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An Environmental Education & Citizen Science Guide

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An Environmental Education & Citizen Science Guide 1 AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION & CITIZEN SCIENCE GUIDE TO WESTERN FIREFLIES By Michelle Sagers A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education: Natural Science and Environmental Education Hamline University St. Paul, Minnesota August 2020 Capstone Facilitator: Kelly Killorn Content Reviewer: Patrick Kelly Peer Reviewer: Krista Andersen 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….3 Interpretive Firefly Walk………………………..………………………………………….....5 ​ Firefly Photos……………………....…………………………………………………………..11 Observation Form………………………...…………………………………………...19 Post Survey……………………………………………………………...……………..21 At Home Curriculum………………………..………………………………………………..23 ​ Suncatcher Craft……………………………………………………………………....24 Lifecycle Wheel……………………………………………………………………......25 Firefly Parts………………………………………………………………………….....28 Flashlight Activities…………………………………………………………………....30 Community Organization Presentations………………………………………………...32 ​ Youth Presentation……………………………………………………………..……...32 Adult Presentation……………………………………………………………………..32 STEM & Community Fair Activities……………………………………………………….34 ​ Simulated Flash Pattern Recording Activity……………………………………..….34 Recording Form……………………………………………………………………......35 Wetland Dilemma’s Activity………………………………………………………..….36 Kindergarten Field Trip Curriculum……………………………………………………....43 ​ Onsite Program………………………………………………………………………...43 3 Classroom Program………………………………………………………………..….50 References………………………………………………………………………………….....56 ​ Introduction This guide provides the resources needed to educate the communities in Northern Utah and Southern Idaho about our rare local fireflies. Scientists are still working to locate populations throughout the western states using Citizen Scientists sightings through a Community-Based Science Initiative. The project was designed to answer the question: How can Citizen Science be used effectively within environmental ​ education to foster environmental change? Additionally the project was designed to meet educational needs in order to expand the citizen science base for the project and protect these rare insects and the wetlands they inhabit. The programs found in this curriculum guide are being implemented through a local nature center. Each program was designed to acquaint participants with fireflies and their wetland habitat as well as introduce them to the concepts and benefits of being a Citizen Scientist. Through the use of Citizen Science within these curricula, Environmental Educators foster environmental awareness and increase conservation attitudes and behaviors. Engaging in Citizen Science prepares youth to face the environmental issues of the future, and prompts everyday citizens to alter behaviors, such as increasing civic engagement, decreasing their carbon footprint, and more. 4 Curricula in this guide include programs for adult and youth community organizations, a kindergarten field trip curricula for use both on nature center property and within the classroom, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) and community fair activities, an online curriculum, and an interpretive guided firefly walk. This curriculum will best be used annually in the months leading up to and during the firefly season which usually runs from late May to early July with the exception of STEM night programs and kindergarten field trips which will need to be done during the school year. Successful implementation of this program will not only expand the citizen science project and aid researchers but also foster environmental change by engaging our communities in local environmental issues on both a civic and individual level. 5 The Wondrous World of Fireflies An Interpretive Firefly Observation Walk Audience: Family Groups ​ Date: Held annually for a week in June at 9 pm each night ​ Location: Firefly Park ​ Time: Approximately 1.25 hours ​ Universal Concept: Beauty, wonder, intrigue, love of nature. ​ Materials: macroinvertebrate samples, pictures, light bulb, glowstick, thermometers, ​ clipboards, pencils, firefly reporting sheets and red flashlights, surveys, and bookmarks. Check-In (5 min): While folks are checking in, pass around the pictures found on ​ pages 11-18 to give everyone a chance to see them before it gets too dark. Refer back to those mental images during the program. Intro (5 min): Welcome and remember firefly etiquette! ​ ● DO NOT try to catch fireflies. ● Keep on the trail at all times. Off-trail, you may tread on a firefly, harm their habitat, or disrupt mating rituals. ● No lights! Fireflies need darkness to signal to their mates. Flashlights and other light sources should remain off as much as possible. ● Talk in quiet voices. Begin by asking participants what they feel when they think of or see (if they’ve seen them before) fireflies? Fireflies evoke a sense of awe and childlike wonder. They transform unremarkable landscapes into luminous wonderlands and take our breath away. But what do we actually know about these charming insects? Tonight we’ll investigate the intriguing stories of the mysterious firefly. Tales of courtship, gifts, deceit murder, and the unknown. Stop 1 (10 min): What Are Fireflies? ​ ​ Can anyone tell me what exactly are fireflies? Give participants a chance to respond…. 