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Biodiversity and the Future of the Gulf of Maine Area Lewis Incze and Peter Lawton Genes

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Biodiversity and the Future of the Gulf of Maine Area Lewis Incze and Peter Lawton Genes Biodiversity and the Future of the Gulf of Maine Area Lewis Incze and Peter Lawton Genes Biodiversity is the diversity of life at all levels of organization, from genes to species, communities and ecosystems. Species Nearshore Offshore Bank Basin Slope GoMA: Ecosystem Field Project Habitats and Seamount Communities Abyssal Plain From microbes to whales, and from fundamental biodiversity to EBM GoMA Areas of Work: Species in the Gulf of Maine Area Ecology: past and present Technology Synthesizing Knowledge Linkages to EBM Outreach Today’s Agenda: 08:45-09:45 Presentation: The Global Census and GoMA: What did we do? What did we learn? 09:45-10:00 Q&A 10:00-10:20 BREAK 10:20-11:00 Presentation: Pathways to EBM 11:00-11:45 Discussion Programs of the Census of Marine Life ArCoD Arctic CMarZ Zooplankton CAML Antarctic Creefs Coral Reefs CenSeam Seamounts GoMA Gulf of Maine Area CheSS Chemosynthetic Systems ICOMM Microbes COMARGE Continental margins MAR-ECO Mid-Ocean Ridges CeDAMAR Abyssal Plains NaGISA Intertidal/Shallow Subtidal CenSeam Seamounts TOPP Top Predators HMAP History of Marine Animal Populations FMAP Future of “ “ “ OBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System Collaborators/Affiliated programs Great Barrier Reef Gulf of Mexico BarCode of Life Encyclopedia of Life Oceans film 10 years (2000-2010) 80 countries, 2700 scientists 17 projects, 14 field projects + OBIS, HMAP Xxx cruises, xxxx days at sea, and FMAP ~ $77m leveraged ~ $767 m --need to 5 affiliated projects (field and technology) check 9 national and regional committees >2,500 scientific papers (many covers) books special journal volumes ~1,200 new species identified >1,500 species in waiting Collection in PLoS-ONE, 2010, incl. US and Canadian papers OBIS 28 m records and counting >1 m records in GoMA 43 N -NAO Bear Seamount (-1102 m summit) August SST Who lives in the Gulf of Maine Area? GoMRMS WHAT TYPE OF SYSTEM IS THIS? System comparisons, insights Source of Information Atlantic Reference Center, Huntsman Biological Station Canadian RMS Program, DFO Board of Editors GoMODP => NECODP (geospatial data standards, OBIS format) Ocean Observing Northeast Region Ocean Council OBIS =>IOC Now >1 m records in GoMA [US and Canadian demersal trawl and other LMR surveys; NOAA Benthic; US EPA; early expeditions (Albatross); museum] Evolving utilities New Discoveries New species Range extensions Habitat discoveries Genetic composition and dispersal Patterns of Diversity Coleman Rarefaction Curves, Fish: Fall NEFSC Bottom Trawls, 1963 – 2008 (45 years) Total species in Surveys = 212 90 (demersal) 80 Continental Slope Georges Bank Expected # species/100 trawls 70 Southern Coastal Shelf Central Gulf of Maine 60 Northern Coastal Shelf 3 Basins 50 Scotian Shelf Eastern Coastal Shelf 40 Scotian Shelf Browns Bank Browns Bank Expected No. No. ofExpected Species Eastern Coastal Shelf 30 Northern Coastal Shelf Southern Coastal Shelf Expected Number of Species Rarefaction) (Coleman of Number Expected Georges Bank Georges Basin 20 Jordan Basin Wilkinson Basin Central Gulf Continental Slope 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 No. Numberof Bottom of Samples (Bottom Trawls Trawls) Who lives in the Gulf of Maine? Viruses 106 Archaea/Bacteria 105 Meiofauna ? 3000 unknown 2000 known (~4K ) Species Species Types 1000 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 Length (m) “monitored” “managed” 10-2 10 0 Knowledge Base “Role” Viruses Function Supporting 6 10 Composition Regulating Archaea/Bacteria Structure 105 Meiofauna Function, Composition ? 3000 unknown 2000 Microalgae known (~4K ) Composition Provisioning Species Species Types 1000 Structure Cultural Function 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 Length (m) “monitored” “managed” 10-2 10 0 Condensed Biodiversity Table from GoMA # Species # Types Viruses --- --- Bacteria/Archaea 23 est. 105-106 * Protozoa 41 Chromista 831 ** Dinoflagellata 147 bacteria Fungi 1 Plantae --- Invertebrates 3,519 phytolankton Vertebrates Pisces 865 Reptilia 5 Aves 193 Mammalia 34 Insecta 10 TOTAL 5,669 * W. Li et al. PLoS-One Submitted Dec. 2010 ** Fig. 6 from Li et al. GoMA Field Studies: Breadth and Depth • Sponsored and collaborative projects • Ranging across many spatial scales and considerations of system complexity • Sampling Gulf of Maine habitats from intertidal to 3000 m depths • Application of a wide range of technologies – “from rubber boots to ROV’s” • How to organize, represent , and apply the new knowledge stemming from these studies? Genes Invasive species trouble spots: tracking the spread of European green crabs in the Gulf of Maine (J.E. Beyers and J. Pringle, U. New Hampshire; J. Roman, U. Vermont). Genetic analysis from 30 sites on speed of movements of a recently invaded haplotype (on the