Notes on Starfish on an Essex Oyster Bed
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Fishing and Harvesting of Aquatic
Maine 2015 Wildlife Action Plan Revision Report Date: January 13, 2016 SGCN and Habitat Stressors Level 1 Threat Biological Resource Use Level 2 Threat: Fishing and Harvesting of Aquatic Resources Description: Harvesting aquatic wild animals or plants for commercial, recreation, subsistence, research, or cultural purposes, or for control/persecution reasons; includes accidental mortality/bycatch Species Associated With This Stressor: Total SGCN: 1: 21 2: 48 3: Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes) SGCN Category Species: Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) 2 Severity: Moderate Severity Actionability: Moderately actionable Notes: Extraction and mortality rates differ widely among Maine runs. Implementing voluntary conservation measures, such as continuous escapement or not fishing the run during the first week, can help ensure sustainable harvests Species: Anguilla rostrata (American Eel) 2 Severity: Moderate Severity Actionability: Moderately actionable Notes: Commercial and Recreational harvest can be effectively regulated or minimized, however timescale of effect on adult spawning populations is long Species: Alosa sapidissima (American Shad) 1 Severity: Moderate Severity Actionability: Moderately actionable Notes: Extraction and mortality rates differ widely among Maine runs. Implementing voluntary conservation measures, such as continuous escapement or not fishing the run during the first week, can help ensure sustainable harvests Species: Thunnus thynnus (Atlantic Bluefin Tuna) 2 Severity: Severe Actionability: Moderately actionable Notes: While fishing mortality in the Western Atlantic has been effectively reduced based on TACs and other measures, fishing mortality continues to be very high in the Eastern Atlantic. The species is also susceptible as bycatch in longlining and other pelagic fishing. Species: Gadus morhua (Atlantic Cod) 1 Severity: Moderate Severity Actionability: Moderately actionable Notes: Historic heavy fishing pressure has drastically reduced Atlantic cod stocks in the Gulf of Maine and Maine waters. -
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AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Birkeland, Charles, P. K. Dayton and N. A. Engstrom, 1982. Papers from the Echinoderm Conference. 11. A stable system of predation on a holothurian by four asteroids and their top predator. Australian Museum Memoir 16: 175–189, ISBN 0-7305-5743-6. [31 December 1982]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.16.1982.365 ISSN 0067-1967 Published by the Australian Museum, Sydney naturenature cultureculture discover discover AustralianAustralian Museum Museum science science is is freely freely accessible accessible online online at at www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/ 66 CollegeCollege Street,Street, SydneySydney NSWNSW 2010,2010, AustraliaAustralia THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY MEMOIR 16 Papers from the Echinoderm Conference THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SYDNEY, 1978 Edited by FRANCIS W. E. ROWE The Australian Museum, Sydney Published by order of the Trustees of The Australian Museum Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 1982 Manuscripts accepted lelr publication 27 March 1980 ORGANISER FRANCIS W. E. ROWE The Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia CHAIRMEN OF SESSIONS AILSA M. CLARK British Museum (Natural History), London, England. MICHEL J ANGOUX Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium. PORTER KIER Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, U.S.A. JOHN LUCAS James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. LOISETTE M. MARSH Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. DAVID NICHOLS Exeter University, Exeter, Devon, England. DAVID L. PAWSON Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.e. 20560, U.S.A. FRANCIS W. E. ROWE The Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. CONTRIBUTIONS BIRKELAND, Charles, University of Guam, U.S.A. 96910. (p. 175). BRUCE, A. -
Biodiversity and the Future of the Gulf of Maine Area Lewis Incze and Peter Lawton Genes
