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Dielectric Strength Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Transparent Insulation Materials Suitable to Optical Monitoring of Partial Discharges

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Dielectric Strength Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Transparent Insulation Materials Suitable to Optical Monitoring of Partial Discharges Dielectric strength behaviour and mechanical properties of transparent insulation materials suitable to optical monitoring of partial discharges Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur - Dr.-Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation von Master of Engineering (M. Eng.) Chaiyaporn Lothongkam geboren am 14.05.1972 in Bangkok, Thailand 2014 Referent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ernst Gockenbach Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Lutz Hofmann (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ronald Plath, TU Berlin Gutachter: Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang R. Habel, BAM Berlin (Teilgebiet Mess- und Versuchstechnik) Tag der Promotion: 25. Juli 2014 Dielectric strength behaviour and mechanical properties of transparent insulation materials suitable to optical monitoring of partial discharges Key words: silicone rubber, dielectric strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, Weibull distribution, dielectric breakdown test, IEC 60243-1, fluorescent silicone rubber Abstract A novel optical detection method for partial discharge in HV/EHV cable terminations has been proposed. Optical sensor fibres integrated into the HV equipment provide high sensitivity as well as immunity to electromagnetic interference and enable therefore on-line monitoring in electromagnetically noisy environment. The availability of optically transparent silicone rubbers that meet strict dielectric and mechanical criteria is a crucial prerequisite for the implementation of this method. The optically transparent silicone rubbers can be applied for the fabrication of a modern rubber stress cone as well as for the development of a new optical sensing element sensitive to PD activities. In this thesis, AC dielectric strength behaviour and mechanical properties of three types of commercially available silicone rubbers were investigated. One of the characterized silicone rubbers was a translucent type whereas the two others were optically transparent types, however with different chemical curing reactions. The measurements of tensile strength and elongation at break were carried out according to the ISO 37 standard. For investigation of the dielectric strength ̿ΐ behaviour of the virgin and modified silicone rubbers, a new methodology was developed. It is, at the same time, highly reliable and efficient, saves time and reduces material consumption in comparison to previously reported methodologies. The key component of this methodology is a specifically developed test facility. Furthermore, the methodology comprises determinations for easy preparation and handling of high-quality test specimens. This test method provides various advantages over other methods that have previously been used for measurement of the fundamental quantity ̿ΐ value of silicone rubbers. Both technical and economic demands are satisfied. The new facility also enables cost-effective routine tests in material research laboratories. The high quality of the obtained test results was verified by statistical analysis based on the 2-parameter Weibull distribution function. The investigations revealed that the virgin translucent silicone rubber has a large elastic region with an acceptable plastic deformation and also provides an AC 50 Hz dielectric strength of approximately 24 kV/mm for 0.5 mm thickness. These values enable considering the tested translucent silicone as replacement material for an opaque elastomer that is currently used for a rubber stress cone of HV cable accessories. Unfortunately, its optical transmittance is poor compared to optically clear transparent silicone rubbers. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of virgin transparent silicone rubbers do not comply with those demanded from push-on stress cones. In particular, their elongation at break is considered too low for that application. However they provide the AC dielectric strength values in either 28 kV/mm or 29 kV/mm for 0.5 mm thickness, which are higher than those of the translucent type. Moreover, it was found that the post-curing process does not provide i a positive impact on the ultimate elongation of silicone rubbers. Hence, the elongation at break of virgin transparent silicone rubbers must be improved before they can be used as insulating material for a rubber stress cone. In addition, the influence of mechanical tensile stress on the dielectric strength of the virgin translucent silicone rubber was investigated. The results show that mechanical tensile stress does not negatively influence on dielectric strength of such silicone rubber, so it can be well-operated under combined electrical and