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Welsh localization spreadsheet for the Crusader 2 mod "In Novo Iure"

Legend of Barony Types 1. Barony present as a holding since the 769 start date (example: ). I strive to attribute to these baronies names that are as accurate as possible. 2. Barony added as a holding at a later date in the history file (example: Bristol). The localized names for these holdings may reflect in part the historical period when they appear in-game. 3. Barony that may appear in-game as an additional holding if builty in a county's empty slot (example: ). Accuracy may be complemented by some license for better flavor. 4. Barony only used for dynasty names (example: Glastonbury). I still do my best.

Legend of Criteria for the Choice of Names

A. Authentic toponym or exonym (examples: York → Efrog, Winchester → Caerwynt). B. Provided by Paradox, unquestioned (examples: Turnberry → Din ; Rushen → Resyn). C. Adapted name or etymological translation based upon presumed historical events (example: Lincoln → Caerlinnwys); possible brittonic etymology (example: Croydon → Creuddyn). D. Plain etymological translation (examples: Axminster → Llanwysg; Lynn → Llynri). E. Name adapted on historical and liguistical bases, but with some imaginative elements added (examples: Totnes → Craig Brwt; Northampton → Caergynwidion). F. Phonetic and orthographical adaptation (examples: Ely → Eli; Boston → Bostyn). G. Geographical substution with a nearby locality, possibly involving some combination of the criteria above (examples: Wenlock → Caerwrygion; → Llongborth). H. No change necessary, all in (examples: , Dinefwr).

Table of Correspondences for the Etymological Translations (Note: 'SF' denotes the need for a morphological soft mutation in compound names)

English Welsh Breton Meaning -borough/-bury -byrg Bwrch- Bourc'h- Borough - -ceaster -SF Kar-SF Fortified city -church/-kirk -cirice Eglwys Iliz Church -don -tun Pen- Pen(n)- Peak, Top place -ey -eg Ynys Enez SF Island -field -feld Maes-SF Maez-SF Field -ford -ford Rhyd-SF Red-SF Ford -ham -ham Tref-SF Tre-SF Village, Town -hill -hlæw Bryn-SF Bren-SF Hill -minster -mynster Llan-SF Lan(n)-SF Important parish -mouth -muþ Aber- Aber- River estuary -ley -leah Lle-SF Lec'h-SF Place, Area -sted -stede Tŷ-SF Ti-SF Homestead, House -wic -wic Gwic-SF Gwig-SF (Market) Town Type English Welsh Criterion

Duchy of (Gwynedd)

County of (Perfeddwlad) 1 Denbigh Dinbych A 1 Rhuddlan H 1 Llanelwy Llanelwy H 4 Flint Fflint A 4 Ruthun A 4 Basingwerk Abaty Dinas Basing A 4 Ewloe Ewlo A 4 Awarden Penarlâg A County of Gwynedd (Gwynedd) 1 Caernarfon Caernarfon H 2 Degannwy Degannwy H 1 Bangor Fawr Bangor Fawr H 1 Aberffro A 2 Harlech Harlech H 4 Cardigan A 2 Conwy Conwy H 4 Llanbadarn Llanbadarn H

Duchy of (Powys)

County of Powys (Powys) 3 Caersws Caersws H 1 Mathrafal Mathrafal H 1 Llangollen H 4 Llandinam Llandinam H 4 Glascwm Glascwm H 1 Radnor Pencraig A 2 Montgomery Trefaldwyn A 2 Rhayader Rhaeadr Gwy A County of () 2 Shrewsbury Amwythig A 3 Clun Colwnwy A 1 Wenlock Caerwrygion1 G 2 Ludlow Llwydlo A 4 Whitchurch Yr Eglwys Wen A 4 Bridgnorth Pont-ar-Hafren E 4 Caerogyrfan A 4 Chirk Y Waun A County of () 2 St. Ethelberts Dyfrig Sant2 E 2 Hereford Caerfawydd A 2 Leominster Llanllieni A 1 Caerergyng C 4 Harold Castell-Ewyas E 4 Ledbury Caerledon C 1 Clifford Rhyd-ar-Wy E 4 Brobury Caerfro D

Duchy of Deheubath (Deheubath)

