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Protected Areas Programme Protected Areas Programme Vol 15 No 3 HIGH SEAS MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 2005 Vol 15 No 3 HIGH SEAS MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 2005 © 2005 IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Parks ISSN: 0960-233X Vol 15 No 3 HIGH SEAS MARINE PROTECTED AREAS CONTENTS Editorial GRAEME KELLEHER AND KRISTINA M. GJERDE 1 Foreword: high time for High Seas marine protected areas SYLVIA EARLE 3 Protecting earth’s last frontier: why we need a global system of High Seas marine protected area networks DAN LAFFOLEY 5 High Seas marine protected areas on the horizon: legal framework and recent progress KRISTINA M. GJERDE AND GRAEME KELLEHER 11 Improved oceans governance to conserve high seas biodiversity ELIZABETH FOSTER, TIA FLOOD, ALISTAIR GRAHAM AND MARTIN EXEL 19 2005 The economic rationale for marine protected areas in the High Seas PAUL MORLING 24 Pelagic protected areas: the greatest parks challenge of the 21st century ELLIOTT NORSE 32 Challenges of marine protected area development in Antarctica SUSIE GRANT 41 Conservation on the High Seas – drift algae habitat as an open ocean cornerstone ARLO HEMPHILL 48 Conservation and management of vulnerable deep-water ecosystems in areas beyond national jurisdiction: are marine protected areas sufficient? 57 DAVID LEARY Résumés/Resumenes 65 Subscription/advertising details inside back cover Protected Areas Programme Vol 15 No 3 HIGH SEAS MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 2005 ■ Each issue of Parks addresses a particular theme: 15.1. Planning for the Unexpected 15.2. Private Protected Areas 15.3 High Seas Marine Protected Areas ■ Parks is the leading global forum for information on issues relating to protected area establishment and management ■ Parks puts protected areas at the forefront of contemporary environmental issues, such as The international journal for protected area managers ISSN: 0960-233X biodiversity conservation and ecologically sustainable development Published three times a year by the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) Subscribing to Parks of IUCN – the World Conservation Union. Parks (ISSN: 0960-233X) is published three times a year and is produced and managed on behalf of WCPA by the NatureBureau. Subscriptions are £28.60 in UK, £31.15 in Europe, £35.65 Editor: Paul Goriup Parks, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Assistant Editor: Barbara Creed Newbury, RG14 5SJ, UK in rest of world; reduced rates for 10 or more copies delivered to a single address. To subscribe Translations: Translate (GB) Ltd Fax: [+ 44] (0)1635 550230 online go to www.naturebureau.co.uk/parks/ Some back issues are still available in print at Acknowledgement: The vital support of Sarah Gindre, E-mail: [email protected] £8.85 (UK), £9.40 (Europe) or £10.95 (rest of world) each (postage included). Please contact from IUCN’s Programme on Protected Areas, in preparing [email protected] for a list of back issues. this issue of PARKS is acknowledged with appreciation. Subscription rates and advertisements Parks Advisory Board: Please see inside back cover for details of subscription and For PDF format go to www.iucn.org/wcpa/pubs/parks.htm David Sheppard, Chairman (Head, IUCN Programme on advertising rates. If you require any further information, Published by the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) of IUCN – the World Conservation Union. Parks aims to Protected Areas) please contact the editorial office at the address above. strengthen international collaboration among protected area professionals and to enhance their role, status and activities. Paul Goriup (NatureBureau) Nikita Lopoukhine (Chair, WCPA) Contributing to Parks David Harmon (Regional Vice-Chair for North America, Parks welcomes contributions for future issues. To advertise in Parks WCPA) Potential authors should contact David Sheppard, IUCN, Camera-ready copy/electronic files: Black and white reproduction of photos £10 Penelope Figgis (Regional Vice-Chair for Australia/ Rue Mauverney 28, CH–1196 Gland, Switzerland. New Zealand, WCPA) E-mail: [email protected] for details regarding full page (210 × 135 mm) £240; extra each. VAT extra, where applicable. Charles Besancon (Co-leader, WCPA Transboundary manuscript preparation and deadlines before submitting half page (105 × 135 mm) £138; For further details please e-mail: Conservation Task Force) material. quarter page (52 × 135 mm) £80. [email protected] Order form/Invoice proforma Parks is published to strengthen international collaboration among protected area professionals and to enhance their role, status and activities by: Return to: Parks, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury, RG14 5SJ, UK. Each subscription lasts for a year (three issues), and includes postage and packing. There is a reduced rate for multiple subscriptions. ■ maintaining and improving an effective network of protected area managers throughout the world, building on the established network of WCPA; Please enter subscription/s to I enclose a cheque/money order in £ sterling made payable to ■ serving as a leading global forum for the exchange of information on issues relating to protected area establishment and management; Parks for (year/s) The Nature Conservation Bureau Ltd. ■ ensuring that protected areas are placed at the forefront of contemporary environmental issues such as biodiversity I wish to pay by Visa/Mastercard, please charge to my account no. conservation and ecologically sustainable development. 