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Application Note
Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficients (PPTCs) for Current Limit Control in Power Supplies to Reduce Power and Cost APPLICATION NOTE INTRODUCTION Modern Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are used for powering electronic functions such as logic, motor drives or battery chargers across all segments. At the heart of the SMPS is a controller MF-MSMF chip, which drives a power MOSFET (internal to the chip or external). In order to protect the MOSFET from damage, all chips use internal overcurrent protection. The peak current (also known as current limit) that triggers the overcurrent protection varies from controller chip to controller chip. Due to this variation, a power supply could deliver up to several times what is actually written in the specification. This means that designers must use larger and more expensive inductors to avoid saturation of the magnetics in case the output power reaches the upper limit before the overcurrent protection begins. This also implies a higher cost in terms of components and additional board space. This application note demonstrates a simple way to tighten the current limit, allowing smaller, and therefore, less expensive inductors using a Polymeric PTC thermistor or PPTC. PPTCs are comprised of a low resistance material combined with non-conductive polymers. The PPTC has quite a sharp resistance versus temperature curve. Once the temperature caused by I²R heating and ambient factors causes the polymer material to reach an amorphous state, the resistance will increase rapidly. The time it takes to reach the amorphous state depends on the rate of rise of the polymer temperature. Figure 1 shows the typical resistance temperature curve of the Bourns® Multifuse® standard grade PPTCs (red) and high temperature PPTCs (blue). -
Guide for Identifying Mercury Switches/Thermostats in Common Appliances
Guide for Identifying Mercury Switches/Thermostats in Common Appliances Prepared by: Jim Giordani, Burlington Board of Health, Revised 12/27/00 Contact Todd Dresser for Further information at (781) 270-1956 - 1 - Guide for Identifying Mercury Switches/Thermostats In Common Appliances This reference contains guidance for responding to a mercury spill, and how to recycle mercury bearing products. This document also contains specific recommendations for the following types of products: batteries, fluorescent lights, high intensity discharge lamps (HID) lamps, ballasts, thermostats, switches, float switches, sump pumps, silent light switches, washing machines, tilt switches, freezers, flow meters, manometers, barometers, vacuum gauges, flame sensors on gas appliances, rubber flooring containing mercury, and mercury accumulation in sanitary drains. This reference also contains a general checklist of products found to routinely contain mercury. Mercury is a dangerous element in the environment today. It can cause serious health problems such as neurological and kidney damage. Mercury is found in many products that end up in landfills and incinerators allowing the mercury to re-enter the environment and pollute drinking water and contaminate the food chain. The following information is a helpful guide to identify products that contain mercury switches and thermostats. This guide describes where mercury switches and thermostats are located and how to remove and dispose of these properly. Mercury bearing articles should not be thrown in the trash, and serious care should be taken when dealing with this element. Safe Disposal · Store mercury thermostats and switches in a suitable sturdy, sealed container. A five gallon plastic bucket with a lid may work. · Each container must be labeled "Mercury Thermostats or Switches/Universal Waste." · Be careful to keep the devices from breaking and releasing mercury into the environment. -
El156 Audio Power
EL156 AUDIO POWER Gerhard Haas Thanks to its robustness, the legendary EL156 audio power pentode has found its way into many professional amplifier units. Its attraction derives not just from its appealing shape, but also from its impressive audio characteristics. We therefore bring you this classical circuit, updated using high- quality modern components. 28 elektor electronics - 3/2005 AMPLIFIER Return of a legend The EL156 was manufactured in the enough to give adequate sensitivity, electrolytic capacitor: this voltage is legendary Telefunken valve factory in even before allowing any margin for further filtered on the amplifier board. Ulm, near the river Danube in Ger- negative feedback. The ECC81 many. The EL156 made amplifiers with (12AT7), however, which has an open- It is not possible to build an ultra-lin- an output power of up to 130 W possi- loop gain of 60 and which can be oper- ear amplifier using the EL156 with a ble, using just two valves in the output ated with anode currents of up to high anode voltage. The same goes for stage and one driver valve. Genuine 10 mA, can be used to build a suitably the EL34. The output transformer is EL156s are no longer available new at low-impedance circuit. therefore connected in such a way that realistic prices, and hardly any are Two EL156s can be used to produce an the impedance of the grid connection available second-hand. The original output power of 130 W with only 6 % to the output valve is much lower than devices used a metal valve base which distortion. -