CO1 gene) from northern Nova Scotia. Cashes Ledge: system change 20 years later (J. Witman, Brown U.). Tethered predation experiments and time-lapse photography. Species Platts Bank: part of a network of feeding hotspots Nearshore for upper trophic level predators in the Gulf of Bank Offshore Maine (L. Incze, U. of Southern Maine; S. Kraus, N. Basin Slope E. Aquarium; and D. Fields, Bigelow Lab. (with Habitats and Seamount collaborations at WHOI and Oregon State U.). Communities Abyssal Plain Nested spatial domains of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem Closely linked to marine habitat mapping approaches, such as the Gulf of Maine Mapping Initiative Broader conceptual model needed for spatial analysis, considering connectivity : • biological processes (larval dispersal, adult migration, benthic-pelagic coupling) • ocean processes (transport and mixing) Scales of species interactions within communities and habitat types (first two domains) Species and Communities: Habitat-scale investigations Natural Geography of Inshore Areas (NaGISA **): Cobscook Bay (ME) and Simpsons Island (NB). Cobscook Bay, Maine Number Not Seen 250 Total Number of Species 200 22 22 150 24 100 18 Some species were observed for the first 50 and only time 165 years ago. (Additional 4 4 1 3 0 2 analyses comparing NaGISA sampling with Cnidaria Ctenophora Plathyhelminthes Nemertea Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Ectoprocta Echinodermata Number of Species of Number historical records for Cobscook Bay: T. Trott and C. Kulfan, Suffolk U.). ** NaGISA Regional Coordination: Phylum G. Pohle, Huntsman Marine Science Centre Two perspectives on intertidal species diversity in Cobscook Bay Gulf of Maine Species Richness Versus Latitude West Atlantic/East Atlantic 1000 1000 Cobscook Bay Cobscook Bay Dale Roads, Wales 800 800 600 600 Casco Bay Mt Desert Region Mt. Desert Region Casco Bay 400 400 SpeciesRichness Numberfo Species Casco Bay Penobscot Bay Penobscot Bay 200 200 Watwick Bay Sheepscot Sheepscot Sheepscot Lydstep Haven Sheepscot 0 0 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 43.4 43.6 43.8 44.0 44.2 44.4 44.6 44.8 Latitude Latitude T. Trott, Suffolk U. Bank-scale views: Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing Synoptic view of schooling herring (Clupea harengus) on the northern edge of Georges Bank, sampled during a 75 s scan (full sweep of red circle) by OAWRS (Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing), 3.4 h after sunset. School densities are −45 (blue) to −33 dB (red) (data from N.C. Makris, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). This is one of a sequence of images showing the formation and movement of herring toward the bank. Bank-scale views: Physical-biological coupling across trophic levels at Platts Bank L. Incze, U. of Southern Maine; S. Kraus, N. E. Aquarium; and D. Fields, Bigelow Lab. (with collaborations at WHOI and Oregon State U.). pycnocline euphausiid patches Internal Waves Landscape views: defining selected ocean spaces for exploration and data integration Stellwagen Bank Discovery Corridor Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary : pattern analysis Increasingly automated techniques for statistical analysis of macrofaunal distributions (S. Gallager, WHOI, and The HabCam Group®). Stellwagen Bank Ecosystems Services Model: processes analysis (L. Incze, U. Southern Maine; P. Auster, U. Connecticut; L. Kaufman, Boston U., B. Haskell, Stellwagen Bank NMS; and others). HabCam Images ~1m2/frame Gulf of Maine Discovery Corridor Initiative Four offshore research missions since 2005 Embraced by Canadian Healthy Oceans Network (also applied in Arctic & Pacific) P. Lawton, E. Kenchington, B. Li (DFO); A. Metaxas (Dalhousie U.); P. Snelgrove, S. Bentley, B. Montevecchi (Memorial U.); C. Lovejoy (U. Laval) Discovery Corridor: Habitat structure investigations Surprisingly rich suspension-feeding community in Jordan Basin dominated by brittle stars, sponges and sea anemones on a deep (188 m) bedrock ridge, dubbed “The Rock Garden” Winter skate and deep sea corals in Acoustic coral signatures from ROV mounted multibeam – Canadian Northeast Channel (668 m) Healthy Oceans Network, 2010 Discovery Corridor: New coral species records (2006 mission) Primnoa resedaeformis Paragorgia arborea New depth and colony size records within the Northeast Channel Coral Conservation Area. Stauropathes arctica Bathypathes patula New Canadian Maritimes record. New Canadian record established. (Underwater photo credits: Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility/ropos.com). Gulf of Maine View: Diversity and distribution on slope and seamounts Spatial distribution of the number of known species across the deep water census area of the Gulf of Maine. Blue dots represent a species record. Bear Seamount (summit depth 1102 m) Multibeam bathymetry of GoMA Expert Group: Slope, (clockwise) Bear, Physalia and Seamounts and Other Deep-Water Mytilus seamounts with 10x Environments vertical exaggeration.
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