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Diversity and Phylogeography of Southern Ocean Sea Stars (Asteroidea)

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Diversity and Phylogeography of Southern Ocean Sea Stars (Asteroidea) Diversity and phylogeography of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea) Thesis submitted by Camille MOREAU in fulfilment of the requirements of the PhD Degree in science (ULB - “Docteur en Science”) and in life science (UBFC – “Docteur en Science de la vie”) Academic year 2018-2019 Supervisors: Professor Bruno Danis (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Laboratoire de Biologie Marine And Dr. Thomas Saucède (Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Biogéosciences 1 Diversity and phylogeography of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea) Camille MOREAU Thesis committee: Mr. Mardulyn Patrick Professeur, ULB Président Mr. Van De Putte Anton Professeur Associé, IRSNB Rapporteur Mr. Poulin Elie Professeur, Université du Chili Rapporteur Mr. Rigaud Thierry Directeur de Recherche, UBFC Examinateur Mr. Saucède Thomas Maître de Conférences, UBFC Directeur de thèse Mr. Danis Bruno Professeur, ULB Co-directeur de thèse 2 Avant-propos Ce doctorat s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre les universités de Dijon et Bruxelles et m’aura ainsi permis d’élargir mon réseau au sein de la communauté scientifique tout en étendant mes horizons scientifiques. C’est tout d’abord grâce au programme vERSO (Ecosystem Responses to global change : a multiscale approach in the Southern Ocean) que ce travail a été possible, mais aussi grâce aux collaborations construites avant et pendant ce travail. Cette thèse a aussi été l’occasion de continuer à aller travailler sur le terrain des hautes latitudes à plusieurs reprises pour collecter les échantillons et rencontrer de nouveaux collègues. Par le biais de ces trois missions de recherches et des nombreuses conférences auxquelles j’ai activement participé à travers le monde, j’ai beaucoup appris, tant scientifiquement qu’humainement. Remerciements Lorsque vient le temps de faire un faire bilan et de remercier toutes les personnes ayant accompagné ce projet, je ne peux que réaliser que la thèse est le fruit de nombreuses interactions et d’un travail en équipe. Ce travail est l’aboutissement d’un cheminement depuis mon entrée à l’université et l’initiation aux environnements sous-marin et austraux. Il me revient donc de remercier ces différentes personnes en espérant ne pas en oublier. Je remercie en premier lieu le laboratoire de Biologie Marine et son directeur Philippe Dubois de m’avoir accueilli et d’avoir facilité mon intégration au sein de l’ULB dans un lieu et un environnement qui étaient nouveaux pour moi. Je tiens ensuite à remercier Bruno Danis, mon promoteur, qui a cru et s’est investi dans la mise en place de ce projet de thèse. Tu m’auras laissé beaucoup de liberté et toujours soutenu pour me permettre de participer aux missions de terrain et conférences à travers le monde. C’est, je crois, l’un des plaisirs de tout scientifique que d’avoir la chance de partir en expéditions, et lorsque celles-ci se déroulent en Antarctique ou Terre de Feu, ces souvenirs sont d’autant plus mémorables. Je souhaite remercier Thomas Saucède, mon directeur de thèse à l’Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté de Dijon. Tu auras su me pousser, dans le calme et la sagesse qui te caractérisent, à toujours aller plus loin dans la réflexion et l’intégration de nouvelles méthodes 3 pour aborder mon sujet tout en développant une vue d’ensemble, perfectionnant ainsi le résultat final de la thèse. J’ai une pensée particulière pour les personnes qui ont pris part à la genèse de mon cursus et ma carrière. Merci à Marc Eléaume et Nadia Améziane de m’avoir proposé mon premier stage en relation avec l’Océan Austral et d’avoir contribué à faire grandir ma passion pour les hautes latitudes. A massive “thank you” to Katrin Linse. You gave me the opportunity to join the British Antarctic Survey and to take part in my first cruise in Antarctica. It is during this scientific voyage that I met and bound with great scientists and friends who were and still are inspirations for my career. Thank you Cheps, Bec, Jack, Grace and Nina for always being here I needed it, whether for scientific or personal advices, you are part of my life as my Cambridge family and much more. Thank you, Huw, for your support, putting me in contact with Bruno, inviting me around the South Orkney and always pushing to help early carrier scientists to be part of the community, in the field or during conferences. Many thanks to Dave for including me in his team, whether it is about cycling or science, you are a model of wisdom and it is always pleasant to learn by your side. Finally, a special thanks to Oli and Rachel with