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Disertační Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Disertační práce Tomáš Peterka Brno 2019 PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Variability of fen vegetation on the European scale Ph.D. Dissertation Tomáš Peterka Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Michal Hájek, Ph.D. Ústav botaniky a zoologie Brno 2019 Bibliographic Entry Author: Mgr. Tomáš Peterka Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Dissertation: Variability of fen vegetation on the European scale Degree programme: Biology Field of Study: Botany Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Michal Hájek, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 37+181 Keywords: databases; phytosociological relevés; environmental gradients; classification; wetlands; endangered habitats; pH; mires; plant communities; vegetation Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Tomáš Peterka Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Variabilita slatiništní vegetace na evropském měřítku Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Botanika Školitel: doc. Mgr. Michal Hájek, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 37+181 Klíčová slova: databáze; fytocenologické snímky; gradienty prostředí; klasifikace; mokřady; ohrožené biotopy; pH; rašeliniště; rostlinná společenstva; vegetace Abstract Fens (minerotrophic mires, plant communities of the Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea fuscae class) have great importance for biodiversity protection and belong among endangered habitats in many parts of Europe. Phytosociological classification of fen vegetation at the level of alliances (i.e. major vegetation units), however, differs among European countries, which complicates communication among scientist as well as habitat protection at the supra-national level. Several vegetation systems accent the stand physiognomy and hydrological factors as the main classification criteria for delimitation of alliances. Other systems, mostly following the Scandinavian tradition, distinguish alliances along the “poor- rich” gradient (complex gradient of pH and the total mineral richness). The aim of the thesis is hence to made an attempt on the harmonised classification of European fens at the alliance level. Relationship between vegetation and environmental data was investigated in well- preserved fens on the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic). This study revealed the key role of poor-rich gradient for species turnover in fens and for delimitation of fen alliances. The macronutrient availability (fertility) coincided with the second gradient, independent on pH and mineral richness. As data collecting and filtering are prerequisites for vegetation syntheses, the thesis focuses also on these methodical aspects. The European Mire Vegetation Database was introduced. This database contains thousands of previously not digitized vegetation plots and fills in regional gaps in digital data on mire vegetation. Further, the thesis deals with the question whether plots of different sizes might be jointly used in broad-scale vegetation analyses. Since plots of 1–25 m2 shared comparable counts of fen specialists and produced coincident ordinations patterns, they might be safely merged in broad-scale syntheses and analyses of fen vegetation without introducing significant error, at least when compared with other possible sources of bias. The pan-European classification of fen vegetation was proposed and supported by analysis of vegetation-plot data. The presented classification scheme reflects differences in species composition driven by site chemistry and geographical (macroclimatic) variation. Formal definitions of alliances were created using the presence, absence and abundance of sociological species groups and indicator species. The following alliances were defined: Caricion viridulo-trinervis, Caricion davallianae, Caricion atrofusco-saxatilis, Stygio-Caricion limosae, Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion nitentis, Saxifrago-Tomentypnion, Narthecion scardici, Caricion stantis, Anagallido tenellae-Juncion bulbosi, Drepanocladion exannulati, Caricion fuscae, Sphagno-Caricion canescentis and Scheuchzerion palustris. Unsupervised classification and ordination supported the ecological meaningfulness of presented classification. In some cases, pan-European vegetation synthesis pointed to the occurrence of plant communities previously overlooked in particular national vegetation surveys. For example, the vegetation of several quaking brown-moss rich fens occurring in the Carpathians and adjacent territories were identified as the boreal rich fen community of Stygio-Caricion limosae alliance. This classification was confirmed by comparison of plots from Central and South-eastern Europe with phytosociogical material from Northern Europe (the locus classicus of