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Political Science C37 (Group 3: Greece ± Libya) Country: Greece ± Democratic  Type of Democracy: Representative  Variety: Established

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Political Science C37 (Group 3: Greece ± Libya) Country: Greece ± Democratic  Type of Democracy: Representative  Variety: Established Political Science C37 (Group 3: Greece ± Libya) Country: Greece ± Democratic Type of Democracy: Representative Variety: Established Politics of Greece takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Greece is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Hellenic Parliament. Since the restoration of democracy the party system is dominated by the conservative New Democracy (ȃİĮ ǻȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚĮ - Nea Dimokratia) and the socialist Panhellenic Socialist Movement (ȆĮȞİȜȜȘȞȚȠ ȈȠıȚĮȜȚıIJȚțȠ ȀȚȞȘȝĮ - Panellinio Sosialistiko Kinima). The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1975 constitution, which describes Greece as a "presidential parliamentary republic," includes extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and vests the powers of the head of state in a president elected by parliament. The Greek governmental structure is similar to that found in many Western democracies, and has been described as a compromise between the French and German models. The prime minister and cabinet play the central role in the political process, while the president performs some executive and legislative functions in addition to ceremonial duties. Executive branch Office Name Party Since President Karolos Papoulias Panhellenic Socialist Movement March 12, 2005 Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis New Democracy March 10, 2004 The Cabinet of Greece includes the heads of all executive ministries, appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister. The President of the Republic is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term (election last held March 7, 2004), and a maximum of two terms in office. When a presidential term expires, Parliament votes to elect the new President. In the first two votes, a 2/3 majority (200 votes) is necessary. The third and final vote requires a 3/5 (180 votes) majority. If the third vote is fruitless, Parliament is dissolved and elections are proclaimed by the outgoing President within the next 30 days. In the new 1 Parliament, the election for President is repeated immediately with a 3/5 majority required for the initial vote, an absolute majority for the second one (151 votes) and a simple majority for the third and final one. The system is so designed as to promote consensus Presidential candidates among the main political parties. The president has the power to declare war, to grant pardon and to conclude agreements of peace, alliance, and participation in international organizations; upon the request of the government a simple parliamentary majority is required to ratify such actions, agreements, or treaties. An absolute or a three-fifths majority is required in exceptional cases (for example, the accession into the EU needed a 3/5 majority). The president can also exercise certain emergency powers, which must be countersigned by the appropriate cabinet minister. Changes to the constitution in 1986 limited the president's political powers. As a result, the president may not dissolve parliament, dismiss the government, suspend certain articles of the constitution, issue a proclamation or declare a state of siege without countersigning by the prime minister or the appropriate cabinet minister. To call a referendum, he must obtain approval from parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the president and he is usually the leader of the party controlling the absolute malority of Parliament members. According to the Constitution, the prime minister safeguerds the unity of the government and directs its activities. He is the most powerful person of the greek political system and he recommendates to the President the appointment or the dismissal of the ministers. His recommendation is obligatory for the President. Legislative branch Greece elects a legislature by universal suffrage of all citizens over the age of 18. The Greek Parliament (Vouli ton Ellinon) has 300 members, elected for a four- year term by a system of reinforced proportional representation in 51 multi-seat constituencies, 5 single-seat constituencies and a single nationwide list. 288 of the 300 seats are determined by constituecy voting, and voters may select the candidate or candidates of their choice by marking their name on the party ballot. The remaining 12 seats are filled from nationwide party lists on a top-down basis and based on the proportion of the total vote each party received. Greece uses a complex reinforced proportional representation electoral system which discourages splinter parties and makes a parliamentary majority possible even if the leading party falls short of a majority of the popular vote. Under the current electoral law, any single party must receive at least a 3% nationwide vote tally in order to elect Members of Parliament (the so-called "3% threshold"). The law in its current form favors the first past the post party to achieve an absolute (151 parliamentary seats) majority, provided it receives a 41%+ nationwide vote. This is touted to enhance governmental stability. The electoral law can be changed by simple parliamentary majority, but a law so changed only becomes enforced in the election following the upcoming one, unless it is voted by the Greek Parliament with a majority of 2/3 of the total number of the deputies. 