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"Fitocenološka Analiza Ugroženih Biljnih Vrsta

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UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Tamara S. Todorović Fitocenološka analiza ugroženih biljnih vrsta Vlasinske visoravni Master rad Niš, 2013. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET NIŠ DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Fitocenološka analiza ugroženih biljnih vrsta Vlasinske visoravni Master rad Student: Mentor: Tamara S. Todorović dr Vladimir N. Ranđelović br. indeksa 5 Niš, 2013. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Phytocoenological analysis of the threatened plant species in the flora of the Vlasina plateau Master thesis Student: Mentor: Tamara S. Todorović dr Vladimir N. Ranđelović nbr. of index: 5 Niš, 2013. Ovaj master rad predstavlja ostvarenje mog sna, zato bih ovim putem želela da izrazim neizmernu zahvalnost i poštovanje svom mentoru dr Vladimiru Ranđeloviću za pomoć, strpljenje i putokaz prilikom izrade ovog master rada. Najveće hvala mojoj porodici na podršci, razumevanju, ljubavi i mogućnosti da ostvarim svoj san. Hvala svima koji su bili uz mene. Sadržaj I Uvod ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 I.1. Istorijski pregled istraživanja flore i vegetacije Vlasinske visoravni ............................................... 2 I.2. Geografske karakteristike istraživanog područja ................................................................................ 4 I.2.1. Vlasinsko jezero .................................................................................................................................. 5 I.2.2. Hidrogeografske karakteristike Vlasinske visoravni......................................................................... 6 I.2.3. Geološki sastav ................................................................................................................................... 6 I.2.4. Pedološka podloga .............................................................................................................................. 7 I.2.5. Klimatske prilike .................................................................................................................................. 7 I.3. Ugroženost i zaštita flore i vegetacije Vlasinske visoravni..................................................................... 8 I.4. Ugroženost biljnih vrsta i faktori ugrožavanja ........................................................................................ 9 II Materijal i metode .................................................................................................................................... 11 III Rezultati i diskusija ................................................................................................................................ 12 III.1. Zastupljenost ugroženih biljnih vrsta na Vlasinskoj visoravni .................................................... 12 III.1.1 Pregled ugroženih vrsta flore Vlasinske visoravni po kategorijama ugroženosti u flori Srbije ... 12 III.1.2 Taksonomski diverzitet ugroženih biljnih vrsta flore Vlasinske visoravni ...................................... 31 III.1.3. Fitogeografska analiza ugroženih biljnih vrsta flore Vlasinske visoravni ....................................... 31 III.1.4. Biološki spektar flore ugroženih biljnih vrsta Vlasinske visoravni ................................................. 34 III.2. Zastupljenost ugroženih biljnih vrsta u različitim tipovima vegetacije .............................................. 37 Zaključak ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Literatura ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 Biografija kandidata………………………………………………………………………………… ......... 51 Tamara S. Todorović Fitocenološka analizaugroženih biljnih vrsta Vlasinske visoravni Pogled na Vlasinsko jezero sa Strešera I. UVOD Kao retko gde na svetu, naši prostori kriju mnoge prirodne retkosti o kojima, često veoma malo znamo. Cilj nas prirodnjaka, a pre svega biologa, je da saznamo čime se možemo ponositi, ali i šta nam je priroda dala na čuvanje, jer na žalost, neznanje ili nemar, razlog su što takva prirodna blaga nisu izložena samo zubu vremena, već i ljudskoj destrukciji. Krajem prethodnog i početkom ovog veka sve veća pažnja se poklanja očuvanju ugroženih staništa i vrsta. Poseban značaj se pridaje objektima prirode koji su na udaru antropogenog faktora, a istovremeno se ističu prisustvom velikog broja ugroženih biljnih i životinjskih taksona. Jedan od takvih objekata je i Vlasinsko jezero i njegova neposredna okolina, Vlasinska visoravan. Vlasinska visoravan se prostire na krajnjem jugoistoku