Marine Science

Unit 3.11 Entry Task(s) What characteristics would you use to classify the following organisms? Echinoderms Unit 3.11 Echinoderms Vocabulary.

• Using Chapter 11 (pgs. 272-283) of the textbook provide a definition for each term.

• Be sure to complete the vocabulary as we progress through the unit, it will be checked prior to the assessment.

Note: The “Unit 3.11 Echinoderms Vocabulary” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Echinoderms Crown of Thorns (Acanthaster planci)

• Voracious predator feeding on coral .

- Responsible for the destruction of coral reefs around & S. Pacific.

• Contains a powerful neurotoxic venom in its spines.

• Inflicts a painful sting that can last for hours, as well as leading to nausea & vomiting.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/pacn-crown-of-thorns.htm Echinoderms The phylum Echinodermata (“spiny skinned”)

• that have spiny skin covering.

• Includes sea stars, , , & sea cucumbers. Echinoderms How Diverse Are the “Stars” of the Sea?

• Bottom-dwelling invertebrates; NOT fish.

- Neither scales nor a backbone

• Lack body segmentation, but have radial symmetry.

- usually five-parts arranged around the central point of the body. Echinoderms How Diverse Are the “Stars” of the Sea?

• Internal skeleton (endoskeleton).

• > 5000 of echinoderms, placed into five main classes:

- Sea stars

- Sea urchins & sand dollars

- Brittle stars

- Sea lilies & feather stars

- Sea cucumbers Video Echinoderms: The Ultimate (13:54):

Synopsis: Echinoderms are slow animals radically different from us, but they are an evolutionary success. All echinoderms have five-part symmetry. We see the inner workings of sea stars, from their tube feet to their skeleton. Echinoderms pump water into their tube feet, giving them power to move. They have light-sensing organs & can smell their way to food. Sea stars are formidable predators. We see their tube feet pry open a mussel & extrude the stomach into the mussel. A camera inside the mussel shows us actual footage of the stomach digesting the mussel. We also see the formidable many armed sun star chase & catch a snail.

Link @ https://www.shapeoflife.org/video/echinoderms-ultimate- animal Echinoderms Types of Sea Stars

• Found from shallow to the deepest parts of the ocean.

• Five (or multiples of five) appendages, or arms.

Common species:

• Atlantic sea star (Asterias) = east coast

• West Coast sea star (Pisaster) = west coast

• Considered pests by the seafood industry.

- Eat large numbers of commercially important bivalves. Echinoderms Types of Sea Stars

Bat star (Patiria)

• Five arms connected in a weblike structure like the wings of a bat.

• Found on the west coast.

Sun star (Solaster)

• 10-15 arms.

• Low tides to > 400 meters.

• Prey on other sea stars & even members of own species. Echinoderms Complete the following pertaining to sea star diversity.

• Read pgs. 272-275 in the textbook.

• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.

1) Why is it more accurate to say “sea star” than “”?

2) List some important characteristics of the sea stars.

3) Why do some people consider sea stars to be pests? Graphic Organizer Sea Stars Graphic Organizer

Instructions:

• Read through the introduction to the graphic organizer.

• Using pgs. 253-255 of the textbook, fill in the graphic organizer with crustacean information.

Note: The “Sea Stars” graphic organizer can be located on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Entry Task(s) What are the functions of sea star tube feet?

• Movement • Holding onto surfaces • Feeding

What system is responsible for circulation in the sea star?

• Video Starfish Are Still Dying, But Here's Reason for Hope (3:38):

Synopsis: It's been three years since millions of sea stars from Alaska to Canada & down to Baja, Mexico started wasting away into gooey white mounds. And although the destruction wrought by this disease shows no signs of stopping, the pace of the die- off has slowed.

Link @ https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150915- sea-star-wasting-disease-epidemic-update-oceans-animals- science/ Echinoderms Grab a copy of the “Sea Star Wasting Syndrome” article.

• Read the article thoroughly, highlighting or underlining key information about Sea Star Wasting Syndrome.

• Answer the questions following the article.

• Only the questions & answers will be submitted by the end of the period; Keep & tape the article into your ISN.

Note: The “Sea Star Wasting Syndrome” article & questions can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6827 Entry Task(s) What is the suspected cause & what other contributing factors may be involved in Sea Star Wasting Syndrome (SSWS)?

• “Current thinking is that there is likely a pathogen involved, but environmental factors may also play a role, and contributing factors might vary regionally.”

How quickly can the Sea Star Wasting Syndrome (SSWS) kill a sea star?