2 Political parties and leaders Summary of the 7 March 2004 Greek Parliament election results Parties Leaders Votes Seats No. % +í % No. +í New Democracy (Nea Costas 3,359,058 45.4 +2.7 165 +39 Dimokratia) Caramanlis Panhellenic Socialist George Movement (Panellinio 3,002,531 40.5 -3.2 117 í40 Papandreou Sosialistiko Kinima) Communist Party of Aleka Greece (Kommunistiko Komma 436,573 5.9 +0.4 12 +1 Papariga Elladas) Coalition of the Radical Left Alekos (Synaspismos tis Rizospastikis 241,539 3.3 +0.1 6 +0 Alavanos Aristeras) Popular Orthodox Rally (Laikos Georgios 162,103 2.2 - 0 - Orthodoxos Synagermos) Karatzaferis Democratic Social Movement Dimitris 132,750 1.8 -0.9 0 - (Dimokratiki Kinoniku Kinima) Tsovolas Union of Centrists (Enosi Vassilis 19,531 0.3 +0 0 +0 Kentroou) Leventis Radical Left Front (Metopo 11,261 0.2 +0 0 +0 Rizospastikis Aristeras) Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) 10,764 0.2 +0 0 +0 ( Kommounistiko Komma Elladas (marxistiko-leninistiko)) Anti-Capitalist Coalition 8,313 0.1 - 0 - 3 Hellenic Front (Elliniko Metopo) Makis Voridis 6,751 0.1 - 0 - Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece (Marxistiko- 4,846 0.1 +0 0 +0 leninistiko Kommounistiko Komma Elladas) Militant Socialist Party of 3,180 0.0 +0 0 +0 Greece Liberals (Oi Fileleytheroi) 2,658 0.0 - 0 - Organization for the Reconstruction of the 2,099 0.0 +0 0 +0 Communist Party of Greece Others 958 0.0 +0 0 +0 No. of valid votes 7,404,934 100,00 300 Invalid votes 166,667 7,571,601 Total (75.6%) y Source: Greek Interior Ministry website http://www.ypes.gr/ekloges/content/gr/ethnik_fr.htm y The results of the Coalition of Radical Left are compared with the 2000 results of the Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology (ȈȣȞĮıʌȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ǹȡȚıIJİȡȐȢ, IJȦȞ ȀȚȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ, țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȅȚțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ- Synaspismos tis Aristeras, ton Kinimaton, kal tis Oikologias), the main party of the coalition. Judicial branch In Greece the judicial branch is divided in: the civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases the administrative courts, which judge administrative cases, namely disputes between the citizens and the State. 4 The judicial system of Greece comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (DZȡİȚȠȢ ȆȐȖȠȢ), the Council of State (ȈȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ IJȘȢ ǼʌȚțȡĮIJİȓĮȢ) and the Chamber of Accounts (ǼȜİȖțIJȚțȩ ȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠ). These high courts are consisted of professional judges, graduates of the National School of Judges. The way the judges are gradually promoted, until they become members of the Supreme Courts, is defined by the Constitution and the existing laws. The presidents and the vice-presidents of the three Supreme Courts are chosen by the Cabinet of Greece among the serving members of each of the Supreme Courts. The Court of Cassation is the supreme civil and penal court, whereas the Council of State is the supreme administrative court. The Chamber of Accounts has an exclusive competence on certain administrative areas (for example it judges disputes arising from the legislation regulating the pensions of civil servants) and its decisions are irrevocable. This means that they are not judged at second instance by the Council of State. Sometimes, the Supreme Courts take contradictory decisions or they judge differently the constitutionality of a legal provision. These disputes are resolved by the Supreme Special Court, whose the composition and jurisdiction is regulated by the Consitution (article 100). As its name reveals, this court is not permanent and it sits, when a special case belonging to its jurisdiction arises. When the Supreme Special Court sits, it comprises eleven members: the Presidents of the three Supreme Courts, four members of the Court of Cassation and four members of the Council of State. When it judges the constitutionality of a law or resolves the disputes between Supreme Courts, its composition comprises two more members: two professors of the Law Schools of Greece. The Supreme Special Court is the only court which can declare an unconstitutional legal provision as "powerless" (something like "null and void"), while the three Supreme Courts can only declare an unconstitutional legal provision as "inapplicable". The Supreme Special Court is also the Supreme Electoral Court, judging pleas against the legality of the legislative elections. Administrative divisions Greece is divided in 13 peripheries, further divided into 51 prefectures. The prefectures are each headed by a prefect (nomarch), who is elected by direct popular vote. The thirteen regional administrative districts (peripheries), each including a number of prefectures are headed by a regional governor (periferiarch), appointed by the Minister of the Interior.
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