County of Gwent (Gwent) 1 Caerwent Caerwent H 4 Chepstow Cas-gwent H 4 Abergavenny Abergafenni A 1 Trefynwy A 4 Caerleon Caerllion-ar-Wysg A 1 Newport Casnewydd A 4 Brecon Aberhonddu A 4 Tintern Tyndyrn A County of (Morgannwg) 1 Caerdydd A 4 Neath Castell-nedd A 1 Llandaff Llandaf A 4 Caerffili Caerffili A 1 Swansea Abertawe A 4 Loughor Casllwchwr A 4 Margam Margam H 4 Ogmore Aberogwr A County of Dyfed (Dyfed) 1 Camarthen Caerfyrddin A 1 Dinefwr Dinefwr H 1 St. Davis Tyddewi A 3 Kidwelly Cydweli A 4 Llandeilo Llandeilo H 2 Pembroke Penfro A 4 Narberth Arberth A 4 Haverford Rhydwl A

Duchy of (Cernyw)

County of Cornwall (Cernyw) 1 Bodmin Bosfenech A 3 Launceston Llansteffan A 1 St. Germans Llanales A 4 Truro Triryw D 4 Liskeard Llys Cerwyd A 1 Tintagel Tref-ar-Fynydd A 4 St. Mihael Caerhays A 4 Restormel Llosgoedwig G County of Devon (Dyfnaint) 1 Lydford Caergysteint3 E 1 Caerwysg A 3 Crediton Sant-Boniffas4 E 3 Totnes Craig Brwt5 E 1 Axminster Llanwysg D 4 Tavistock Aberplym6 G 4 Buckfast Gwaundderi7 G 4 Dartmouth Aberderw D

Duchy of (Gwintwg)

County of Somerset (Gwlad yr Haf) 1 Bath Caerfaddon A 1 Wells Andreas Sant8 E 1 Ilchester Caerifl9 E 3 Taunton Crwctan A 3 Muchelney Caerddraitou10 G 4 Castel Cary Castell-Caru E 4 Glastonbury Ynys Wydrin A 4 Cleeve Cwmgoblyn11 D County of Dorset (Dwrnfawr) 1 Wareham Trefgryw D 3 Corfe Toriad D 3 Shaftesbury Caerballadwr A 1 Dorchester Caerddwrnac C 1 Sherborne Nantglir D 4 Lyme Llifri12 D 4 Weymouth Aberwey D 4 Wimborne Caerwyndoclad13 E County of Winchester (Gwintwg) 1 Southampton Llongborth14 G 4 Portchester Caerberis A 1 Winchester Caerwynt A 3 Carisbrooke Ynys Wyth A 4 Romsey Ynys Rhufon E 2 Andover Onnddofr C 1 St. Swithun Swithun Sant A 4 Wherwell Ffynnondegel D

Duchy of Gloucester (Gloyw)

County of Wiltshire (Gradawc) 1 Wilton Caerwallawg15 E 1 Sarum Caergradawc A 3 Clarendon Penclarisant E 4 Malmesbury Caerfladon A 2 Salisbury Caersallog A 4 Devizes Cas-terfynau C 1 Ramsbury Trefesgob16 E 4 Marlborough Din Myrddin C County of Gloucester (Gloyw) 1 Gloucester Caerloyw A 3 Sudeley Caerodor17 G 4 Tewkesbury Bwrch-cymer18 E 4 Cheltenham Trefgeltan D 1 Cirencester Caergeri A 1 Winchcombe Trogwm D 2 Bristol Bryste A 4 Hailes Chailes F County of Oxford (Rhydychen) 1 Oxford Rhydychen A 3 Wallingford Rhydgymry D 1 Abingdon Abaty-ar-Dafwys19 E 1 Buckingham Caer-ar-Ws20 E 4 Banbury Bwrch-Ban D 1 Reading Rhydafon E 4 Aylesbury Bwrch-Eryr D 4 Eynsham Trefegon D

Duchy of Essex (Gorllewin Loegr)

