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UPGRADING and REPAIRING Pcs UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs, 20th Edition Scott Mueller Que 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Dual Independent Bus Architecture hS Contents HT Technology 66 Multicore Technology 67 Introduction 1 Processor Manufacturing 68 Processor 72 Book Objectives 1 Re-Marking PGA 72 The 20th Edition DVD-ROM 2 Chip Packaging Contact and My Website: informit.com/upgrading 2 Single Edge Single Edge Processor 73 A Personal Note 2 Packaging Processor Socket and Slot Types 74 1 Development of the PC 5 Socket 478 76 Socket LGA775 77 Computer History: Before Personal Socket LGA1156 78 Computers 5 Socket LGA1366 79 Timeline 5 Socket LGA1155 80 Electronic Computers 10 Socket 939 and 940 80 Modern Computers 11 Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ 81 From Tubes to Transistors 11 Socket F (1207FX) 83 Integrated Circuits 13 CPU Operating Voltages 83 History of the PC 13 Math Coprocessors {Floating-Point Units) Hi Birth of the Personal Computer 13 Processor Bugs and Steppings 84 The IBM Personal Computer 15 Processor Code Names 85 The PC Industry 30 Years Later 16 PI (086) Processors 85 2 PC Components, Features, and P2 (286) Processors 86 System Design 19 P3 (386) Processors 87 P4 (486) Processors 88 What Is a PC? 19 P5 (586) Processors 90 Who Controls PC Software? 20 AMD-K5 92 Who Controls PC Hardware? 23 Intel P6 (686) Processors 92 White-Box 25 Systems Pentium Pro Processors 93 PC Guides 26 Design Pentium II Processors 93 27 System Types Pentium III 95 28 System Components Celeron 97 Intel Pentium 4 Processors 97 3 Processor and Types Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 100 Specifications 31 Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme- Microprocessor History 31 Edition 102 The First Microprocessor 31 Intel Core Processors 104 PC Processor Evolution 34 Intel Core 2 Family 104 16-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture Evolution Intel (Nehalem) Core i Processors 10(t 36 AMD K6 Processors 110 Processor Specifications 37 NexGenNx586 110 Data I/O Bus 42 AMD-K6 Series 110 Address Bus 43 AMD K7 Processors 111 Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 44 AMD Athlon 1 11 Processor Modes 45 AMD Duron 113 Processor Benchmarks 49 AMD Athlon XP 113 Comparing Processor Performance 49 Athlon MP 114 Cache Memory 54 AMD K8 Processors 115 Processor Features 60 AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 115 System Management Mode (SMM) 60 AMDSempron 118 Superscalar Execution 61 AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX 11" MMX Technology 62 Dynamic Execution 64 AMD K10 Processors (Phenom, Phenom II, ATI Chipsets 203 Athlon II, Athlon X2, Sempron) 120 VIA Chipsets 204 AMD Fusion Processors 122 NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors 204 Processor Upgrades 122 Chipsets for AMD Processors 204 Overclocking 124 AMD Athlon Chipsets 205 Quartz Crystals 124 AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets 206 Modern PC Clocks 126 AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset 206 Overclocking Tips 128 AMD (Formerly ATI) Chipsets for Athlon Unlocking Cores 129 64, Sempron, Phenom 207 Bus Speeds and Multipliers 130 Third-Party Chipsets for AMD Processor Cooling 132 Processors 213 Heatsinks 133 VIA Chipsets 213 Liquid Cooling 138 SiS Chipsets 213 Thermally Advantaged Chassis 138 NVIDIA Chipsets 213 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 141 Super I/O Chips 214 Motherboard Connectors 214 4 Motherboards and Buses 143 System Bus Types, Functions, and Motherboard Form Factors 143 Features 223 229 Obsolete Form Factors 144 The Processor Bus (FSB) ATX and Other Modern Form Factors 155 Types of I/O Buses 229 Processor Sockets/Slots 167 The ISA Bus 230 Chipsets 169 The Micro Channel Bus 230 Chipset Evolution 169 The EISA Bus 230 Intel Chipsets 171 Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, Intel Chipset Model Numbers 172 AGP) 231 Intel Integrated Graphics System Resources 238 Architecture 173 Interrupts 238 AMD Integrated Graphics DMA Channels 243 Architecture 173 I/O Port Addresses 243 Traditional North/South Bridge Resolving Resource Conflicts 246 Architecture 174 PnP 247 Hub Architecture 175 Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing Third-Party North-South Bridge What to Look For) 249 Connections 177 Chipset Documentation 250 HyperTransport 178 5 BIOS 251 Intel's Early 386/486 Chipsets 178 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) BIOS Basics 251 Chipsets 179 Motherboard ROM BIOS 255 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/HI Class) ROM Hardware 256 Chipsets 181 ROM Shadowing 257 Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, ROM Chip Types 258 Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets 185 ROM BIOS Manufacturers 262 Intel 915 Family 192 BIOS Hardware/Software 264 Intel 92SX Family 193 Upgrading the BIOS 265 Intel 945 Express Family 193 Where to Get Your BIOS Update 266 Intel 955X and 975X Family 194 Determining Your BIOS Version 266 Intel 96x Series 194 Checking the BIOS Date 266 Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets 195 Backing Up Your BIOS 267 Intel 5x Series Chipsets 198 Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Intel 6x Series Chipsets 201 Settings 267 Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors 203 Upgrading a Flash BIOS 268 SiS Chipsets 203 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 276 ULi Electronics Chipsets 203 Year 2000 BIOS Issues 278 Preboot Environment 278 RAM Upgrades 350 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Upgrade Options and Strategies 351 (UEFI) 280 Purchasing Memory 353 UEFI and BIOS Limitations 280 Replacing Modules with Higher-Capai iK UEFI Support 282 Versions 355 CMOS Setup 282 Installing Memory Modules 355 358 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Troubleshooting Memory Program 282 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 3d 1 BIOS Setup Menus 283 The System Logical Memory Layout 363 Maintenance Menu 283 7 The interface 367 Main Menu 285 ATA/IDE Advanced Menus 286 An Overview of the IDE Interface 367 Security Menu 300 Precursors to IDE 367 Power Menu 301 IDE Origins 368 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 303 Origins of ATA 369 Exit Menu 305 ATA Standards 370 Additional BIOS Setup Features 305 ATA-1 (ATA Interface for Disk PnP BIOS 306 Drives) 372 PnP Device IDs 307 ATA-2 (ATA Interface with ACPI 307 Extensions-2) 372 BIOS/MBR Error Messages 308 ATA-3 (ATA Interface-3) 373 BIOS Boot Error Messages 309 ATA/ATAPI-4 (ATA with Packet MBR Boot Error Messages 312 Interface Extension-4) 373 ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA with Packet 6 Memory 315 Interface-5) 374 Memory Basics 315 ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA with Packet ROM 317 Interface-6) 375 DRAM 317 ATA/ATAPI-7 (ATA with Packet Cache Memory: SRAM 319 Interface-7) 376 Memory Standards 321 ATA/ATAPI-8 376 Speed and Performance 322 PATA 377 Fast Page Mode DRAM 324 PATA I/O Connector 377 Extended Data Out RAM 325 PATA I/O Cable 380 SDRAM 326 Longer or Rounded Cables 382 DDR SDRAM 328 PATA Signals 382 DDR2 SDRAM 330 PATA Dual-Drive Configurations 383 DDR3 SDRAM 332 PATA PIO Transfer Modes 385 RDRAM 333 PATA DMA Transfer Modes 386 Memory Modules 333 SATA 387 Registered Modules 338 SATA Cables and Connectors 389 SIMM Details 340 SATA Configuration 391 SDR DIMM Details 340 Advanced Host Controller Interface DDR DIMM Details 340 (AHCI) 392 DDR2 DIMM Details 341 SATA Transfer Modes 393 DDR3 DIMM Details 341 ATA Features 394 Determining a Memory Module's Size and ATA Commands 394 Features 341 ATA Security Mode 395 Memory Banks 343 Host Protected Area 396 Memory Module Speed 344 ATAPI 397 Parity and ECC 345 ATA Drive Capacity Limitations 397 Parity Checking 347 Prefixes for Decimal and Binary How Parity Checking Works 347 Multiples 398 ECC 350 BIOS Limitations 399 CHS Versus LBA 400 CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions 401 Basic HDD Components 465 BIOS Commands Versus ATA Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 466 Commands 402 Recording Media 467 CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier) 403 Read/Write Heads 469 CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Head Actuator Mechanisms 470 Barrier) 404 Air Filters 477 The 2.1GB and 4.2GB Barriers 406 Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 479 LBA-Assist Translation 408 Spindle Motors 479 The 8.4GB Barrier 411 Logic Boards 480 The 137GB Barrier and Beyond 412 Cables and Connectors 481 Operating System and Other Software Configuration Items 481 Limitations 413 Hard Disk Features 482 GPT and the 2.2TB Barrier 415 Capacity 482 PATA/SATA RAID 417 Performance 484 Reliability 488 8 Magnetic Storage Principles 421 10 Flash and Removable 493 Magnetic Storage 421 Storage History of Magnetic Storage 421 Alternative Storage Devices 493 How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Flash Memory Devices 493 Data 422 CompactFlash 495 Read/Write Head Designs 425 SmartMedia 496 Ferrite 426 MultiMediaCard 496 Metal-In-Gap 426 SecureDigital 496 Thin-Film 427 Sony Memory Stick 496 Magneto-Resistive Heads 427 ATA Flash PC Card 497 Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 429 xD-Picture Card 497 Head Sliders 430 SSD (Solid-State Drive) 498 Data-Encoding Schemes 432 Virtual SSD (RAMdisk) 498 Frequency Modulation Encoding 434 Flash-Based SSDs 498 Modified FM Encoding 434 USB Flash Drives 501 Run Length Limited Encoding 434 Comparing Flash Memory Devices 502 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 436 Flash Card Readers 504 Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Card Readers 504 Decoders 437 Type II PC Card Adapters 505 Capacity Measurements 437 High-Capacity Removable Magnetic Storage Areal Density 438 Devices 505 PMR 441 Floppy Disk Drives 506 1.44MB 3 1/2-Inch Drives 507 9 Hard Disk 445 Storage Floppy Drive Interfaces 507 Definition of a Hard Disk 445 Drive Components 508 Hard Drive Advancements 446 Read/Write Heads 508 Form Factors 447 The Floppy Controller 509 5 1/4-Inch Drive 448 Power and Data Connectors 510 3 1/2-lnch Drive 449 The Floppy Disk Controller Cable 510 2 1/2-Inch Drive 449 How the OS Uses a Floppy Disk 512 1.8-inch Drive 449 Disk Change 513 1-Inch Drives 450 Floppy Disk Media Types and HDD Operation 450 Specifications 514 The Ultimate HDD Analogy 452
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