Srbije. Smeštena je između visokih vrhova planina Rodopskog masiva. Na zapadnom obodu je pejzažno mozaični i zaobljeni Čemernik (1638 m), a na severu postepeno prelazi u pitomi planinski masiv Plane (Gramade) sa vrhom Vrtopom (1721 m). Na istom delu visoravni se diže vidikovac Bukova Glava (1472 m), a prema jugu visoravan je izdužena i ograđena planinskim ograncima Vardenika, čiji su najistaknutiji grebeni Plešijevac (1664 m) i Strešar (1876 m). Sama visoravan se nalazi na nadmorskoj visini od 1230 m. Nazvana je prema nazivu današnjeg akumulacionog jezera, a ranije blata koje se nalazilo u njenom dnu. U daljoj prošlosti na mestu ovog jezera bila je najveća tresava na Balkanskom poluostrvu, Vlasinska tresava. Izgradnjom velike zemljane brane i formiranjem akumulacije izmenjene su karakteristike čitavog područja. Ipak, smeštena daleko od većih balkanskih saobraćajnica i industrije, koja bi mogla da uruši lepotu kraja, Vlasinska visoravan je dugo ostajala gotovo netaknuti deo prirode naše zemlje. Međutim, poslednjih godina ova prirodna atrakcija našla se na samom rubu egzistencije. Zbog toga se pred današnje istraživače prirode nameću problemi zaštite Vlasinske visoravni i revitalizacije degradiranog biljnog pokrivača. Iako je ovo područje u više navrata analizirano sa aspekta ugroženosti biljnih vrsta (Ranđelović, 2002, Ranđelović, Zlatković, 2010, Ranđelović et al., 2010), u ovom radu je postavljen cilj da se detaljno analizira fitocenološka pripadnost vrsta kojima u budućnosti preti opasnost od potpunog iščezavanja sa ovih prostora i da se ukaže na potrebu zaštite i očuvanja najugroženijih biljnih zajednica. 1 Tamara S. Todorović Fitocenološka analizaugroženih biljnih vrsta Vlasinske visoravni I. 1. Istorijski pregled istraživanja flore i vegetacije Vlasinske visoravni Ovo područje, smešteno u pojasu planinske bukove šume, na čijim se staništima danas uglavnom razvijaju pašnjaci tipca (Nardetum stricte), skrenulo je pažnju prirodnjaka još u 19. veku, kada su južni delovi naše zemlje pripojeni Srbiji (Ranđelović, Zlatković, 2010.). Krajem juna 1880. godine, iz Pirota, dolinom Jerme, na Vlasinu dolazi Josif Pančić sa svojim učenicima i obilazi severni deo tresave, čime je obeležen početak botaničkih istraživanja ovog nadasve zanimljivog objekta (Ranđelović, Zlatković, 2010.). Pančić (1884) navodi niz zanimljivih biljnih vrsta, a srpsku floru je obogatio za četiri roda (Drosera, Comarum, Pinguicula, Polemonium) i većim brojem novih vrsta, od kojih su neke nove za nauku: na tresavi Aconitum divergens Panč. i Avena rufescens Panč., a na obroncima oko blata vrstu Allium melanantherum Panč. i varijetet Knautia magnifica var. flavescens. Značajno je pomenuti i nalaz vrste Juncus capitatus Weigel., koja je kasnije verovatno nestala sa svog, do nedavno, jedinog poznatog nalazišta u Srbiji (Ranđelović, Zlatković, 2010.). Velike zasluge za proučavanje viših biljaka Vlasinske visoravni ima Đorđe Ničić, koji u delu “Građa za floru okoline Vranja” (Ničić, 1893.) navodi 67 vrsta sa ovih terena, većinom sa tresave. Najinteresantniji je nalaz vrste Ranunculus lingua L., a značajan je i Ničićev opis stanja populacije karnivorne biljke Drosera rotundifolia L. Lujo Adamović, veliki istraživač balkanske flore i vegetacije, takođe je boravio na Vlasini i u par navrata pisao o njenoj flori (Adamović, 1896., 1898., 1904., 1908.). Pred kraj prošlog veka, bogat floristički materijal sakupljen na ovim prostorima, Đ. Ilić, L. Adamović i M. Dimitrijević ustupaju austrijskom botaničaru Karlu Friču. On objavljuje nekoliko priloga za floru Balkanskog poluostrva, gde navodi i biljke sa Vlasine (Fritsch, 1894., 1895., 1899.). Fritsch (1909.) u narednom periodu objavljuje nove priloge u kojima navodi devet vrsta sa Vlasine, od kojih je Orchis serbica H. Fleischm. nova za nauku. O Vlasini i njenim florističkim znamenitostima pišu i Obradović – Ličanin (1892., 1892.a) i Davidović (1893.), koji detaljno opisuju još jednu znamenitost Vlasine – bukvu zlatu. Ova bukva je zbog svog specifičnog habitusa našla i svoje mesto u Spath-ovom katalogu drvenastih biljaka iz 1891. godine (Ranđelović, Zlatković, 2010.). Najplodnija godina istraživanja Vlasinske visoravni je 1910., kada su se pojavile dve studije o vegetaciji i biljnogeografskom položaju Vlasinske tresave, kao i o njenom položaju u sistemu tresava Evrope (Košanin, 1910., Katić, 1910.). U svojoj biljno-geografskoj studiji Vlasine, Košanin (1910.) daje opise vegetacijskih formacija Vlasine. Iste godine štampano je delo "Elementi vlasinske flore" (Košanin, 1910b) u kojem je dat spisak biljnih vrsta tresave i okoline. "Botanička slika" Vlasine pre potapanja kompletira se paleontološkim
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