County of Northampton (Cynwidion) 3 Peterborough Caerbedr D 2 Huntingdon Penhela D 4 Ramsey Ynys Craf D 1 Northampton Caergynwidion21 E 4 Kettering Brogydrin D 1 Cambridge Caergrawnt A 1 Crowland Tirfrain D 4 Rockingham Trefgreigiog22 D County of Bedford (Rhydwely) 1 Bedford Rhydwely A 1 Hertford Rhydgeirw D 1 St. Albans Alban Sant C 3 Berkhamsted Trigfanfryn D 4 Luton Dinleu C 4 Dunstable Din Stwffwl D 4 Watford Caerfincip23 E 4 Ashridge Trumludw D County of Essex (Colyn) 1 Maldon Pencrwys D 3 Havering Rhydlydan24 D 3 Dunmow Brynddôl D 1 Colchester Caergolyn A 1 Waltham Trefgoed D 4 Barking Tirferecin D 4 Pleshey Rhydgeol25 D 4 Hedingham Trefedin D County of Middlesex (Llundain) 1 Westminster San Steffan A 1 London Llundain A 1 St. Paul Pawl Sant A 1 Tottenham Caerludd26 E 2 Fulham Lledn D 3 Staines Ar-Bontydd27 E 4 Harrow Arlais D 4 Chelsea Ceigalch D

Duchy of Kent (Caint)

County of Surrey (Dehehufro) 3 Farnham Gwaunredyn D 4 Guildford Rhydaur D 1 Lambeth Glaniadwyn D 1 Southwark Dehehuwaith D 1 Woking Maeswen28 E 4 Chertsey Ynys Ceredig E 4 Croydon Creuddyn C 4 Waverley Aethnenni D County of (Rhegin) 3 Hastings Cei Rhegin29 E 4 Caeraneirid30 A 1 Chichester Caerfuddai A 1 Lewes Lleallt31 D 1 Arundel Nantarnw D 4 Rye Rie F 4 Bramber Cas-ar-Adwr32 E 4 Bodiam Cas-ym-Goedwig33 E County of Kent (Caint) 1 Rochester Caerrobrif34 E 1 Dover Dofr A 1 Canterbury Caergaint A 3 Faversham Treffwgiwr C 1 Sandwich Gwicdraeth D 4 Lympne -Lym E 4 Romney Rwmelen35 E 4 Tonbridge Pont-y-Ddin D

Duchy of East Anglia (Dwyrain Loegr)

County of (Deheuwyr) 1 Ipswich Gwicopa D 1 Ely Eli36 F 1 Bury Bwrch D 3 Lowestoft Porthloegr37 E 4 Dunwich Gwygddwyn D 4 Stow Glwys D 4 Bungay Tirfwn D 4 Framlingham Treframlan D County of (Gogleddwyr) 2 Norwich Caerwent Iceni38 E 1 Thetford Rhydwerin D 3 Buckenham Treffwc D 1 Lynn Llynri39 E 4 Yarmouth Abergwern40 D 1 Elmham Treflwyf D 4 Rising Castell-Rhys E 4 Chatteris Cedryd C

Duchy of York (Deywr)

County of Lincoln (Linnwys) 1 Gainsborough Caerain D 1 Lincoln Caerlinnwys C 1 Boston Bostyn F 3 Spalding Gwigwaun41 E 3 Stamford Caerddin Fawr42 E 4 Grantham Trefravel D 4 Louth Lwdd C 4 Bardney Ynys Bardd E County of York (Efrog) 1 York Efrog A 1 Richmond Catraeth43 G 1 St. Peters Peter Sant A 1 Scarborough Porthddeywr44 E 3 Skipton Trefddefaid D 2 Pontrefact Pont-twn D 2 Hull Aberhwmbr45 E 4 Conisbrough Caergonan A

Duchy of (Llwytgoed)

County of Leicester (Llŷr) 1 Leicester Caerlŷr A 1 Nottingham Y Ty Ogofog A 3 Southwell Deffynnon D 3 Newark Gwaith-newydd D 4 Hucknall Bachogen D 4 Tickhill Bryneifr D 4 Worksop Cwmwyrc D 1 Newstead Llenewydd D County of Warwick (Llwytgoed) 2 Coventry Trefgwfain46 C 1 Warwick Gwycgryw D 1 Lichfield Caerlwytgoed A 1 Stafford Rhydglan D 1 Tamworth Tygweunydd C 4 Kenilworth Hafodgyne D 4 Tutbury Bwrch-Tudur E 4 Dudley Lleddwd D County of Worcester (Gwrangon) 1 Worcester Caerwrangon A 1 Evesham Caerafon E 1 Droitwich Halwynau47 E 3 Kidderminster Llangydr D 4 Pershore Gellygwydd D 4 Malvern Moelfryn A 4 Bromsgrove Y Gelli48 E 4 Laughern Talacharn49 E

