How Spark Transmitters Work by Hal Kennedy, N4GG
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Analysis of a Floating Vs. Grounded Output Associated Power Technologies
To Float or Not to Float? Analysis of a floating vs. grounded output Associated Power Technologies Introduction In electrical circuits, voltage is always measured between two points: a point of high potential and a point of low or zero potential. The term “reference point” denotes the point of low potential because it is the point to which the voltage is referenced. An example of a voltage measurement is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Voltage measurement between line (high) and neutral (low) with the neutral tied to a ground reference point. The voltage at the low reference point is often referred to as a “ground” or “earth ground” because it is tied directly to the earth. Grounding electrical circuits is necessary for safety in the event that a fault occurs within the system. Without a good ground, there could be potential shock hazards on any piece of electronic equipment. Grounded systems can present their own set of problems. Small differences in potential within a grounding system can cause ground loops and these loops can have adverse effects ranging from data loss to presenting a severe safety hazard. As a result, it is beneficial to utilize a power source that gives the operator the flexibility of choosing either a grounded or floating output reference. This article will briefly outline the concept of grounding, discuss issues with grounding systems, and provide details about how Associated Power Technologies (APT) power sources can solve common issues with safety and grounding. Earth Ground and Chassis Ground Earth and Ground are perhaps the most misunderstood terms in electronics. -
Conductors/Insulators Conductors & Insulators
Conductors/InsulatorsConductors & Insulators 1 Conductors and insulators are all around us. Those pictured here are easy to identify. Can you describe why each is either a conductor or an insulator? 2 Photo B shows how air and distance can be good insulators. Why is air a good insulator? Why is distance a good insulator? 3 It’s not always easy to tell if something is a good conductor of electricity. Which of the items pictured are good conductors? Why? 4 Which of the items pictured are good insulators? Why? 5 Explain how the items pictured could create an electrical hazard to you. Never fly a kite near power lines. Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety. Electromagnets 1 Electromagnets are used every day to perform large and small tasks. They make it possible for a crane to pick up large pieces of metal or a pad-mounted transformer to power your home. They can even make it possible for your doorbell to ring when you have a visitor. 2 The crane magnet, pad-mounted transformer and doorbell all contain a wire-wrapped electromagnet just like the one you created in class. However, a crane magnet and pad-mounted transformer use much more electricity. 3 Which one of the photographs shows an electromagnet? 4 Which one of the photographs does not show an electromagnet? 5 How could a pad-mounted transformer be dangerous to you? 6 If you see a pad-mounted transformer that has been damaged or its door is open, how is this dangerous and what should you do? Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety. -
A Computer Simulation of Induction Heat Treating Systems Is Discussed
Optimal Design of Internal Induction Coils Dr. Valentin Nemkov(1), Eng. Robert Goldstein (1), Dr. Vladimir Bukanin(2) (1)Centre for Induction Technology, Inc. 1388 Atlantic Blvd. Auburn Hills, MI 48326 USA www.induction.org (2)St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University (SPbETU), Prof. Popova str., 5, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia ABSTRACT Internal induction heating coils are not so well studied as external. Three main induction coil styles were proposed in pioneering works many years ago: Cylindrical coils, Hair-pin coils and Rod-type coils [1, 2]. It was clear from the very beginning that electromagnetic parameters of the coils of two first styles might be strongly improved by application of magnetic cores. However it was not clearly shown what parameters may be improved and how much, as well as what are the optimal designs of induction coils. Current presentation contains short consideration and comparison of all three styles of coils followed by a detailed analysis of cylindrical internal (ID) coils using modern computer simulation tools. It is shown that it isn’t sufficient to only consider the influence of magnetic core on electrical efficiency of the coil head. The cores reduce dramatically current demand for transfer of required power into the workpiece. In turn it results in strong reduction of voltage drop and power losses in the whole supplying circuitry: coil leads, busswork and matching transformer. Plus much smaller capacitor battery is required. Computer simulation is simple for single-turn cylindrical ID coils and several computer packages may be used. Computer simulation of multi-turn cylindrical ID coils, which are the most common, is a much more complicated task, due to the return leg. -
W Series Impulse Voltage Test System
W SERIES IMPULSE VOLTAGE TEST SYSTEM Impulse Voltage Test System is used to generate impulse APPLICATION voltages from 100 KV to 2400 KV simulating lightning strokes The basic system is used to test any high voltage and switching surges with energies up to 240 KJ. equipment like The KVTEK make impulse voltage test systems are modular in ØPower Transformers construction, flexible and cover testing applications according to IEC, ANSI/IEEE and other national standards. ØDistribution Transformers The basic system can be upgraded in various ways to allow ØCable (Type Tests) optimizing the impulse test system for tests on different high ØSurge Arresters (impulse current tests) voltage equipments. ØMotor / Generators The system operation is user friendly and incorporates all the ØInsulators necessary features of Impulse Voltage Test. ØBushings ØGIS ØInstrument Transformers ØResearch & Development and Universities FEATURES ØLow internal inductance ØEasy and quick reconfiguration to suit different testing needs ØUser friendly operation through computer and microprocessor controlled hardware. ØEquipped with resistors for performing lightening full, lightening chopped and switching impulse tests on wide range of loads. ØAutomatic grounding device and security grounding system (available as an option). ØAlarm annunciation to display all fault conditions. ØFiltered clear air constantly supplied through the sphere gaps while the system is running. ØReliable and fail safe triggering circuitry. KVTEK POWER SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS CHARGING RECTIFIER ØAll the coupling sphere gaps are mounted in an insulated D100-0.05 (100 kV, 50 mA) OR D100-0.15 DC (100 kV, 150 mA) tube and every level of sphere gaps is equipped with spark Charging Power Supply comprises of: observation panel. -
Radar Transmitter/Receiver
Introduction to Radar Systems Radar Transmitter/Receiver Radar_TxRxCourse MIT Lincoln Laboratory PPhu 061902 -1 Disclaimer of Endorsement and Liability • The video courseware and accompanying viewgraphs presented on this server were prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its Lincoln Laboratory, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, products, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its Lincoln Laboratory. • The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors Radar_TxRxCourse MIT Lincoln Laboratory PPhu 061802 -2 Outline • Introduction • Radar Transmitter • Radar Waveform Generator and Receiver • Radar Transmitter/Receiver Architecture -