• “The progression of wasting disease can be rapid, leading to death within a few days…” Echinoderms How Do Sea Stars Carry Out Their Life Functions? Echinoderms How Do Sea Stars Carry Out Their Life Functions?

Regeneration

• Grow appendages that have been lost.

• Evidence in one arm shorter than the others.

• Whole new star can grow from severed appendage, provided part of the central disk is present. Echinoderms How Do Sea Stars Carry Out Their Life Functions?

Spines

• Composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

- Endoskeleton also of calcium carbonate.

• Provides support & protection. Echinoderms How Do Sea Stars Carry Out Their Life Functions?

Respiration

• Open circulatory system.

• Breathes through skin & tube feet.

• Dorsal surface contains small, ciliated fingerlike projections called skin gills.

• Dissolved oxygen diffuses through the thin membrane of tube feet & skin gills.

• Ciliated cells lining the circulate oxygenated fluid around the body. Echinoderms Feeding & Locomotion in the Sea Star

Feeding

• Hundreds of tube feet grasp & exert a force that pulls the bivalve shells in opposite directions.

• Adductor muscles becomes tired & bivalve opens.

• Pushes thin, membranous stomach into shell opening.

• Secretes digestive enzymes, digesting food externally.

• Pulls back stomach with digested food particles. Echinoderms Feeding & Locomotion in the Sea Star

Feeding

• Nutrients are absorbed & transported in the fluid filled coelom.

• One-way digestive tract.

• Undigested shell fragments eliminated through the mouth. Echinoderms Feeding & Locomotion in the Sea Star

Locomotion

• Achieved by a network of water-filled canals & tubes (water vascular system)

• Water enters the sieve plate (madreporite) near the center of the dorsal surface.

• Water travels into the circular ring, then into radial canals.

• Ampulla at the top of each tube feet fills with water.

• Contraction forces water into tube feet causing them to extend & make contact with substrate. Echinoderms Feeding & Locomotion in the Sea Star

Locomotion

• Muscle fibers force water back into ampulla.

• Exiting water creates a suction.

• This enables the sea star to push & pull itself along or to open bivalves. Echinoderms Sea Star Response, Reproduction, &

Response

• Sluggish & slow to respond to stimuli.

• Simple nervous system.

• Eyespots can respond to changes in light by converting to electrical signals.

• Central nerve ring surrounding the mouth coordinates movement. Echinoderms Sea Star Response, Reproduction, & Regeneration

Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction

- Separate sexes.

- Gonads are located in each arm, near the central disk.

- Eggs & sperm are shed into the water through openings between the appendages.

- External fertilization & external development.

• Can also occur through regeneration. Echinoderms “Diagram: Sea Star” worksheet

Instructions:

• Complete the worksheet identifying different structures within the sea star.

• The information can be located on pgs. 275-278 of the textbook.

Note: The “Diagram: Sea Star” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Echinoderms Complete the following pertaining to sea star life functions.

• Read pgs. 275-278 in the textbook.

• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.

1) How does a sea star open a bivalve such as a clam?

2) Explain how a sea star uses its tube feet to move.

3) Describe ingestion & digestion in a sea star. Assessment MSS8-3.11 Echinoderms Assessment_01

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper. Entry Task(s) What side of the sea star can be viewed in the aquarium?

• Ventral

What prevents the sea star from falling off the side of the aquarium?

• Clinging action of the tube feet. Echinoderms Sea Urchin Question Development worksheet.

Instructions:

• Follow the instructions provided in the worksheet.

Note: The “Sea Urchin Question Development” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Echinoderms How Are Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars Adapted to Their Environment?

Of the class Echinoidea

• Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, & Sea Biscuits

Characterized by:

• Oval or rounded bodies that lack arms.

• Use both spines & tube feet to move. Echinoderms Sea Urchin

Contains moveable spine attached to the endoskeleton

• Spine & endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

• Endoskeleton composed of fused bony plate.

• Spines provide protection against most predators, except the California sea otter.

- Places urchin on its belly & breaks open using a rock. Echinoderms Sea Urchin

Feeding

• Move slowly scraping algae along rock surfaces.

• Can scrape rocks bare of seaweed.

• Aristotle’s lantern

- Very unique five-toothed mouth structure. Echinoderms & Protection Among Sea Urchins

Long-spined sea urchin (Diadema)

• Sharp spines inflict very painful puncture.

• Some hollow spines contain toxins.

Purple sea urchin (Arbacia) & green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus)

• Shorter, thicker spines; used to wedge themselves in the spaces between rocks.