Duchy of Lancaster ()

County of Derby (Derwennydd) 1 Derby Caerdderwennydd C 3 Bakewell Ffynnonfadoc D 4 Repton Reptyn F 4 Bolsover Cefndarw D 4 Castelton Castell-din D 1 Chesterfield Caerfaes D 1 Burton Modwenna50 C 4 Wirksworth Hafodwaith D County of Chester (Dyfrdwy) 1 Chester Caerllion Fawr A 1 Halton Llanelen51 G 3 Malpas Llynlleifiad52 G 4 Northwich Yr Heledd Ddu A 1 Macclesfield Maesfihal D 4 Beeston Castell-craig C 4 Sandback Cryw53 G 4 Nantwich Yr Heledd Wen A County of Lancaster (Rheged Dde) 3 Salford Manceinion54 G 1 Lancaster Caerhirfryn A 4 Bolton Boltyn F 1 Preston Prestatyn55 E 4 Sawley Brynhelyg D 4 Gisburn Llanfair56 E 1 Furness Mari Sant57 C 2 Clitheroe Clyderhow58 F County of Westmorland (Rheged Ogledd) 1 Appleby Trefafel F 4 Kendal Cwmgaint D 1 Lowther Cas-gan-Lawder C 1 Cartmel Friary’r-Iâ59 E 4 Kirkby Eglwys Steffan D 4 Brough Gwenfrewi Sant60 E 4 Shap Carn D 4 Brougham Caerfrogam61 C

Duchy of Northumberland (Bryneich)

County of Durham (Weir) 3 Gateshead Penafr F 1 Durham Caerweir A 4 Chester-le-Street Caergwnc62 C 4 Jarrow Gwyrwm F 1 Hartlepool Ceirwbwll D 4 Auckland Alt Clit D 4 Raby Cas-Raby F 1 St. Cuthberth Cwthbert Sant A County of Northumberland (Bryneich) 3 Morpeth Rhosffordd C 1 Bamburgh Din Gwardi A 4 Hexham Caergor63 E 1 Newcastle Caerfynach64 C 2 Alnwick Alnwyc F 4 Norham Cas-twydd65 E 1 Ynys Medcaut A 4 Mitford Rhydganol D County of Cumberland (Lliwelydd) 1 Carlisle Caerliwelydd A 1 Burgh Arfderydd66 G 4 Gilsland Caerwenddolau67 G 1 Penrith Penrhudd A 4 Egremont Draenen Pen-y-graig68 G 4 Papcastlet Caerfeudwy D 4 Cockermouth Abercwcra C 4 Dacre Dagrau C Duchy of Lothian ()

County of Teviotdale (Calchfynydd) 1 Jedburgh Dingod B 3 Roxburgh Iârtref B 2 Peebles Pebyll B 1 Melrose Mailrhosan B 4 Kelso Calchow A 4 Selkirk Halchraig B 4 Maxwell Mabffynnon B 4 Ednam Aeddantref C County of Dunbar (Din Baer) 1 Dunbar Din Baer B 3 Berwick Caerfryneich C 3 Thirlestane Lauwedder B 1 Tyninghame Pistylltref B 4 Gordon Gorddin B 4 Huntly Ystrath Bach B 4 Coldingham Llanbryn B 4 Crichton Ffinioltref B County of Lothian (Lleuddiniawn) 3 Edinburgh Din Eidyn A 1 Stirling Iuddeu B 1 Abercorn Abercurnig B 3 Linlithgow Glynallwedd B 4 Falkirk Ecclesbrith B 2 Stow of Wedale Galladd B 4 Leith Aberlydd B 4 Torpichen Treffechan B

Duchy of Galloway ( Clud)

