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BIOECOLOGÍA DE LA RAYA DE AGUA DULCE Potamotrygon Magdalenae (Duméril, 1865) (MYLIOBATIFORMES) EN LA CIÉNAGA DE SABAYO, GUAIMARAL, COLOMBIA

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BIOECOLOGÍA DE LA RAYA DE AGUA DULCE Potamotrygon Magdalenae (Duméril, 1865) (MYLIOBATIFORMES) EN LA CIÉNAGA DE SABAYO, GUAIMARAL, COLOMBIA Artículo Científico Ramos-Socha, H.B.; Grijalba-Bendeck, M.: Bioecología de P. magdalenae BIOECOLOGÍA DE LA RAYA DE AGUA DULCE Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril, 1865) (MYLIOBATIFORMES) EN LA CIÉNAGA DE SABAYO, GUAIMARAL, COLOMBIA BIOECOLOGY OF THE FRESHWATER STINGRAY Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril, 1865) (MYLIOBATIFORMES) FROM THE CIÉNAGA DE SABAYO, GUAIMARAL, COLOMBIA Herly Bibiana Ramos-Socha1, Marcela Grijalba-Bendeck2 1 Bióloga Marina, [email protected] 2 Bióloga Marina, Profesora Asociada Programa de Biología Marina marcela.grijalba@ utadeo.edu.co. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Programa de Biología Marina, Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. Edificio Mundo Marino, Carrera 2 No. 11-68, Rodadero-Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. Rev. U.D.C.A Act. & Div. Cient. 14(2): 109 - 118, 2011 RESUMEN Palabras clave: Potamotrygonidae, raya dulceacuícola, biolo- gía, pesquerías, Magdalena, Colombia. A pesar de la representatividad de Potamotrygon magdale- nae en Colombia, por encontrarse a lo largo de la cuenca SUMMARY del río Magdalena y sus afluentes, esta raya no ha sido obje- to de estudios previos, desconociéndose la mayor parte de One of the most abundant fishes in Colombia is sus aspectos bio-ecológicos. Actualmente son capturadas, Potamotrygon magdalenae, from the Magdalena River and incidentalmente, por la pesca artesanal que se efectúa en la its tributaries, however, no previous studies on this species Ciénaga de Sabayo (Guaimaral, Magdalena), donde no se exist, unknowing therefore the main bio-ecological aspects. les da ningún aprovechamiento. Se examinaron 488 indivi- No commercial interest exists on this ray that is caught as duos de P. magdalenae, capturadas entre octubre 2007 y bycatch by artesian fishery at Ciénaga de Sabayo (Guaimaral, mayo 2008, empleando chinchorro y trasmallo. Se estimó Magdalena). Between October (2007) and May (2008) 488 su captura por unidad de esfuerzo en 1,43 ± 0,37 ind/h, individuals of P. magdalenae were captured using gillnet faena para trasmallo y 59,30 ± 9,00 ind/h, para chinchorro y and trawl net. The catch per unit effort was calculated as una biomasa 0,38 ± 0,06kg/h y 81,70 ± 13,30kg/h, respec- 1.43 ± 0.37 ind/h for gillnet and 59.30 ± 9.00 ind/h for tivamente. La talla media de madurez fue 240mm ancho de trawl net, and for biomass estimation 0.38 ± 0.06kg/h and disco en hembras y 202 en machos; la talla mínima de ma- 81.70 ± 13.30kg/h, respectively. Medium maturity size was durez, se estimó en 164, hembras y 160, machos. El ovario estimated as 240mm disk width for females and 202mm for derecho en hembras, se registró con menor desarrollo que males, while minimum maturity size was 164mm (females) el izquierdo, ambos úteros fueron funcionales, conteniendo and 160mm (males). The right ovary of females was less entre 1 y 5 embriones, los cuales, nacen con tallas entre 87 developed than the left one, both uterus were functional y 95mm AD. Se registraron 39 estómagos vacíos (14,6%) containing 1 to 5 embryos, which birth size was estimated y 227 con algún contenido (85,3%), siendo Polymitarcidae between 87 and 95mm AD. A total of 39 empty stomachs (55,6%) y sus larvas (30,8%) las de mayor representatividad, were registered (14,6%), and food content was observed on indicando que P. magdalenae es una especie bentónica in- 227 (85,3%). Polymitarcidae (55,6%) and its larvae (30,8%) sectívora detritívora. 109 Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica 14 (2): 109 - 118 2011 were the most important preys, indicating that P. magdalenae Dada la alta frecuencia y abundancia de la raya de agua is an insectivore and detritivore benthonic species. dulce P. magdalenae en capturas incidentales en la ciéna- ga de Sabayo (Guaimaral, Magdalena), que contrasta con la Key words: Potamotrygonidae, freshwater stingray, biology, falta de información disponible, el presente estudio aporta fishery, Magdalena, Colombia. información pesquera y biológica: abundancia total y relati- va, estructura de tallas, talla de madurez sexual, estadio de desarrollo gonadal, fecundidad, índice hepatosomático y go- INTRODUCCIÓN nadosomático, proporción de sexos y factor de condición; además abarca su espectro trófico analizando, cualitativa- Según Nelson (2006), los Myliobatiformes incluyen, entre mente, los hábitos alimenticios y sus variaciones espacio - otras, a la familia Potamotrygonidae Garman, 1977; de los temporales, como un primer aporte al conocimiento de la géneros que allí están contenidos, Paratrygon y Potamo- especie en la región. trygon son los únicos representados en aguas colombianas (Puentes et al. 2009). Estos abarcan siete especies, cuatro de ellas (Potamotrygon motoro, P. magdalenae, P. orbignyi MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS y P. schroederi), actualmente categorizadas con un grado de