• Graze on seaweeds. Echinoderms Predation & Protection Among Sea Urchins

Rock-boring sea urchin (Echinometra)

• Uses teeth to bore into rock, forming a cup to hide in. Entry Task(s) What is the name of the structure used by sea urchins in feeding?

• Aristotle’s Lantern

Why do biologists use sea urchins in embryological studies?

• The process of fertilization & development can be easily observed under a microscope. MSS8 Marine Invertebrates - Organism comparisons

Instructions:

• As a team decide who is responsible for each of the following marine phylums.

- Cnidarian - Crustacean (Arthropods) - Mollusk -

• Using the information learned in class & the photos provided, your team will construct a poster of marine invertebrates. Marine Invertebrates MSS8 Marine Invertebrates - Organism comparisons

Instructions:

• Your poster will include the following:

- The heading marine invertebrates & what makes them invertebrates.

- Each of the four phylums with:

* Sketch of characteristic organism (at least one) * List of classes in the phylum. * List of characteristic structures & functions. Marine Invertebrates - Cnidarians Marine Invertebrates - Mollusks Marine Invertebrates - Crustaceans Marine Invertebrates - Echinoderms Echinoderms “Conservation: Animals With Spines Are in Decline” article

Instructions:

• Read the article highlighting or underlining key information.

• Answer the questions following the article.

Note: The “Conservation: Animals With Spines Are in Decline” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Echinoderms Complete the following pertaining to sea urchins & sand dollars.

• Read pgs. 278-281 in the textbook.

• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.

1) Compare food-getting in sea stars & sea urchins.

2) By what method do sand dollars feed? What do they eat?

3) Why is the sea urchin considered a good organism for embryological studies? Assessment MSS8-3.11 Echinoderms Assessment_02

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper. Entry Task(s) What structure do sea stars use when opening clams to feed?

• Tube feet

Which echinoderm uses both its tube feet & spine for locomotion?

• Sea urchin

How do sea urchins feed?

• Grazers who consume seaweeds. Echinoderms What Are Some Other Kinds of Eccentric Echinoderms?

Less familiar echinoderms.

• Brittle stars,

• “Lilies” & “Feathers”

• Sea cucumbers Echinoderms More “Stars” in the Sea

Brittle stars

• Own class of Ophiuroidea.

• Most abundant of the echinoderms (numbers & species).

• Flattened central disk.

• Do not use tube feet for movement.

- Muscles in long, narrow, flexible arms enable them to move quickly. Echinoderms More “Stars” in the Sea

Brittle stars

• Named because of their delicate appearance & ability to detach arms when attacked.

- Can be regenerated.

• Feeding

- Arms gather organic debris. - Capture live invertebrates - Filter-feeds by trapping bits of food in sticky strands. - Capture suspended food with tube feet. Echinoderms More “Stars” in the Sea

Basket star ()

• Coiled, branching arms.

• Live in deep waters, thousands of meters. Echinoderms “Lilies” & “Feathers” in the Sea

Class of Crinoidia ()

• Most ancient of echinoderms, originated hundreds of millions of years ago.

• Body composed of dozens of feathery arms.

- Usually perched atop a jointed stalk.

• Feed by capturing food with tube feet.

• Do not move using tube feet. Echinoderms “Lilies” & “Feathers” in the Sea

Sea Lilies

• Sessile, living attached by stalk to the ocean bottom.

Sea feathers

• Most crawl along reefs.

• Some swim by flapping their arms. Echinoderms “Cucumbers” on the Seafloor

Class of Holothuroidea

• Soft, oblong body lacking arms.

• Tube feet arranged in five rows; similar to the five-part radial symmetry of sea stars.

• Lost endoskeleton & spines; but retaining small bony pieces in the skin. Echinoderms “Cucumbers” on the Seafloor

• Feeding

- Use tube feet to trap microscopic organisms. - One-way digestive tract.

• Respiration

- Gas exchange through tube feet & skin gills. - Also occurs in the coelom by taking in & releasing oxygenated water through anus.

• Release digestive organs when disturbed by predator.

- Regenerates later. Echinoderms Complete the following pertaining to eccentric echinoderms.

• Read pgs. 281-283 in the textbook.

• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.

1) Describe some feeding methods of the brittle stars.

2) What is the basic structure of a ? How does it feed?

3) What features of the show it is an echinoderm? Echinoderms Unit 3.11 Review.

• Pgs. 284-287 in the textbook.

• Answer Chapter 11 Review questions 1-24 on the worksheet provided.

- You will need to write in the answers from the textbook.

• Pages have been scanned & loaded as an assignment in google classroom (“MSS8-3.11 Assessment Review”).