whom I shared great moments before and during the PhD and hopefully many more are to come. Ma reconnaissance se dirige également vers les membres du laboratoire de Biologie Marine, techniciens et étudiants qui auront rendu la thèse un peu plus sympathique une fois par leur aide et leurs conseils. Je remercie ainsi Phil pour son énergie débordante et son aide d’une grande valeur, dans et en dehors des travaux scientifiques. Merci Mathieu pour ton assistance plus que précieuse en laboratoire qui m’aura permis d’aller au bout de mes analyses. Shukraan Saloua pour toutes les pauses café et ta propension à toujours trouver une solution aux problèmes. Auré et Mishal merci d’avoir accompagné mon parcours à Bruxelles avec la bienveillance et la bonne humeur qui vous caractérise. Merci Antonio pour n’avoir jamais refusé de me donner un coup de main pendant la thèse. Un grand merci aussi à Marine et Mathilde qui auront apporté un vent de fraicheur et de légumes dans le laboratoire pendant ma dernière année de travail. Merci Clément et Laurence pour votre aide technique et administrative. Je remercie également les programmes et instituts qui ont apporté leur soutien au cours de la thèse, me permettant de mener à bien expériences et travaux de terrain : les programmes rECTO et vERSO financés par le Belgian Science Policy Office, le Museum National d’Histoire 4 Naturelle de Paris, le laboratoire Biogéosciences, le programme Ant-ERA et le FRIA (Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture, FNRS). C’est aussi grâce aux nombreuses personnes et interactions à travers nos différentes collaborations que cette thèse a été menée à bien et notamment Arnaud Brayard du laboratoire Biogéosciences, Elie Poulin et Karine Gérard au Chili, Stefano Schiaparelli de Gênes, Franz et Henrik de la KU Leuven, Patrick Mardulyn et Chantal De Ridder de mon comité d’accompagnement à l’ULB. Les soutiens viennent aussi évidemment de l’entourage extra-professionnel et sur ce point je souhaite remercier mes amis du handball avec lesquels j’ai partagé énormément de bons moments qui m’auront permis de mettre de côté la science et de donner de l’importance à d’autres choses. Un grand merci Simon, Quentin, Philipp, Melissa, Lena, Mélanie, Ana, Natalita et tous les autres. Je voudrais aussi remercier les membres de mon jury d’évaluation, Thierry Rigaud et Anton Van De Putte pour leur relecture ainsi que les conseils apportés sur mon manuscrit de thèse. Je remercie également ma famille qui m’a toujours soutenu dans mes projets et aidé à les mener à bien même dans les moments difficiles. En me laissant tout au long de ma vie la liberté de faire ce qui me plaisait j’ai pu réaliser mes rêves et atteindre les objectifs que je voulais. Merci maman, papa, Guillaume et Lise. Merci aussi à mes amis en Bretagne, je n’ai malheureusement plus énormément d’occasion de venir vous rendre visite. Je sais cependant que je peux toujours compter sur vous quand je rentre dans notre beau pays. Merci Alix, Christophe, Valentin et Vincent. J’ai une pensée particulière pour Margot, tu as été présente et as su me soutenir, dans les moments compliqués, avant et pendant la mise en place de ce projet sans jamais économiser ton énergie pour me conforter dans mes choix. Merci pour tout. Merci Charlène d’y avoir partagé ton inépOUIsable énergie et de m’y avoir supporté dans le bureau. Merci pour ton aide, notamment sur « R » et lors de nos longues conversations sur la modélo et la génétique. Il était bon d’avoir une compatriote à mes côtés dans le labo. Sarah, je te remercie énormément pour tout ce que tu m’as apporté lors des baisses de moral mais aussi lorsque tout allait au mieux. Tu m’as fait découvrir beaucoup de belles choses à 5 Bruxelles et en Belgique. C’est en partie grâce à toi si j’ai réussi et je t’en suis très reconnaissant. Et enfin peut-être le meilleur, mais en tous les cas le plus touffu pour la fin. Je parle, BIEN SUR, de mon bel ami le Belge, docteur Quentin Jossart. Toujours calme et réfléchi, c’est pas Zizou mais c’est un vrai atout de t’avoir et de t’avoir eu dans le bureau et en dehors au cours de toutes ces années. Toutes ces heures à discuter, jouer au foot, perdre notre temps m’auront beaucoup apporté. Je n’oublie évidemment pas de faire un petit clin d’œil à sa concubine Sophie qui a supporté toutes nos idioties en gardant le sourire. Merci à vous. 6 Scientific communications during the PhD Publications • PhD thesis research • Moreau, C., Jossart, Q., Danis, B., Eléaume, M., Christiansen, H., Guillaumot, C., & Saucède, T. The atypical and overlooked diversity of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea). (Submitted. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society) → Chapter 3 • Moreau, C., Danis, B., Jossart, Q., Eléaume, M., Sands, C., Achaz, G., Agüera, A., & Saucède, T.
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