1–9 subscriptions: Ideas and viewpoints expressed in Parks do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or their associates, collaborators or UK: £28.60 each Expiry date advisers. Moreover, the presentation of material and geographic designations employed do not imply any expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or their associates, collaborators or advisers concerning the legal status of Europe: £31.15 each Name on card any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Signature Rest of world: £35.65 each All material may be reprinted unless it has been used in Parks from an identified source publication in which case no reprint is authorised except upon permission of the source publication. Reprinted material should bear the author’s name Delivery address: (please print clearly) and credit to Parks should be given. The Editor would appreciate two copies of any material so used. 10+ subscriptions to a single address: Name Organisation Cover: Ocean sunfish and drift kelp. © 2005 IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. UK: £18.30 each Drift algae is an essential grazing Produced by the NatureBureau, UK. Address habitat for large pelagic fish, like this Production of Parks is supported by the Europe: £22.00 each ocean sunfish Mola mola, cruising United States National Park Service. along drift kelp in the Eastern Pacific. Production of this issue was also supported Rest of world: £26.30 each Photo: © Phillip Colla / SeaPics.com by the Marine Conservation Biology Institute, Post/Zip Code Country the JM Kaplan Fund and IUCN’s Global Marine Programme. Editorial GRAEME KELLEHER AND KRISTINA GJERDE THIS EDITION of PARKS recognises the critical roles played by the world’s oceans in maintaining the biosphere and the rapidly increasing stresses being applied to them by human activities. The oceans, and consequently the biosphere, are under threat. These threats are embodied in the great reductions in populations of fishery-targeted marine species, the destruction of deepsea benthic habitats which are biological ‘islands’ with many endemic, slow-breeding species and the now almost universally recognised increases in global temperatures, among other issues. In particular, the latter may lead to unpredictable changes in ocean circulation patterns, with potential dramatic effects including shifts in species composition, migratory patterns and even entire ecosystems. Healthy ecosystems are better able to respond to changing oceanic conditions. The time to act is now. Many of the threats to fished species have long been recognised and attempts to ameliorate them by conventional fishery management approaches have often demonstrably failed, particularly, but not only, in the sea areas beyond national jurisdiction referred to here as the High Seas. The High Seas are special. They cover about 50% of the world’s surface but are regulated in almost inverse proportion to the size of the area they occupy, as well as to their substantial importance to life on earth. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a fundamental framework, but it has many deficiencies as it is presently applied. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a complement to UNCLOS as are regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs) and other regional arrangements, but they are not working adequately either. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been shown to be successful in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of nations in protecting biological diversity and productivity when traditional fishery management approaches have failed. Because we are now seeing the same problems in the High Seas as we have seen in EEZs, it is time to use MPAs to achieve the fundamental objectives of the World Conservation Strategy – repeated in IUCN’s Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas: ■ to maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems; ■ to preserve genetic diversity; and ■ to ensure the sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems. This edition of PARKS addresses the opportunities and challenges of achieving the High Seas component of the target of the
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