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Technology Workshop for a Census of Marine Life

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Technology Workshop for a Census of Marine Life WORKSHOP SYNOPSIS Technology Workshop for a Census of Marine Life Jules S. laffe Scripps hzstitution of Oceanography • La ]olla, California USA ~ oes a "Census of Marine Life" make sense, which, as demonstrated at the meeting, have the ability and if so, what are the appropriate types of to count the numbers of individuals and also to dis- new technologies that one could imagine used to criminate (to some degree) the type. In a typical survey, accomplish such a purpose in the near future? After the the acoustical information, capable of a broad swath, is approximately 18 presentations, there was a great deal combined with the results of net trawls for "ground of interesting discussion relating to these issues. This truthing" of the animals. This then permits extrapola- document contains the impressions of one of the orga- tion of the trawl results to the larger swath of animals. nizers (J.S. Jaffe) of what transpired and also includes Several examples of the use of the mathematical and some data and text of examples from some of the newer pattern recognition technique of neural nets to discrim- frontiers that could impact the Census of Marine Life inate fish species were shown. (CoML). An interesting example of a type of long-range detec- Broadly speaking, the development of new technol- tion system is provided by the work of Farmer et al. ogy can be categorized in many ways. For example, the (1999). Certainly, one of the greatest challenges in deter- utilization of optical, acoustic and molecular biological mining the distribution of life in the sea is the vastness methods can be considered. Alternatively, the animals' of the ocean and the relatively short range of our obser- habitat can be used as a parameter. Examples are coral vational tools. Acoustic detection of fish has normally reefs, coastal areas, and open ocean. Certainly, each used vertically oriented sonars of one form or another, technique has its limitations. In the case of sonar and but such measurements are typically limited to ranges optics, both attenuation and scattering limit the range of a few hundred meters. Attempts to extend the reach and resolution that can be inferred from the data. of fishery sonars have exploited horizontal acoustic Although it is certainly true that any device must work propagation. Figure 1 shows the distribution of migrat- within the constraints of the basic physics, the "newer" ing salmon near the Fraser River detected with a nar- developments of wide band sonar sources, very sensi- row beam 12kHz sonar towed at 30m depth with the tive optical cameras, increased signal processing power acoustic energy directed sideways. Fish are detected to and molecular biological techniques present new and ranges of 7 km and individual positions derived from exciting opportunities which can be used to improve the known sonar position and orientation. While the the goal of the census. Although there is much conven- success of this approach is ultimately constrained by tional technology and a large body of knowledge relat- propagation and reverberation effects, it is also certain ing to its use, the participants at this meeting were very that horizontal imaging opens the door to hugely optimistic about the increased knowledge, which could increased sampling volumes. be obtained by using the latest advances in technology. Another technique, which employs horizontal propa- In the case of acoustics, the presentations centered on gation using an interesting type of acoustic tomogra- the research programs of the individual investigators phy, was described at the meeting. An experiment and the use of acoustics to measure both the abundance which measured absorption losses at the resonance fre- and species of fish. Generally speaking, sound waves quencies of sardines were made during Modal Lion, a offer the capability to assess the distribution of fish in multidisciplinary experiment, which was designed to moderately large volumes of water (.1 km ~ - 100 km ~) isolate absorptivity due to fish with swimbladders from because of the usable range of the sound, which is typ- other effects on long range propagation. The results of ically 100s of meters to 10s of kilometers for the this experiment suggest the possibility of long term frequencies of value to the measurement of fish abun- tomographic mapping of fish parameters over large dance. The most modern sets of acoustical tools employ areas using broadband transmission loss measure- both multibeam echosounders and wide band sonars ments. Systematic changes in the resonance frequency 8 Oceanography • VoL 12 • No. 3/1999 of dispersed sardines were consistent with concurrent such, the method holds the most promise for species echo sounder observations of the vertical migration of that are located in the surface waters. sardines at twilight. Measured resonance frequencies An interesting