County of Clydesdale (Alt Clut) 4 Renfrew Brigffroen B 1 St. Kentigern Cyndeyrn Sant B 2 Glasgow Cathures A 2 Lanark Lanerc B 4 Cadzow Guofan B 4 Bothwell Mamffynnon B 4 Lesmahagow Llanmahagw B 1 Dumbarton Alt Clut A County of Carrick (Aeron) 1 Turnberry Din Aeron B 3 Dunure Din Ywen B 4 Maebole Y Maes Ynfytyn B 1 Crossraguel Croes Rhygal B 4 Loch Doon Llyndin B 4 Ballantrae Traethtref B 4 Culzean Pennyglyn B 4 Greenan Aberaeron B County of Galloway (Nwyfiant) 3 Dumfries Dinrhyd B 1 Dunragit Din Rheged B 1 Whithorn Tygwyn B 4 Dunrod Din Brenin B 4 Kirkcudbright Cuddbertbetws B 4 Glenluce Glynchwyn B 4 Wigtown Faetref B 4 Threave Ynys Dytref B

Duchy of Man (Manaw)

County of Man (Manaw) 2 Peel Porth Ynys B 1 Rushen Resyn B 4 Maughold Mawgan Sant B 2 Douglas Duonglassafon B 4 Kirk Michael Eglwys Mihangel B 4 Sulby Drywglyn B 4 Inis Patraic Ynys Padric B 4 Laxey Afoneogiaid B 1 (Much) Wenlock is known today in Welsh as Gweunllwg, a name of at least part Celtic origin. However, it is much more appropriate to use the Welsh name for Nennius’ Caer-Urigion, likely the old Roman city of Viroconium whose ruins today lie close to the village of , midway between Shrewsbury and Wenlock. Probably Caer-Urigion was one of the capitals of Pengwern-Powys, which is particularly fitting as Wenlock is in the 769 start date the only barony in the Welsh-held county of Pengwern, which makes it the de facto capital of the (petty) . 2 The name of a locally worshipped British saint is used, as opposed to the English one. 3 This is named after Nennius’s Cair Custoeint (’Fort Constantius’ or ’Constantine’) which was presumably in Devon (). In the impossibility to render Lydford in a flavorful way, this option is chosen. It also works well for a Breton/Cornish localization as Kar-Custent. 4 The name of the British saint allegedly born in Crediton is used. 5 This means “The Stone of Brutus” in reference to the legend narrated by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae, according to which the Trojan hero Brutus landed on Totnes’s shore, founded the town of Totnes while standing upon a stone, and eventually became the first of Britain. In the Historia, also Emrys Wledig and Uther Pendragon eventually landed in Totnes, but I feel that Btutus works best for this. 6 This is the Welsh name for the nearby city of Plymouth, which is based on a hydronym (the river Plym). 7 This is Welsh for “moore of oak trees”, after the Dartmoor national park where Buckfast Abbey is located (the river Dart, on the other hand, is notoriously a hydronym of Brittonic origin from the root *deru, ‘oak tree’). 8 The wells of Wells are named after St. Andreas. It fits quite well as Wells is a temple holding in-game. 9 Ilchester has been tentatively identified as Caer Pensa vel Coyt from Nennius’s list. This could be a full expression (possibly referring to Penselwood forest, as coed stands for ’wood’ or ’forest’ in Welsh) or as an alternative between Pensa and Coyt, since vel means ’or’ in Latin (Nennius’s was written in Latin). In either case it would be extremely difficult to make a plausible modern Welsh name out of this. Hence I have opted for the direct etymology based on the river Yeo, also known as Ivel (from the Brittonic hydronym *gifl, forked river). 10 This is a Welsh rendering of Nennius’s Cair Draitou, possibly identified as Drayton in Devon, close to Muchelney. Cair Draitou is also identified as Dunster in West Somerset. 11 Translation of the nearby “Goblin Combe” (notice also Trogwm for Winchcombe in Gloucestershire: the *combe element is Brittonic for ‘valley’, cwm in Welsh). 12 Literally “King’s stream” (Lyme’s full name is ‘Lyme Regis’, where Lyme ultimately comes from some form of the Welsh llif, while Regis is Latin genitive for ‘King’). 13 This is named after Vindocladia, the Roman name (of Brittonic etymology) of the Badbury Rings hillfort, a possible Arthurian site. It is few miles away from Wimborne. 14 This Welsh name means “ship harbor” and is found in the medieval Welsh literature (see e.g. uab Erbin). The location of Llongborth is uncertain but the city of Portsmouth (close to Southampton) is a likely candidate, and arguably the name can fit Southampton too. 15 This is another possible traditional name of Sarum/Salisbury, of which Wilton is today a suburb. 16 I am using a “jolly” here: this translates as “Bishop’s Town”, and it is a toponym used elsewhere (for Bishton in the Newport area, as well as for Bishop’s Castle in ). 