Biodiversity and the Future of the Gulf of Maine Area Lewis Incze and Peter Lawton Genes Biodiversity is the diversity of life at all levels of organization, from genes to species, communities and ecosystems. Species Nearshore Offshore Bank Basin Slope GoMA: Ecosystem Field Project Habitats and Seamount Communities Abyssal Plain From microbes to whales, and from fundamental biodiversity to EBM GoMA Areas of Work: Species in the Gulf of Maine Area Ecology: past and present Technology Synthesizing Knowledge Linkages to EBM Outreach Today’s Agenda: 08:45-09:45 Presentation: The Global Census and GoMA: What did we do? What did we learn? 09:45-10:00 Q&A 10:00-10:20 BREAK 10:20-11:00 Presentation: Pathways to EBM 11:00-11:45 Discussion Programs of the Census of Marine Life ArCoD Arctic CMarZ Zooplankton CAML Antarctic Creefs Coral Reefs CenSeam Seamounts GoMA Gulf of Maine Area CheSS Chemosynthetic Systems ICOMM Microbes COMARGE Continental margins MAR-ECO Mid-Ocean Ridges CeDAMAR Abyssal Plains NaGISA Intertidal/Shallow Subtidal CenSeam Seamounts TOPP Top Predators HMAP History of Marine Animal Populations FMAP Future of “ “ “ OBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System Collaborators/Affiliated programs Great Barrier Reef Gulf of Mexico BarCode of Life Encyclopedia of Life Oceans film 10 years (2000-2010) 80 countries, 2700 scientists 17 projects, 14 field projects + OBIS, HMAP Xxx cruises, xxxx days at sea, and FMAP ~ $77m leveraged ~ $767 m --need to 5 affiliated projects (field and technology) check 9 national and regional committees >2,500 scientific papers (many covers) books special journal volumes ~1,200 new species identified >1,500 species in waiting Collection in PLoS-ONE, 2010, incl. -
I. the Development of the Starfish Solaster Endeca Forbes
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. I. The Development of the Star$.& Solaster endeca _Forbes. By JAMESF. GEMMILL, M.A., M.D., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Leetwer ~PL~~~~~~l~g~, Glnsgow Uwiversity, ad in Zoology, Glnsgow Provincial Fraining College. (Received and read November 29, 1910.) [PLATESI.-V.] CONTENTS. Page I. STRUCTURDAND POSITION ........................................................ 3 11. OVARIESAND OVA .............................................................. 4 Arrangement and structure of the egg-tubes, 4; muscular t.issue and sinus-spaces in their walls, 4; relation of the latter to genital sinuses and hiemal tissue, 5; growth of the ova, 6 ; accumulation of yolk-granules, 6 ; yolk-nuclei, 7 ; follicle-cells, 7 ; egg-ducts, 8. 111. MATURATION,SPA.WNIXGI, PERTILIZATIOB, Brc. ........................................ 9 Time of maturation, 9 ; season, &c. of spawning, 9 ; the ova in water, 10 j memhrarie of fertilisation, 11 j cross-fertilisation, 11 ; early and later segmentetion, 11 ; formation of blastula by egression and of gastrula by invagination, 12 ; appearance of cilia, 12 ; morements of blastula and gastrula, 13 ; hypenchyme, 13 ; chronology, 13. IV. ESTEBNALCHARACTERS, MOVEMENTS, &c. DURIND THE FREE-SWIMMINGP~RIOD .............. 14 Elongation of gastrula, 14 ; formation of arms and of sucker, 14 ; preoral lobe and body of larva, 14 ; formation of hydropore, 14 j closure of blastopore; 15 j movements of the lam=, 15 j ciliation at anterior and posterior ends an? over general surface, 15 ; commencement of flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe, 16 ; first appearance extern- ally of hydroccele lobes and of aboral arm rudiments, 17 j chronology, 17. VOL. XX.-PART I. No. I.--Februny, 1912. B 2 DR. J. -
The Marine Fauna of Lundy Ecidnodermata
Rep. Lundy Fld Soc. 29 (1978) THE MARINE FAUNA OF LUNDY ECIDNODERMATA P. A. TYLER Department of Oceanography, University College, Swansea, S. Wales, U.K. INTRODUCTION The five classes of echinoderms are a conspicuous element of the fauna in truly marine areas. The British echinoderm fauna has been treated in detail by Mortensen (1927). In shelf sea areas they are usually found below LWN tide level with occasional species moving up into the littoral zone. Examples of the dominant extant groups are found in all types of substrates, the ophiuroids and the heart urchins being particularly important in the determination of soft substrate benthic communities (Thorson, 1947). SOURCES OF MATERIAL The collections made by divers during marine surveys of Lundy have pro duced a considerable record particularly of the conspicuous epifaunal asteroids, regular echinoids and holothurians. Observations of the less conspicuous in faunal ophiuroids and irregular echinoids have been obtained by divers and by benthic surveys using R.V. 