Mercury Switch-To-Microswitch Retrofit Kit KA349WE Instructions
Reclosers COOPER POWER Effective October 2015 MN280022EN Supersedes S280-40-10 April 2014 SERIES Mercury switch to microswitch retrofit kit KA349WE installation instructions DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY The information, recommendations, descriptions and safety notations in this document are based on Eaton Corporation’s (“Eaton”) experience and judgment and may not cover all contingencies. If further information is required, an Eaton sales office should be consulted. Sale of the product shown in this literature is subject to the terms and conditions outlined in appropriate Eaton selling policies or other contractual agreement between Eaton and the purchaser. THERE ARE NO UNDERSTANDINGS, AGREEMENTS, WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, OTHER THAN THOSE SPECIFICALLY SET OUT IN ANY EXISTING CONTRACT BETWEEN THE PARTIES. ANY SUCH CONTRACT STATES THE ENTIRE OBLIGATION OF EATON. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT SHALL NOT BECOME PART OF OR MODIFY ANY CONTRACT BETWEEN THE PARTIES. In no event will Eaton be responsible to the purchaser or user in contract, in tort (including negligence), strict liability or other-wise for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damage or loss whatsoever, including but not limited to damage or loss of use of equipment, plant or power system, cost of capital, loss of power, additional expenses in the use of existing power facilities, or claims against the purchaser or user by its customers resulting from the use -
W Series Impulse Voltage Test System
W SERIES IMPULSE VOLTAGE TEST SYSTEM Impulse Voltage Test System is used to generate impulse APPLICATION voltages from 100 KV to 2400 KV simulating lightning strokes The basic system is used to test any high voltage and switching surges with energies up to 240 KJ. equipment like The KVTEK make impulse voltage test systems are modular in ØPower Transformers construction, flexible and cover testing applications according to IEC, ANSI/IEEE and other national standards. ØDistribution Transformers The basic system can be upgraded in various ways to allow ØCable (Type Tests) optimizing the impulse test system for tests on different high ØSurge Arresters (impulse current tests) voltage equipments. ØMotor / Generators The system operation is user friendly and incorporates all the ØInsulators necessary features of Impulse Voltage Test. ØBushings ØGIS ØInstrument Transformers ØResearch & Development and Universities FEATURES ØLow internal inductance ØEasy and quick reconfiguration to suit different testing needs ØUser friendly operation through computer and microprocessor controlled hardware. ØEquipped with resistors for performing lightening full, lightening chopped and switching impulse tests on wide range of loads. ØAutomatic grounding device and security grounding system (available as an option). ØAlarm annunciation to display all fault conditions. ØFiltered clear air constantly supplied through the sphere gaps while the system is running. ØReliable and fail safe triggering circuitry. KVTEK POWER SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS CHARGING RECTIFIER ØAll the coupling sphere gaps are mounted in an insulated D100-0.05 (100 kV, 50 mA) OR D100-0.15 DC (100 kV, 150 mA) tube and every level of sphere gaps is equipped with spark Charging Power Supply comprises of: observation panel. -
Nixie Clock Type ‘Frank 3’
Assembly Instructions And User Guide Nixie Clock Type ‘Frank 3’ Software version: 5R Hardware Revision: 12 Dec 07, 7 Jan 08 Nixie Clock ‘Frank 3’ - 1 - Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................3 1.1 About the clock...............................................................3 1.2 Clock features.................................................................3 1.3 Safety ...........................................................................4 2. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ............................... 5 2.1 Tools required to assemble the PCB...................................5 2.2 Materials you will need ....................................................6 2.3 Other items you will need ................................................6 3. LIST OF COMPONENTS.......................................................6 3.1 Table of components .......................................................6 3.2 Parts list ................................................................. 7 3.3 How to identify the correct components .............................8 4. ASSEMBLY OF THE PCB ......................................................9 4.1 Diodes D1-D4 .................................................................9 4.2 Diode D5 .......................................................................9 4.3 IC2 and C3.....................................................................9 4.4 IC1 and Q1 .................................................................. 10 4.5 C1, C2 and -