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Proposed Strategy for Decreasing the Illegal Logging and Trade of Rosewood (Dalbergia Spp.)

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Proposed Strategy for Decreasing the Illegal Logging and Trade of Rosewood (Dalbergia Spp.) Proposed Strategy for Decreasing the Illegal Logging and Trade of Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) Capstone Project By Zijing Lyu Supervisor: Prof. Sally Krigstin Submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Mater of Forest Conservation Daniel’s Faculty University of Toronto © Copyright by Zijing Lyu, January 2021 ` 2 Proposed Strategy for Decreasing the Illegal Logging and Trade of Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) Zijing Lyu Master of Forest Conservation Daniel’s Faculty, University of Toronto Acknowledgments I would like to thank Prof. Sally Krigstin for her supervision and assistance throughout the MFC program and capstone project. I would also like to thank Isabelle Duchenese for being my external reader and giving my capstone project extra guidance and suggestion. Lastly, I would like to thank Tony Ung for guidance of wood identification and Haolin Wei for helping me complete the xylarium catalog, as the prerequisite for this project. ` 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···· 7 1.1 Illegal logging worldwide ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 7 1.2 Role of rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 9 1.3 Current status of rosewood ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 10 1.4 Rosewood anatomy ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 11 1.5 Illegal logging of rosewood ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 12 1.6 Literature review ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 12 1.6.1 Madagascar ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 12 1.6.2 Brazil ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 13 1.6.3 Panama ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 15 1.6.4 China ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 16 1.7 Objectives ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 18 2. Methodology ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 19 2.1 Data collection ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 19 3. Results ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 19 3.1 Factors of decreasing rosewood inventory ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 19 3.1 Rationale for illegal logging ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 20 3.3 The effects of controlling illegal rosewood logging ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 20 4. Discussion ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 23 4.1 Developing local economies ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 23 4.2 Canada ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 24 4.3 Brazil ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 25 4.4 The U.S. ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 25 4.5 China ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 26 4.6 Improving timber identification methods ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···. ··· ··· 26 5. Recommendations ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 27 7. References ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 29 8. Appendices ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 33 ` 4 List of Tables Table 1. Top ten countries for average annual net loss of forest area (2010-2020). ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 14 Table 2. Comparisons of rosewood trade volumes upon CITES designation ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 22 Table 3. Average volumes of exploited and potential illegally traded rosewood and seizures ··· 23 ` 5 List of Figures Figure 1. Brazilian rosewood guitar (back) ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 15 Figure 2. Seized rosewood (kg), 2005 to 2015. Conversions applied ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· 16 Figure 3. Solid rosewood furniture ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 17 Figure 4. Total value of Chinese imports of rosewood logs ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 17 Figure 5. China’s rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) log imports by supply region ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 18 Figure 6. Export/import volume (m3) of rosewood (2010-2018) ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 21 Figure 7. Unaccounted volume of rosewood exports by Ghana ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 22 ` 6 List of Appendices Appendix 1. Characteristics of common rosewood (Dalbergia) species ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 33 Appendix 2. Key identification methods, advantages, and limitations ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 35 ` 7 Abstract The critical importance of forest conservation has become magnified due to the incessant development and exploitation of forest resources. Nevertheless, many tree species remain at the edge of extinction or are becoming extremely rare. The primary focus of this project is rosewood (Dalbergia spp.); the most pervasive negative issues for this species on a global scale relates to illegal logging, where much of the rosewood trade remains unreported (Taylor et al., 2012). The aims of this project include an assessment of the current status of rosewood (Dalbergia spp.), and the development of strategies to reduce its illegal logging. Based on the results, it was found that rosewood species require conservation to maintain/improve global stocks. Illegal logging and international trade persist despite its being banned under CITES regulations. It is suggested that additional research is required to assess overall trends in the rosewood trade. Further thought and negotiation are also warranted toward the establishment, amendment, or integration of prudent legislation against illegal rosewood logging to ensure sustainability. Several recommendations in terms of government, education, technology, and international collaboration will be provided in this paper. 1. Introduction 1.1 Illegal logging worldwide Forests comprise a precious natural resource that play a critical role in developing economies through the manufacture and trade of wood products to provide building materials, fuel, medicines, and forestry-related jobs, as well as the creation of platforms for economic growth. In some developing countries, forestry has provided a positive impetus for industrialization through the creation of jobs and income opportunities (Bethlehem and Dlomo, 2003). In today’s rapidly developing society, illegal logging has undoubtedly become a huge hindrance in a myriad of ways. In terms of ecology, illegal logging is one of the causes of deforestation and forest degradation. In Brazil, 44% (46,149 ha) of tropical forests were illegally logged between 2015 and 2016 in Pará, where the most tropical timber is produced in the Brazilian Amazon (Pedro et al., 2018). Not only does the increasingly higher demand for forest products lead to more intense harvesting operations that decrease forest cover; forests are ` 8 also shrinking due agriculture and other land uses (Hoare, 2015). It is estimated that 70% of the deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is caused via the establishment of farmland for agricultural purposes. However, both types of land conversion have been linked to illegal logging (Boekhout, 2014). As the major competitor of legal logging, illegal logging drives down the market price of timber and sabotages investments that support decreased impact logging and the execution of no-cutting zones. The system currently used to control timber exploitation in the Amazon is weak; therefore, timber moratoriums may only relieve overharvesting to a certain extent, rather than resolving the problem fundamentally (Pedro et al., 2018). Illegal logging is a serious issue in forestry, which is often associated with deforestation (Tacconi, 2007). In Mexico, illegal logging has become one of the most common triggers of deforestation and degradation (Vidal et al., 2014). In Indonesia, most deforestation is also caused by illegal logging (Schmitz, 2016), and South America has suffered significantly from its effects. As an attribution to most deforestation in tropical areas, illegal logging has fallen under the radar of criminologists. Many public prosecutors have largely ignored the forestry crimes and rural crimes, preferring to study urban crimes, which has led to a significant deficit in law enforcement as it relates to timber logging and
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