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Colonialism and Racism in Tsitsi Dangarembga's the Book Of ISSN : REVUE INTER-TEXTUAL Revue semestrielle en ligne des Lettres et Sciences Humaines du Département d’Anglais adossée au Groupe de recherches en Littérature et Linguistique anglaise (GRELLA) Université Alassane Ouattara République de Côte d’Ivoire Directeur de Publication: M. Pierre KRAMOKO, Maitre de Conférences Adresse postale: 01 BP V 18 Bouaké 01 Téléphone: (225) 01782284/(225) 01018143 Courriel: [email protected] Numéro ISSN: Lien de la Revue: http://inter-textual.univ-ao.edu.ci ADMINISTRATION DE LA REVUE DIRECTEUR DE PUBLICATION M. Pierre KRAMOKO, Maître de Conférences COMITÉ DE RÉDACTION - Professeur Guézé Habraham Aimé DAHIGO, Professeur Titulaire - Dr Vamara KONÉ, Maître de Conférences - Dr Kouamé ADOU, Maître de Conférences - Dr Kouamé SAYNI, Maître de Conférences - Dr Koffi Eugène N’GUESSAN, Maître de Conférences - Dr Gossouhon SÉKONGO, Maître de Conférences - Dr Philippe Zorobi TOH, Maître de Conférences - Dr Jérome Koffi KRA, Maître de Conférences COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE Prof. Azoumana Ouattara, Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire Prof. Coulibaly Daouda, PhD,Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire Prof. Djako Arsène, Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire Prof. Francis Akindès, Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire Prof. Lawrence P. Jackson, Johns Hopkins University, USA Prof. Léa N’Goran-Poamé, Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire Prof. Mamadou Kandji, Université Ckeick Anta Diop, Sénégal Prof. Margaret Wright-Cleveland, Florida State University, USA Prof. Kenneth Cohen, St Mary’s College of Maryland, USA Prof. Nubukpo Komlan Messan, Université de Lomé, Togo Prof. Séry Bailly, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan Prof. Zigui Koléa Paulin, Université Alassane Ouattara, Côte d’Ivoire TABLE OF CONTENTS/ TABLE DES MATIÈRES 1. Kouadio Germain N’GUESSAN, GENDER HIERARCHY AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF FEMININITY: THE IMPOSED MASK.…………1 - 19 2. Goh Théodore TRA BI, HISTORIOGRAPHY OF NARRATIVE THEORIES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.…………………………………………20 - 37 3. Ezoulé Miézan Isaac KANGAH, BRITISH POLITICAL SCENE IN JONATHAN COE’S THE CLOSED CIRCLE.……………………………38 - 56 4. Gabrielle KEITA, UNCOMPLETED ASPECT MARKING FROM STANDARD ENGLISH TO NIGERIAN PIDGIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.…………………………………………………………………………57 - 68 5. Constant Ané KONÉ, REMEMBERING SLAVERY MEMORY IN GAYL JONES’ CORREGIDORA.…………………………………………………….69 - 88 6. Germain ASSAMOI, MODALITY IN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE, BETWEEN RADICAL AND EPISTEMIC.………………………………89 - 105 7. Koffi Eugène N’GUESSAN, BRIDGING THE VALLEY OF NIHILISM IN AUGUST WILSON’S FENCES.…………………………………………106 - 121 8. Souleymane TUO, SLAVE REBELLION IN ANDRE PHILIPPUS BRINK’S AN INSTANT IN THE WIND.……………………………………………122 - 139 9. Dolourou SORO, A MARXIST READING OF ERNEST GAINES’ A LESSON BEFORE DYING.……………………………………………………………140 - 156 10. Tié Emmanuel TOH BI, POÉTIQUE TRAGIQUE ET TRAGÉDIE, POUR L’ESQUISSE D’UNE POÉTIQUE DU TRAGIQUE DANS LA POÉSIE NÉGRO-AFRICAINE; UNE ILLUSTRATION DU MICROCOSME IVOIRIEN DANS LA MÈRE ROUGE DE CEDRIC MARSHALL KISSY.…………157 - 178 11. Paul KOUABENAN, THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART: A STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE’S NO LONGER AT EASE, A MAN OF THE PEOPLE AND ANTHILLS OF THE SAVANNAH.………………………………………178 - 192 12. Renais Ulrich KACOU, COLONIALISM AND RACISM IN TSITSI DANGAREMBGA’S THE BOOK OF NOT.………………………………193 - 203 13. Adiele Kilanko ZANNOU, THE AMERICAN DREAM IN LANGSTON HUGHES’ SELECTED POEMS.…………………………………………204 - 226 14. Jean Jacques Gnahoua SABLÉ, LA LITTERATURE COMME UN EXAMEN DE MEMOIRE, D’OUBLI ET DE RECONCILIATION.……………….227 - 235 15. Aliou Badara KANDJI, VIOLENCE, INCEST AND DELAYED DECODING IN THE SCOTTISH BALLAD, “EDWARD, EDWARD” (CHILD 13)...236 - 244 16. Pierre KRAMOKO, THE HOMELESS HOUSEHOLD: A REFLECTION ON THE FAMILY IN TONI MORRISON’S SULA AND SONG OF SOLOMON.…………………………………………………………………245 - 259 17. Désiré Yssa KOFFI, THE VOICE IN THE PERIPHERY: BLACK CULTURE IN TONI MORRISON’S TAR BABY.………………………260 - 272 18. Minata KONÉ, THE NGURARIO OR MARRIAGE IN FICTION AND REAL LIFE.……………………………………………………………….273 - 285 19. Daouda COULIBALY, THE DRAMATIZATION OF THE FEMALE BODY: DISCOURSES OF RESISTANCE AND POWER IN OF EVE ENSLER’S THE VAGINA MONOLOGUES.