Stygio-Caricion limosae). Macrofossil data suggested much more frequent occurrence of this vegetation type in Central Europe in glacial and Early Holocene times and hence its current relict status. During the fieldwork, new localities of relict bryophytes Meesia triquetra and Pseudocalliergon lycopodioides for individual countries were discovered, and one locality of endangered Eriophorum gracile was re-discovered in Czech Republic. The last section of the thesis hence focuses on updating knowledge on distributional ranges and vegetation affinity of these important fen specialists. Abstrakt Slatiniště (minerotrofní rašeliniště, rostlinná společentsva třídy Scheuchzerio palustris- Caricetea fuscae) mají velký význam pro ochranu biodiverzity a v mnoha oblastech Evropy patří k ohroženým biotopům. Fytocenocelogické klasifikace slatiništní vegetace se však mezi evropskými zeměmi liší, což komplikuje nejen komunikaci ve vědecké komunitě, ale také ochranu těchto stanovišť na mezinárodní úrovni. Některé vegetační systémy slatiništní vegetace rozlišují hlavní vegetační jednotky (tj. svazy) na základě fyziognomie porostů a hydrologických faktorů. Jiné systémy navazující na skandinávskou tradici vymezují svazy podél tzv. „poor-rich“ gradientu (komplexního gradientu pH a minerální bohatosti). Cílem této práce je vytvořit první pokus o jednotnou klasifikaci slatinišť v Evropě. Na posledních zachovalých slatiništích v Českém masivu (ČR) jsme se zabývali vztahem vegetace a proměnných prostředí. Tato studie potvrdila význam poor-rich gradientu pro změnu druhového složení slatiništní vegetace a pro vymezení jednotlivých svazů. Druhý vegetační gradient souvisel s dostupností makroprvků (fertilitou) a projevoval se nezávisle na pH a minerální bohatosti. Nezbytnými předpoklady vegetačních syntéz jsou sběr a třídění dat, proto se disertační práce zabývá rovněž těmito metodickými aspekty. Představena je databáze evropské rašelinné vegetace (European Mire Vegetation Database), která obhahuje několik tisíc dosud nedigitalizovaných fytocenologických snímků. Dále se zabýváme otázkou, jestli mohou být ve velkoškálových analýzách použity snímky o různé velikosti plochy. Zápisy o rozměrech 1–25 m2 obsahují srovnatelný počet specialistů a dávají obdobné výsledky v ordinančích analýzách. Proto mohou fyt. snímky o této velikosti být zařazeny do velkoplošných vegetačních syntéz, aniž by způsobily významné zkreslení výsledků (obzvláště přihlédneme-li k jiným možným zdrojů šumu ve fytocenologických datech). Navrhli jsme klasifikaci slatiništní vegetace v Evropě na základě analýzy fytocenologických snímků. Použité klasifikační schéma odráží vliv chemismu a geografických (makroklimatických) proměnných na druhové složení společenstev. Vytvořili jsme formální definice svazů Caricion viridulo-trinervis, Caricion davallianae, Caricion atrofusco-saxatilis, Stygio-Caricion limosae, Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion nitentis, Saxifrago- Tomentypnion, Narthecion scardici, Caricion stantis, Anagallido tenellae-Juncion bulbosi, Drepanocladion exannulati, Caricion fuscae, Sphagno-Caricion canescentis a Scheuchzerion palustris. Formální definice pracují s přítomností, absencí a pokryvností sociologických skupin a význačných druhů. Ekologickou smysluplnost navrženého systému podpořily ordinační metody a metody neřízené klasifikace. V některých případech celoevropská syntéza poukázala na přítomnost vegetačních typů, které nebyly dosud rozlišovány v národních vegetačních přehledech. Např. mírně vápnitá třasoviska s hnědými mechy vyskytující se vzácně v Karpatech a okolních oblastech byla identifikována jako společenstva boreálního svazu Stygio-Caricion limosae. Toto zařazení jsme ověřili srovnáním fytocenologických snímků s materiálem ze severní Evropy (locus classicus svazu Stygio-Caricion limosae). Makrozbytky naznačují běžný výskyt tohoto vegetačního typu ve střední Evropě v glaciálu a raném holocénu a tedy jeho reliktní povahu. Během terénního výzkumu byly zjištěny nové lokality reliktních mechů (Meesia triquetra, Pseudocalliergon lycopodioides) a potvrzena lokalita ohroženého suchopýru štíhlého (Eriophorum gracile). Poslední část disertace proto doppuje informace o rozšíření těchto významných slatiništních specialistů a o jejich vegetační vazbě. © Tomáš Peterka, Masaryk University, 2019 Acknowledgements / Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěl poděkovat všem těm, bez jejichž pomoci nebo podpory bych tuto práci nesepsal a kteří mi během uplynulých let pomáhali poznávat přírodu a snad i trochu pochopit některé její zákonitosti. Hlavní dík náleží Michalu Hájkovi za to, že mi vůbec navrhl jít na doktorát. Za jeho přátelství, ochotu, rady, lidskost, trpělivost, toleranci a občas i za poněkud nekritickou důvěru. Za čas, který mi tolikrát věnoval, ačkoliv žádný čas neměl. Za to, že nad svým svérázným doktorandem s neméně svéráznými názory
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