'Ocean Crest'. THE LUNDY FAUNA- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS To date, 24 species of echinoderm have been recorded around Lundy. Of these species only 8 were recorded by Harvey (1950, 1951) at Lundy. The most noteable exceptions to the fauna are Acrocnida brachiata and Spatangus purpureus, both of which have been found further up the Bristol Channel and may be supposed to be found round Lundy where a suitable substrate exists for these infaunal species. A number of species appear to be common all round the island. These include Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacia/is, Luidia ciliaris, Echinus esculentus and Holothuria forskali. The very rare sea cucumber Lepto synapta decaria has been reported as occurring round Lundy (Hoare & Wilson, 1976). -
Phylogenetic Survey of Soluble Saxitoxin-Binding Activity in Pursuit of the Function and Molecular Evolution of Saxiphilin, a Relative of Transferrin
Phylogenetic survey of soluble saxitoxin-binding activity in pursuit of the function and molecular evolution of saxiphilin, a relative of transferrin " # LYNDON E. LLEWELLYN , PETER M. BELL # $ EDWARD G. MOCZYDLOWSKI *, " Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, ToWnsille MC, Queensland 4810, Australia # * Department of Pharmacolog, Yale Uniersit School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, NeW Haen, CT 06520–8066, USA (EdwardjMoczydlowski!Yale.edu) $ Department of Cellular and Molecular Phsiolog, Yale Uniersit School of Medicine, NeW Haen, CT 06520, USA SUMMARY Saxiphilin is a soluble protein of unknown function which binds the neurotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), with high affinity. Molecular characterization of saxiphilin from the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, has previously shown that it is a member of the transferrin family. In this study we surveyed various animal species to investigate the phylogenetic distribution of saxiphilin, as detected by the presence of $ soluble [ H]STX binding activity in plasma, haemolymph or tissue extracts. We found that saxiphilin activity is readily detectable in a wide variety of arthropods, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The $ pharmacological characteristics of [ H]STX binding activity in phylogenetically diverse species indicates that a protein homologous to bullfrog saxiphilin is likely to be constitutively expressed in many ectothermic animals. The results suggest that the saxiphilin gene is evolutionarily as old as an ancestral $ gene encoding bilobed transferrin, an Fe +-binding and transport protein which has been identified in several arthropods and all the vertebrates which have been studied. site on Na+ channels has been localized to residues 1. INTRODUCTION within a conserved sequence motif in four homologous The neurotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), and a large array of domains of the α-subunit, which forms part of the ion- STX derivatives are produced by certain species of selective pore (Terlau et al. -
Farne Islands Surveys 2005-2008
Species Recorded Phylum Common Name Number Common Species The table to the right shows the of species number of species recorded in each Porifera Sponges 4 Myxilla incrustans phylum and indentifies the more Cnidaria Anemones, corals, 22 Kelp fur Obelia geniculata hydroids, jellyfish Dead men's fingers Alcyonium digitatum common species. Only one of the Dahlia anemone Urticina felina species is a Biodiveristy Action Plan Plumose anemone Metridium senile Elegant anemone Sagartia elegans (BAP) species, the crawfish, Palinurus Devonshire cup coral Caryophyllia smithii elephas, but a number of others are Annelida Segmented worms 5 Keelworms Pomatoceros spp. nationally or locally scarce or rare. Sprial worms Spirorbis spp. Crustacea Crabs, lobsters, barnacles 17 Greater acorn barnacle Balanus balanus Sponges Humpback prawn Pandalus montagui Lobster Homarus gammarus All of the sponges identified were low Hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus growing species with no massive or Spiny squat lobster Galathea srtigosa Edible crab Cancer pagurus branching sponges present. Velvet swimming crab Necora puber Mollusca Shells, sea slugs, cuttlefish 28 Grey topshell Gibbula cinerea Hydroids, anemones and corals Painted topshell Calliostoma zizyphinum This coast is notable for the very large Dead men’s finger sea slug Tritonia hombergi numbers of dead men’s fingers, Orange clubbed sea slug Limacia clavigera Bryozoa Sea mats 12 Sea mat Membranipora membranacea Alcyonium digitatum and these Hornwrack Flustra foliacea occurred in all of the rocky sites (cover Bryozoan crusts indet. mid left). Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, 12 Common feather star Antedon bifida Common sunstar Crossaster papposus Species which have a north-easterly Bloody Henry Henricia spp. distribution included the deeplet sea Common starfish Asterias rubens Black brittlestar Ophiocomina nigra anemone, Bolocera tuediae (rare). -