17 Here I am using the more archaic name of Bristol (while the modern name is used for the barony of Bristol proper). The reason is that while Bristol is a type-2 barony that appears only in later start dates, Sudeley (a Norman castle) is a type 3 one that can be built even in the 769 start, and the more ancient name fits better. The two cannot overlap since Gloucester is a 4-holdings county. 18 This literally translates as “town by the confluence of rivers.” Tewkesbury, named after a Saxon hermit, lies at the confluence of the two rivers Severn and Avon. 19 Literally “Abbey by the Thames” (Abingdon is a temple holding in-game). 20 Literally “Fortified enclosure by the river Ouse”, in part reference to the etymology Bourton. 21 Trigfanogledd would be… sad (moreover, it does not match an analogous choice for Southampton, which in such a case would be Trigfandde). Thus I go with some artistic license for “City of Cynwidion” (this is not too far-fetched since it is possible that the semi-legendary kingdom of Cynwidion was based right around Northampton). 22 This translates as “rocky village” and is loosely based on the name Rockingham. 23 This is based on Nennius’s Caer Mincip, likely the old Roman , today’s St. Albans. However the latter is, in-game, a temple holding, and it reflects the name of a historic British Saint sometimes indicated as evidence of British cultural survival in the area following the Anglo-Saxon conquest. Moreover, Watford lies right to the south of old Verulamium and today’s St. Albans. In light of all these considerations I prefer to localize St. Albans as Alban Sant and recycle Nennius’s name for the secondary holding used for dynastic names. 24 This is based on the etymology of the town of Romford (‘wide ford’) in the London borough of Havering. 25 This means “Coel’s ford” and is loosely based on the modern English town of Chelmsford (“Coelmar’s ford”), right to the south of Pleshey Castle. 26 This is based on an alternative archaic Brittonic name of London (motivated on the fact that Tottenham is a type-1 barony which appears at start in every game). 27 This means “by the bridges” and is the translation of the original roman name Ad Pontes. 28 This translates as “Gwen’s Field”, matching partly in phonetics and partly in meaning the Old English Wochingas. 29 What to do with the all-important town of Hastings? Since this is a type-3 barony a name based on its Anglo-Saxon founder does not seem to fit. Thus in light of its history the place is renamed “Quay of Rhegin”. 30 This is based on the Roman fort of Anderitum or Anderida but without suffix (see e.g. the note for Rochester below) and more Cambrification. In particular I have removed the ’d’ in the ’nd’ cluster, which was typical of the transition from Common Brittonic to Welsh, and I have added a compensating vowel ’i’ right afterwards. The result is Aneirid, quite of a Welsh-sounding name, to which the prefix Caer is added. 31 This translates as “Place by the hill” and also has the advantage of resembling phonetically the original Old English Hlæw, a variation of "hill". 32 This means “Castle on the Adur”, after the river by which Bramber Castle is located. 33 Literally “Castle in the Woods”, in reference to the fact that Bodiam Castle is in the middle of the . 34 This is based on the roman fort of Durobrivis, apparently shortened as ‘Robrivis’ by the Romans themselves. After removing the -is suffix (as it seems the Britons used to do with Roman names) then *Robriv remains; if you add the castrum element (as it seems it was done at some point) then you get Caerrobrif with modern Welsh spelling. 35 This is the Welsh spelling for a plausibly corrupted version of the previous roman settlement of Vetus Rumellenum. Note that the double ’ll’ is simplified as ’l’ as it was typical in the passage from Common Brittonic to Welsh; clearly the Latin suffix -um is also removed as it typically happened. 36 Ely is of so uncertain origin that it works as well to use an early and simple Latin spelling. 37 This being a toponym derived from a Viking personal name, it is almost impossible to render properly. Hence I am playing another jolly here: since Lowestoft is a port, I choose a name that translates for “Port of Logres”. 38 (Caer-) , of course. 39 “The King’s Lake”: closely corresponding to “King’s Lynn” (where Lynn itself comes from the Brittonic equivalent for lake, Llyn in Welsh). 40 seems to be the name that the Britons gave to the river Yare, also called Gariensis by the Romans. 41 This means “market town by the moorland”, in reference to the Fens. Any reference to the Anglo-Saxon tribe of the Spaldas looks linguistically wrong before any consideration on in-game immersion. 