES DE TELEPHONIE INTERNATIONALE ........................................................................................................................... 83 PARTIE 2 LES FONDEMENTS THEORIQUES DE LA TARIFICATION DE L’INTERCONNEXION ET DE L’ACCES AUX RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS........ 107 CHAPITRE 2.1 L’ECONOMIE DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS.................................... 113 CHAPITRE 2.2 LES MODELES THEORIQUES DE TARIFICATION DE L’ACCES AU RESEAU............. 151 PARTIE 3 L’ANALYSE DE LA REGLEMENTATION DE L’INTERCONNEXION ET DE L’ACCES AUX RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ........................................................ 189 CHAPITRE 3.1 LE CADRE REGLEMENTAIRE DU MARCHE DE L’INTERCONNEXION ET DE L’ACCES EN EUROPE ET AUX ETATS-UNIS ............................................................................................................... 195 CHAPITRE 3.2 LES ELEMENTS DE CRITIQUE DE LA REGLEMENTATION ACTUELLE DE L’INTERCONNEXION DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ................................................................. 219 PARTIE 4 LA RECHERCHE D’UN EQUILIBRE SUR LE MARCHE GLOBAL DE L’INTERCONNEXION DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS........................................ 261 CHAPITRE 4.1 LES CONDITIONS D’EQUILIBRE SUR LE MARCHE DE L’INTERCONNEXION DES RESEAUX DE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ........................................................................................................ 271 CHAPITRE 4.2 LA RECHERCHE D’UNE NOUVELLE APPROCHE ECONOMIQUE DE REGLEMENTATION DES TARIFS D’INTERCONNEXION................................................................................................................ 317 Introduction générale Pendant très longtemps, il existait dans chaque pays une entreprise unique assurant la responsabilité d’opérateur du réseau public de télécommunications. Ces opérateurs monopolistiques exerçaient habituellement leurs activités dans un service des postes et des télécommunications qui était dans la plupart des cas contrôlé directement par l’État. Aujourd’hui, ces opérateurs historiques sont majoritairement privatisés et se trouvent désormais dans un nouvel environnement caractéristique d’une période de transition vers la concurrence effective. Les activités d’interconnexion des opérateurs de réseau de télécommunications représentent l’enjeu principal pour la pleine réussite de cette transition vers la concurrence effective des marchés des services de télécommunications. Avant l’ouverture récente à la concurrence des marchés nationaux, les opérateurs historiques s’interconnectaient sur un seul segment, le marché international des télécommunications1. Les relations entre les opérateurs avaient généralement un caractère bilatéral et même si les opérateurs tiers pouvaient jouer un rôle d’intermédiaire ou de réseau de transit de communication, l’objectif de la négociation entre deux opérateurs était de définir une taxation pour le coût de la communication internationale de bout en bout entre abonnés de deux réseaux. Le phénomène d’interconnexion ne vient pas s’imposer naturellement dans un environnement concurrentiel. Certains éléments caractéristiques de l’économie des réseaux de télécommunication empêchent la mise en pratique spontanée d’accords d’interconnexion entre opérateurs concurrents. Dans le cadre historique de l’interconnexion internationale des opérateurs monopoleurs nationaux, les accords 1 A l’exception des Etats-Unis où les diverses périodes de transition entre le monopole régulé et la concurrence se sont imposées au cours de l’histoire et l’interconnexion se réalisait de façon verticale entre les opérateurs de longue distance et les opérateurs de boucle locale. Le système des BOC (Bell Operating Companies) dominait le marché des appels locaux et l’entreprise géante AT&T celui des appels de longue distance. 1 Introduction générale d’interconnexion relevaient d’un aspect de complémentarité des services et non pas de substitution. A l’inverse, dans le nouveau cadre formé par l’ouverture à la concurrence des marchés nationaux, les accords d’interconnexion relèvent le plus souvent d’un aspect de substitution et beaucoup moins de complémentarité. La période d’existence des marchés nationaux monopolistiques correspondait bien à un niveau de technologie adapté à une production simple, autrement dit l’offre des opérateurs de réseau était concentrée en très grande partie sur un seul service : la voix sur le réseau RTCP2. Avec le progrès immense de la technologie de l’information, de nombreux nouveaux services ou moyens de communication (téléphonie mobile, Internet, serveurs vocaux, SMS, etc.) se partagent l’infrastructure du réseau global de télécommunications, en prenant de plus en plus d’importance dans le volume global des communications échangées. À l’heure actuelle, la production de services dans les télécommunications s’est diversifiée. On peut parler à présent d’une production multiple ou, parfois même, de la substitution de divers types de production. Depuis son ouverture à la concurrence généralisée, le marché national des services de télécommunications est composé de cinq segments principaux : les marchés des appels locaux, des appels nationaux de longue distance, des appels internationaux, des services mobiles et des services d’Internet3. Le choix du cadre réglementaire d’interconnexion des réseaux et de la compensation inter opérateurs qui en résulte, s’est diversifié du fait que les différents types de réseaux se sont historiquement développés dans des conditions économiques non analogues et non concomitantes. Les réseaux fixes nationaux se sont développés sur la base de la règle du subventionnement des coûts de la partie du réseau des régions à faible densité par la partie du réseau des régions à forte densité (subventions croisées). Les subventions croisées ont permis d’appliquer
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