A Diver's Guide to Northern Ireland Marine Species of Interest
A Diver’s Guide to Northern Ireland Marine Species of Interest Thornback Ray (Raja clavata) - Row of large, Cuckoo Ray (Leucoraja naevus) - The large eye recurved thorns runs from the back of the head and spots on the pectoral fins are diagnostic. Size: Adults along the tail. Size: Adults 85 cm–1 m long (incl. tail). 45–70 cm long (incl. tail). Spotted Ray (Raja montagui) - Pale back with dark Lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) - Elongate, spots, which do not extend to edge of fins . Size: Adults silver body with a single, long dorsal fin. Size: Adults up 60–80 cm long (incl. tail). to 25 cm long. Please submit species records with an Funding: Department of Agriculture, accompanying date, location and photograph, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), to CEDaR Online Recording - www2.habitas. Northern Ireland org.uk/records or the iRecord App (available to Author: Christine Morrow download from the App Store or Google Play). Photography: Bernard Picton Contributors: Centre for Environmental Data Once confirmed by an assigned verifier, all and Recording (CEDaR), DAERA Marine and records will be collated on CEDaR’s database Fisheries Division and will appear on the NBN Atlas Northern Contracting Officer: Sally Stewart-Moore Ireland. - northernireland.nbnatlas.org Sea squirt (Pyura microcosmus) - Thick, leathery Pin-head squirt (Pycnoclavella stolonialis) - Trans- test usually covered in detritus. Orange-red and white parent body with white cross-shaped patch between stripes inside siphons. Size: Up to 10 cm tall. the siphons. Size: Zooids only 2–3 mm tall. Goosefoot starfish (Anseropoda placenta) - Can be Purple sun star (Solaster endeca) - Cream to purple recognised by short webbed arms; thin body; white and colour; close-set spines; 7–13 arms. -
Actiniaria, Actiniidae)
BASTERIA, 50: 87-92, 1986 The Queen Scallop, Chlamys opercularis (L., 1758) (Bivalvia, Pectinidae), as a food item of the Urticina sea anemone eques (Gosse, 1860) (Actiniaria, Actiniidae) J.C. den Hartog Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands detailed is available about the food of but do Scantly knowledge sea anemones, we know that intertidal many species, especially forms, are opportunistic feeders on sizeable prey, such as other Coelenterata, Crustacea, Echinodermata and Mollusca, notably gastropods. of the Urticina Representatives genus Ehrenberg, 1834 ( = Tealia Gosse, 1858) oc- both and in moderate well-known curring intertidally depths, are as large prey predators (Slinn, 1961; Den Hartog, 1963; Sebens & Laakso, 1977; Shimek, 1981; Thomas, 1981). Slinn (loc. cit.) reported an incidental record of two actinians brought in by Port Erin scallop fishermen, identifiedas Tealiafelina (L., 1761), but more likely Urticina each of which had individual of to represent eques (Gosse, 1860), ingested an the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L., 1758. Den Hartog (loc. cit.: 77-78) referring to the Dutch coast reported the starfish Asterias rubens L., 1758, to be the main food item of the shore-form of Urticinafelina (L., 1761) [often referred to in the older literature as Tealia coriacea (Cuvier) or the var. coriacea; cf. Stephenson, 1935], including specimens considerably exceeding the basal diameterof the anemones. Second-common was the crab Carcinus width 30 further is maenas (L. 1758) (carapax up to mm) and noteworthy of of the a record a specimen rather rigid scyphozoan Rhizostoma octopus (L., 1788) [as R. pulmo (Macri, 1778)] with an umbrella almost twice the basal diameter of its swallower. -
Baseline Report of the Census of Marine Life October 2003