42 Etymological rendering of (Great) Casterton, ironically a small village near Stamford in Rutland at the border with , of Roman origin (the name clealry incorporates the castrum element). 43 Note that the in-game important barony of Richmond is of Norman origin: Incidentally, Richmond is very close to the town of Catterick, which is probably the modern location where the historical battle of Catraeth (a Welsh name) from the Y Gododdin poem took place. 44 Literally “Port of ” (it is a made-up name, on the other hand Scarborough has been founded by the Norse). 45 This means “Mouth of the Humber” which fits Kingston-upon-Hull quite well (although that the river in question is different). 46 Based on the “Convent town” (where ’town’ figures through the Brittonic *tre root) etymology of Coventry. 47 This is the plural of “salt” (compare with breton “Holenoù”) and matches phonetically and philologically quite well Droitwich's old Roman name of Salinae (meaning “saltworks”). 48 Literally “The Grove”: there is a Welsh border town with the same name. 49 This one is interesting: it appears that “Laughern” is the name of some nobiliar properties in Worcestershire, named after an Anglo-saxon sheriff of the 11th century. In addition, There is a family of nobles of Welsh origin connected to a certain Richard Laughern, or Laugharne, in the 17th century Worcestershire. Finally, Laugharne is also a town in Camarthenshire, whose ultimate etymology means "[little] foxes" in Old Welsh. Is there any connection? In order not to go too wrong, I choose the modern Welsh name of the Welsh Laugharne for this barony. 50 After Saint Modwen, the Irish founder of Burton Abbey in the seventh century. 51 This is the Welsh name of the nearby town of St. Helens. Since in-game this is always a temple holding (unless it is destroyed) it is quite of a fitting choice. 52 This is the Welsh name of Liverpool, which was officially founded in 1207AD. Since this is a buildable barony, this appears to be a fitting choice, especially as Malpas – a name of French origin – is difficult to render with a proper Welsh feeling (yet Y Malpas is possible, after the other Malpas in , again a toponym of French origin). 53 The Welsh name of the town of Crewe, which is just few miles to the north-east of Sandback. 54 This is the Welsh name for Manchester, of which Salford is today a suburb. 55 This is a Cambrified English toponym, but it is analogous to Prestatyn in . 56 This one is difficult. I render it as “Mary’s Parish”, in reference to the Gisburn parish and the St Mary church there. 57 St. Mary, as per St. Mary of Furness of Furness Abbey (note that Furness is a temple holding in-game). 58 A phonetic adaptation works very well here: first, the medieval spelling Clyderhow already sounds quite Welsh-ish, second it is a type-2 barony, hence it works better in terms of historical flow of the game. 59 This means “Priory by the Eea” in reference to Cartmel Priory (Cartmel is a temple holding in-game). 60 Named after the seventh-century Welsh Saint Winifred, which used to be worshipped in the area around Brough. 61 Adapted from the Roman fort of Brogavum, whence the medieval castle. 62 Adapted from the Roman fort of Concangis and the later Anglo-Saxon monastery of Cuncacestre, both on the site of Chester-le-Street. 63 This is a Welsh adaptation of the Roman site of Corchester, which is close to the historical Hexham Abbey (which, on the othe hand, appears to have been constructed with materials salvaged from nearby Roman ruins). The Latin name of the site is unknown. 64 “City of the Monk” rendering the early medieval Monkchester. Caerbont, in reference to the Roman Pons Aelius, is a viable alternative. 65 “Castle on the river Tweed” like the Norman Norham Castle in fact is. Note that river Tweed’s name is of Brittonic but otherwise uncertain origin. 66 Aferdydd is the name of a famous historical battle from the Welsh legendarium (it happened in 573AD according to the Annales Cambriae). Its exact location is unknown, but it has been conjectured to have been placed near the old roman castrum of Aballava (modern Burgh-by-Sands). 67 Gilsland upon Hadrian’s Wall displays clear evidence of Romano-British population, despite the Germanic origin of the toponym. The place is given the name of the fort allegedly held by the sixth century king Gwenddoleu, of uncertain location but likely located along the Wall. 68 The Welsh translation of the nearby Thornhill, same as the homonymous Cardiff suburb.