6 Fireflies are a type of beetle. There are 2,000 different species of fireflies and about 170 here in the U.S. (Note: What species are our Utah Fireflies? We don’t exactly ​ know they are probably part of the Pyractomena genus) Fireflies undergo complete ​ ​ ​ metamorphosis similar to frogs and butterflies. The adult fireflies you’ll see tonight only live about two weeks. They are on a sort of speed dating course where their only focus is to find a mate and lay eggs before completing their lifecycle. (Refer to the life cycle chart on page 13. Spend time reviewing each life cycle phase and answering any questions) Most species lay eggs in the soil. Once the eggs hatch ​ the ravenous larvae inject a paralytic to immobilize their prey and special chewing mouthparts to eat anything they can including snails, slugs, and worms. This can last for up to 2 years before they pupate and emerge as adult fireflies. Adult fireflies are so focused on finding their firefly soulmate that many species don’t even eat. Those that do, eat a little pollen and nectar. The exception being the “Femme Fatales” which we will talk about later. Transition: Let’s move on to our next stop to investigate our fireflies home. ​ Stop 2 (10 min): Where do Fireflies Live? Ask participants if they’ve ever seen fireflies at any other locations, what did these locations have in common? Look around you, what do you see in this habitat? (Give ​ participants a chance to answer) the common denominator between all these habitats is ​ water! What else lives in this water? What can you hear, see, and smell? Remember our hungry ravenous little firefly larvae. Their prey; things like these guys (show macroinvertebrate specimens if available) need water!! Fireflies can be found on every continent except Antarctica, from the mangrove swamps of Asian to African Jungles, Smoky Mountain hillsides and you guessed it right here in Firefly Park. (Refer to photos of fireflies in different global habitats on page 18) ​ Conservation in Action—Firefly Park Though originally a part of Elk Horn Ranch, the first permanent pioneer settlement in Cache Valley, this land has remained largely undeveloped and wild for the past 150 years. As a natural wetland, this land provides an important habitat for hundreds of species of plants, birds, and insects, including fireflies. Knowing the rarity of fireflies in Utah and the importance of protecting land for future generations to enjoy, the City Council purchased this land in 2015 in an effort to preserve and protect the native 7 wetlands and its inhabitants. Since then, thousands of people from all over the state have come here to see these wondrous creatures. Wetlands like Firefly Park are the best habitat for our Western Fireflies. However, we are still trying to map out where all our firefly populations are within the Western United States and we need your help. Scientists at the Natural History Museum of Utah and Brigham Young University have been working since 2013 to map out Utah’s fireflies. Show Utah Firefly Map found on page 12. When you spot a firefly anywhere in the Western States including Utah, Idaho and Wyoming report it to us or to https://nhmu.utah.edu/fireflies. (pass out bookmarks with this information at the end of ​ ​ ​ ​ the tour) Transition: Let’s move on to a better firefly observation area to investigate how and ​ why fireflies flash. Stop 3 (Firefly Observation Area 15 min): Behavior- Why do Fireflies Flash? Now ​ let’s investigate how and why fireflies flash and then become firefly scientists ourselves. Does anyone know how fireflies flash? ​ Like many other organisms, fireflies are bioluminescent. Can anyone tell me other bioluminescent organisms? Answers could include algae, many species of fish, jellyfish, etc. (Refer to pictures of other Bioluminescent organisms on page 17 and have ​ brief discussion) Jellyfish use their bioluminescence to deter predators. Firefly Squid ​ and other Octopi use bioluminescence to communicate. Bioluminescent mushrooms attract more insects to help spread its spores. This bioluminescence is created in a firefly’s abdomen. (Briefly review insect parts: ​ head, thorax, abdomen) This happens through a chemical/enzymatic reaction. (When ​ ​ oxygen combines with, adenosine
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