CENSUS The Unknown Ocean OF MARINE LIFE Baseline Report of the Census of Marine Life 2003 Nematoda Porifera Echinodermata Mollusca Cndaria Annelida Platyhelminthes Arthropoda Chordata Cover Images Annelida: Marine polychaete, Polychaeta sp. (Serpulidae) Photo: Dieter Fiege Arthropoda: Coral crab, Rochina crassa. Photo: Ian MacDonald Chordata: Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Photo: Manu Esteve Cndaria: Moon jellyfish, Aurelai aurita (Ulmaridae). Photo: Karen Gowlett-Holmes Echinodermata: Purple sun star, Solaster endeca. Photo: Strong/Buzeta Mollusca: Emperor nautilus, Nautilus pompilius. Photo: James B. Woods Nematoda: Threadworms, unidentified species. Photo: Cindy Lee Van Dover Platyhelminthes: Flatworm, Pseudoceros ferrugineus. Photo: L. Newman and A. Flowers Porifera: Stinker sponge, Ircinia felix. Photo: Shirley Pomponi Ronald K. O’Dor with the International Scientific Steering Committee and Project Leaders of the Census of Marine Life Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education October 2003 The Unknown Ocean ISBN 0-99746819-00-33 Available from the Census of Marine Life Secretariat: Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education Washington, DC, USA www.coml.org/baseline [email protected] If cited, please use the following: O’Dor, Ronald K., 2003. The Unknown Ocean: The Baseline Report of the Census of Marine Life Research Program. Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education: Washington DC, 28pp. CENSUS OF MARINE LIFE Baseline Report of the Census of Marine Life CONTENTS Foreword.......................................................................................................2 -
Aquatic Zoos
AQUATIC ZOOS A critical study of UK public aquaria in the year 2004 by Jordi Casamitjana CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 METHODS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Definition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Sampling and public aquarium visits --------------------------------------------------------------7 Analysis of the data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 UK PUBLIC AQUARIA PROFILE ------------------------------------------------------------------------11 Types of public aquaria ----------------------------------------------------------------------------11 Animals kept in UK public aquaria----------------------------------------------------------------12 Number of exhibits in UK pubic aquaria --------------------------------------------------------18 Biomes of taxa kept in UK public aquaria ------------------------------------------------------19 Exotic versus local taxa kept in UK public aquaria --------------------------------------------20 Trend in the taxa kept in UK public aquaria over the years ---------------------------------21 ANIMAL WELFARE IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA ------------------------------------------------------23 ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR --------------------------------------------------------------------------23 Occurrence of stereotypy in UK public aquaria --------------------------------------29 -
Skomer Marine Nature Reserve Distribution and Abundance of E
Skomer Marine Nature Reserve Distribution and abundance of E. esculentus and selected starfish species, 2003 Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru Countryside Council for Wales Skomer Marine Nature Reserve Distribution and Abundance of Echinus esculentus and selected starfish species CCW West Area Report No. 45 L.R. Luddington, K. Lock, P. Newman & M. Burton 2004 Skomer Marine Nature Reserve Distribution and abundance of E. esculentus and selected starfish species, 2003 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Echinus esculentus 1 1.2 Starfish 1 1.3 Objectives 1 2 METHOD 2 2.1 Site selection 2 2.2 Survey method 2 3 RESULTS 4 3.1 Survey sites & habitats 4 3.2 Densities & distribution 4 3.2.1 Echinus esculentus 4 3.2.2 Starfish species 7 3.3 E. esculentus size frequency distribution 8 4 DISCUSSION 11 4.1 E. esculentus densities 11 4.2 E. esculentus density vs. depth 12 4.3 E. esculentus size 12 4.4 Starfish 13 5 RECOMMENDATIONS 14 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 7 REFERENCES 16 APPENDIX I. Field recording form for E. esculentus survey in Skomer MNR 2003 17 APPENDIX II. Survey sites, areas, total numbers and densities for E. esculentus and starfish species in Skomer MNR 2003 19 FIGURES Figure 3.1 Density & distribution of E. esculentus 6 Figure 3.2 Density of E. esculentus at different depth ranges 7 Figure 3.3 Density & distribution of M. glacialis and C. papposus 8 Figure 3.4 Size frequency distribution of E. esculentus 8 Figure 3.5 Mean, maximum & minimum density at each site 9 Figure 3.6 Mean diameter of E.