use of bioluminescence was presented were in good agreement with theoretical computations at the meeting. Because bioluminescent plankton and based on previously measured swim bladder dimen- nekton represent such a significant fraction of the sions of sardines (Diachok, 1999). marine community, measurements of stimulated biolu- minescence can provide a useful tool for remote species . l 1 .... I .... l identification. In fact, such measurements have been used over a wide range of spatial scales to assess pat- terns of distribution and abundance. Coarse-scale mea- surements (1-100 km) have been made using airborne image-intensifying TV camera systems to detect schools of fish by the bioluminescent plankton (eg. dinoflagel- lates, radiolaria, ostracods and copepods) which they stimulate as they swim. Fine-scale measurements (1-100 1 1 - lUl m) of bioluminescence have been made using instru- ments known as bathyphotometers (Figure 3; Widder et al., 1993). Micro-scale measurements (1 cm to 1 m) of biolu minescence have been made using underwater-intensi- fied video. This technique has been used to identify and map bioluminescent organisms based on the spatial and 41O.ler :,. t -: , . .,,[ ~i'~,-t 'I. kinetic patterns of their stimulated bioluminescent dis- 1~&40 123,3S 123.30 123.2S plays (Kocak et al., 1999; Widder et al., 1989; Widder et ~L=MWlmb al., 1992; Widder et al., 1993; Widder and Johnsen, 1998; Figure 1: The distribution of migrating salmon near the Fraser River as Widder et al., 1999). Since more than 90% of the indi- detected by a side looking sonar towed at 30m. The sonar can detect viduals and more than 70% of the species of fish found individual fish to ranges exceeding 7km (adapted from Farmer et al., 1999). in midwater collections are bioluminescent (Badcock and Merrett, 1976) a high speed version of this tech- In the use of acoustics to recognize the spatial pat- nique could provide a rapid means of assessing fish terns and abundance of zooplankton and perhaps their populations. interactions with fish, recent progress has made the deployment of moorings of high frequency acoustical 12 systems almost routine. The ability to resolve distribu- tions of small zooplankton and micronekton are now approaching the ten centimeter scale in the vertical, with time resolutions of a minute, from an unattended | mooring. Data from one channel (420 kHz) of an invert- ed echo sounder moored in mid-water where the depth was 22 m revealed substantial detail about the distribu- tion of plankton biomass above the sensor (Figure 2). The vertical resolution for the system, TAPS TM (Holliday J et al., 1998), operating in its profiling mode, was 12.5 cm. Twenty-four ping averages were collected, distrib- I ~:uu :,'1 :uu OO:t)O 03:00 06;00 uted via telemetry to a participating ship every minute and to the Internet every hour for several months dur- -75 -70 -65 .60 -55 -50 ..45 -40 -35 ing the summer of 1998. Several of the conferees showed examples of the use of optical techniques. In one case, the use of pulsed Figure 2: Twelve hours of data from the 420 kHz channel of Marconi's lasers was demonstrated, and the ability of the method TAPS TM, operating in an inverted echo sounder mode from a mooring nominally at 12 m depth. The vertical resolution is 12.5 cm and 24 ping to evaluate the abundance of large schools of fish in sur- averages were reported at one minute intervals. These data reveal an inverse face waters was impressive (Churnside et al., 1997). migration of sinai1 zooplankton, possibly the copepod Psuedocalanus. Advantages of such a method, for oceanography, are that the technique combines the speed of light with the Finally the combination of acoustics and optics offers speed of an airplane, in contrast to the case of the sonar new capability for investigating the relationships which combines the speed of a surface ship with the between zooplankton and phytoplankton and also the speed of sound. Of course, the technique is limited to use of optics for in-situ target strength identification of several "optical depths", a function of water clarity. As animal species and orientation. Figure 4 shows a record Oceanography • Vol. 12 • No. 3/1999 9 from a 3-dimensional sonar system, FishTV (Jaffe et al., meters which obviate the need to count every single 1995) which depicts the relationships of a highly animal in a vast environment. Further, dramatic acoustically reflective target (fish) and a set of other tar- advances in computer assisted mathematical modeling gets, euphausiids. Both fish and euphausiids were iden- of the recapture patterns of fish marked with tradition- al identification tags have breathed new life into this comparatively inexpensive method of estimating the size and distribution of fish populations. Moreover, the evolution of new sensors to allow tagged animals to be Or,. %...% "C: .i more accurately tracked (via inertial sensors or current .'~ ., sensors) could lead to new advances in our ability to • , i ' monitor these animals.
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