……………………………………………286 - 298 COLONIALISM AND RACISM IN TSITSI DANGAREMBGA’S THE BOOK OF NOT Resnais Ulrich KACOU, Lorougnon Gbede University Abstract: Colonialism does not only control the material resources of a country, but it also subjugates people by distorting, disfiguring and destroying the traditional African life. As if it was not enough, racial doctrines became the ideological cornerstone for colonial theories and policies. Racial oppression dehumanizes people, violates and attacks social groups: Blacks and Whites. Tsitsi Dangarembga’s novel The Book of Not is very close to her people and consequently their social realities: what they faced during British imperialism. As a result, this paper aims to show Dangarembga as a social critic who denounces the effects of colonialism and racism in Zimbabwe through the image of Tambu, the main character of The Book of Not. Keywords: Colonialism, racism, oppression, domination, Zimbabwe, Africa, Black and White, postcolonial, colonial system. Résumé : La colonisation ne contrôle pas seulement les ressources matérielles d’un pays, mais aussi elle assujettie le peuple en dénaturant, défigurant et anéantissant la vie traditionnelle africaine. Comme si cela ne suffisait pas, les doctrines raciales devinrent la pierre angulaire idéologique pour les théories et politiques coloniales. L’oppression raciale déshumanise le peuple, viole et attaque les groupes sociaux. C’est dans cette perspective que le roman de Tsitsi Dangarembga, The Book of Not, décrit une société Zimbabwéenne où les personnages sont opprimés à travers une discrimination raciale par le système colonial britannique. Cet article vise à montrer Tsitsi Dangarembga en tant que critique qui dénonce les effets du colonialisme et du racisme au Zimbabwe à travers Tambu, le protagoniste de The Book of Not. Mots-clés : Colonialisme, racisme, oppression, domination, Zimbabwe, Africa, Noir et Blanc, postcolonial, système colonial. 193 Introduction The colonization of Africa by Western powers (France, Britain, Belgium, Portugal, etc.) brought the African continent into the world of perpetual suffering and exploitation as the colonial system has disrupted African continent beliefs, habits and customs. The colonial rule brought to Africa the European notion that black people are the inferior being on the earth which might be civilized through the crusade of colonialism. The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines colonialism as “the belief in and support for the system of one country controlling another.”1 Whereas racism is “the belief that people’s qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other races. 2 Colonialism denotes a relationship of domination and, like other forms of oppression, is a structural system of hierarchically ordered and ranked relationships between at least two racially distinct social groups: Blacks and Whites. The supporters of colonialism advanced the following argument that African culture is inferior to European culture and the African people are of a different racial heritage from Europeans. For Michael T. Martin and Howard Cohen, racism determined “cultural superiority and European civilization was superior to blacks (Africans) cultures.” (Martin and Howard 1980: 35) European assumed the moral responsibility to “civilize” the bush peoples. As a result, racism became the ideological cornerstone for colonial policies and theories. Tsitsi Dangarembga’s second novel The Book of Not3 speaks eloquently of the notion of colonialism, racism and the attempts of colonial and postcolonial African writers to call them into question. Not only does much contemporary African literature offer resistance to colonialism and racism evoked by The Book of Not, but it also raises doubts about typical understanding of “colonizer vs. colonized” and “Western vs. African.” The Book of Not is concerned with the cumulative damage of colonialism and racism in colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe. Because of the historically complex nature of these subjects (colonialism and racism), our task in this paper will mainly consist in examining separately each of these subjects in order to identify the necessary relationships between them in the matrix of imperialist domination on Africans in Zimbabwe. Zimbabweans being subordinated to Whites domination because of colonialism, their abused and oppressed conditions, is what Dangarembga castigates and battles against in The Book of Not. She displays certain 1 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p. 233. 2 Ibid, pp. 1023-1024. 3 Tsitsi Dangarembga, The Book of Not, (Oxfordshire: Ayebia Clarcke Publishing Ltd, 2006). 194 inconsistencies reflecting colonialism and its double standard attitudes such as domination and freedom for Whites on the one hand, and the repression, oppression and enslavement for Blacks on the other. Ideology as a principle lead us to accept the world as it is. It constrains us to be submitted to a given order. And the order here seems to be the one dictated by the white masters in Zimbabwe. Considering the above mentioned criteria, the purpose of this article is to show the racial domination and oppression of Tambu the protagonist, implicitly the Zimbabwean by white colonialists. The novel,
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