mechanical stresses. Beside the improvement of optical PD detection performance in the translucent silicone insulation materials, the influence of fluorescent dye’s modification was investigated. The results indicate that the commercially available fluorescent dyes of 0.02 wt. % mixed into the translucent silicone polymer do not negatively influence on the ̿ΐ value of such silicone material. So an optically compatible silicone rubber is perfectly suitable for the fabrication of novel fluorescent silicone optical fibres, which can be integrated into the modified transparent rubber stress cones of HV cable terminations. The final outcomes of this investigation are experimentally substantiated recommendations for future revision of IEC 60243-1, especially the chapter dealing with the determination of AC dielectric strength of silicone rubbers. Recommendations and suggestions for further investigations are addressed in the final chapter of this thesis. ii Dielektrische Festigkeit und mechanische Eigenschaften trans- parenter Isolierstoffe, tauglich für das optische Monitoring von Teilentladungen Schlagworte: Silikonelastomer, dielektrische Festigkeit, Reißdehnung, Weibull-Verteilung, Durchschlagtest, IEC 60243-1, fluoreszierendes Silikonelastomer Kurzfassung Eine neue Methode zur optischen Detektion von Teilentladungen in Hoch- und Höchstspannungs-Kabelgarnituren wird vorgeschlagen. Optische Fasern, integriert in die Hochspannungseinrichtung, können hochempfindlich messen und sind gegenüber elektro- magnetischen Feldern immun. Sie ermöglichen somit ein Online-Monitoring in Bereichen hoher elektromagnetischer Felder. Diese optische Detektionsmethode kann in transparenten Silikonelastomer-Isolierstoffen, die sowohl dielektrische als auch mechanische Anforde- rungen erfüllen und für moderne Feldsteuerteile zum Einsatz kommen, zur Früherkennung von Teilentladungen genutzt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden das dielektrische Festigkeitsverhalten und die mechanischen Eigenschaften dreier kommerziell verfügbarer Silikonelastomere unter Wechselspannungs- beanspruchung untersucht. Ein Silikonmaterial war transluzent, zwei andere waren transparent, jedoch mit unterschiedlichen Vernetzungsbedingungen. Die Messung der Reißdehnung bzw. Zugfestigkeit erfolgte gemäß Standard ISO 37. Zur Untersuchung der dielektrischen Festigkeit ̿ΐ der unmodifizierten und modifizierten Silikonelastomere wurde eine neue Untersuchungsmethodik entwickelt. Gegenüber bisherigen Methodiken erlaubt dieses Prüfverfahren Untersuchungen mit geringem Materialverbrauch bei minimalem Zeitaufwand und ist gleichermaßen zuverlässig und effizient. Kernstück dieses Untersuchungsverfahrens ist eine speziell entwickelte Prüfeinrichtung. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht diese Prüfmethode eine einfache Präparation und Handhabung hochwertiger Prüflinge. Diese sowohl technischen als auch ökonomischen Vorteile können bei der Bestimmung des für Silikonelastomere wichtigen Wertes der elektrischen Festigkeit ̿ΐ ausgenutzt werden. Wegen der kostensparenden Prüfmethodik kann diese Prüfeinrichtung auch vorteilhaft für statistische Untersuchungen in Laboratorien eingesetzt werden. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden mittels Weibull-Verteilung statistisch analysiert und bewertet. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das transluzente unmodifizierte Silikonelastomer einen großen Elastizitätsbereich mit akzeptabler plastischer Deformation besitzt; für Prüflinge mit einer Dicke von 0,5 mm wurde für 50 Hz Wechselspannung eine dielektrische Festigkeit von annähernd 24 kV/mm gemessen. Diese Festigkeitseigenschaften des transluzenten Silikonelastomers lässt die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass dieses Material die gegenwärtig für Feldsteuerteile in Hochspannungsgarnituren genutzten lichtundurchlässigen Elastomere ersetzen können. Die Lichtdurchlässigkeit des transluzenten Materials ist allerdings gering im Vergleich zu optisch klaren (transparenten) Silikonelastomeren. Andererseits erfüllen die mechanischen Eigenschaften der unmodifizierten transparenten Silikonelastomere nicht die Anforderungen, die an Aufschiebe-Feldsteuerteile gestellt werden; ihre Reißdehnung wird als zu gering eingeschätzt. Sie erreichen jedoch einen Wert iii für die Wechselspannungsfestigkeit von 28 kV/mm bzw. 29 kV/mm (0,5 mm Probendicke), der höher ist, als der für den transluzenten Typ. Es wurde des Weiteren herausgefunden, dass ein Nachvernetzen der Silikonelastomere keinen positiven Einfluss auf ihre Reißdehnung hat. Aus diesem Grund muss die Reißdehnung unmodifizierter transparenter Silikonelastomere verbessert werden, bevor sie als Isoliermaterial in Feldsteuerteilen verwendet werden können. Zusätzlich wurde auch in der Arbeit der Einfluss der Dehnungsbeanspruchung auf die dielektrische Festigkeit unmodifizierter transluzenter Silikonelastomere untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Dehnungsbeanspruchung derartiger Silikonelastomere die dielektrische Festigkeit nicht
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