prioridad de investigación muy alto, considerando la relación Área de estudio: La ciénaga de Sabayo, se localiza en Guai- con la pesca, el comercio, la distribución y el estadio de con- maral, corregimiento ubicado en la subregión sur del depar- servación, a lo que se suma la escasa información existente tamento del Magdalena (9°18’08’’ N y 74°14´10’’ O) (Figura (Caldas et al. 2010). En el caso particular de P. magdalenae, 1). Según Villalobos (2006), la ciénaga de Sabayo cuenta su categoría actual es “Near Threatened NT” (IUCN, 2011), con una extensión aproximada de 2km2 y una profundidad al parecer tiene alta representatividad a lo largo de la cuen- variable (3 a 8m), dependiendo de las épocas climáticas, ca del río Magdalena, sus afluentes y en el río Catatumbo, caracterizadas por presentar dos periodos principales: uno donde habitan enterradas en la arena del fondo de las áreas lluvioso, de septiembre a finales de noviembre y uno seco, ribereñas poco profundas y ciénagas (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). de noviembre a marzo; posteriormente, se encuentra un pe- No obstante, los individuos de esta especie, capturados inci- riodo menor de lluvias (abril a mayo) y un “veranillo” (mayo dentalmente por la pesca artesanal en la ciénaga del Sabayo, a agosto). como en otras localidades (Dahl, 1971) son desechadas, a pesar del aporte nutricional que tienen. Figura 1. Área de estudio, sector de Guaimaral, Inmediaciones del departamento del Magdalena, Colombia. Modificado de Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, (1996). 110 Artículo Científico Ramos-Socha, H.B.; Grijalba-Bendeck, M.: Bioecología de P. magdalenae Fase de campo: Las muestras fueron obtenidas, como pes- de frecuencia, se representó la estructura de tallas por sexos. ca incidental de las capturas artesanales, con trasmallo y A manera de información complementaria, se cuantifico la con chinchorro, las cuales, se analizaron por separado, para representatividad de la ictiofauna ósea, obtenida durante las los aspectos pesqueros y se integraron, para el análisis del faenas. componente biológico. Las muestras procedentes de tras- mallo, se tomaron semanalmente, dependiendo de la activi- Aspectos reproductivos: Se evaluaron todos los estadios dad diaria de los pescadores, durante octubre de 2007 hasta de desarrollo gonadal y se realizaron descripciones morfo- mayo de 2008, extendiendo el arte desde el atardecer hasta lógicas de las diferentes etapas de desarrollo gonadal; sin la madrugada. El chinchorro empleado, se evaluó a partir de embargo, para la estimación de la talla media de madurez tres faenas efectuadas en marzo y dos en abril y se optó por (TMM), se consideraron únicamente las tallas de los machos evaluarlo, debido a la reducida captura de rayas con trasma- en estadio III y IV y IIIa, IIIb y IV, en el caso de las hembras, llo durante la época seca. Una vez obtenida la captura de los siguiendo los criterios de Tresierra & Culquichicón (1993) y dos artes, se separaron los peces óseos de las rayas, esti- Arteaga et al. (2004), quienes recomiendan considerar sólo mando, para los primeros, composición y peso total, siendo los estados gonadales que ya han alcanzado la madurez para éste el único registro disponible para el área de estudio. el ajuste de los datos obtenidos a la siguiente función: Fase de laboratorio: Se examinaron animales extraídos por P (l)= [1/ (1+ e(a + bl))] los pescadores artesanales de la región, quienes realizaron sus faenas de pesca cotidianas; no se efectuó pesca de in- Donde: P es la proporción de individuos maduros, a y b son vestigación, por lo cual, no se requirió permiso de investi- constantes y l es el intervalo de tallas. gación ni aprobación por parte del Comité de Bioética de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, para el procesamiento del La fecundidad, se halló considerando el número de embrio- material. nes por útero y el número y promedio de huevos presentes, mensualmente, en cada ovario. Se evaluó la relación entre Condición reproductiva: La diferenciación sexual, se reali- la talla de las hembras maduras con la talla y número de zó teniendo en cuenta la descripción de las características embriones, según lo propuesto por Babel (1967), a partir internas y externas de los sistemas reproductivos de hem- de una gráfica de puntos de dispersión. De los embriones, bras (estadio de desarrollo de los ovarios, oviductos, útero se determinó el peso, el ancho de disco y se tuvo en cuenta y glándula nidamental) y de machos (rigidez y rotación de la ubicación dentro de los úteros. Se estableció su grado clásper, testículos, epidídimo y vesícula) (Grijalba-Bendeck et de desarrollo, según Barbarino & Lasso (2005) y modificado al. 2008). El estadio de desarrollo gonadal, se definió según para el presente estudio. Debido a que algunos ejemplares los criterios de Tresierra & Culquichicón (1993), modificada llegan sin la cola competa, se tuvo en cuenta la relación peso para P. magdalenae. De los embriones, se evaluó número total y ancho del disco, para calcular el factor de condición, en cada útero, talla y grado de desarrollo, según la escala mediante la siguiente ecuación: propuesta por Barbarino & Lasso (2005) y adaptada para el presente estudio.
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