Herramientas Para La Valoración Del Bienestar Animal De La Raya De Río Potamotrygon Magdalenae, En Cautiverio

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Herramientas Para La Valoración Del Bienestar Animal De La Raya De Río Potamotrygon Magdalenae, En Cautiverio Herramientas para la valoración del bienestar animal de la raya de río Potamotrygon magdalenae, en cautiverio Tools for assessing animal welfare of the freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon magdalenae, in captivity Jose Gabriel Pérez Rojas Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Producción Animal Medellín, Colombia 2019 Herramientas para la valoración del bienestar animal de la raya de río Potamotrygon magdalenae, en cautiverio Jose Gabriel Pérez Rojas Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias Agrarias Directora MVZ Ph.D. Sandra Clemencia Pardo Carrasco Profesora asociada, Departamento de Producción Animal Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Codirectores: Biol. Ph.D. Paola Andrea Mejía Falla Biol. Ph.D. Andrea Felipe Navia Fundación SQUALUS Zoot. Ph.D. Ariel Marcel Tarazona Morales Profesor asociado, Departamento de Producción Animal Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Línea de Investigación Producción animal y medio ambiente Grupo de Investigación BIOGEM Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Producción Animal Medellín, Colombia 2019 A Jose Iván, Alba Luz y Francisco José A Sandra, Paola, Ariel y Andrés Agradecimientos A mis padres infinitas gracias por hacer posible el sueño de trabajar con lo que me apasiona por encima de las dificultades que eso puede traer, por nunca dejarme caer y estar siempre para mí. Gracias por financiar este trabajo y creer en mí y en mis proyectos. A Sandra, Paola, Ariel y Andrés, gracias por ser directores, maestros, tutores, financiadores y ejemplo. Nada de esto hubiera sido posible sin la confianza que depositaron en mí. Gracias por creer y ayudarme a creer cuando las cosas parecían más difíciles. Gracias por la paciencia y la comprensión, por aprender conmigo y por no dejarme solo en ningún momento, ha sido un honor transitar este camino guiado por un grupo de investigadores de la mejor calidad académica y humana. A los investigadores de la Fundación Squalus: Maria Alejandra Orozco, Daniela Gómez Martinez, Katherine Torres, Diego Amariles. Gracias por estar siempre dispuestos a ayudar, por siempre brindarme una sonrisa cuando los necesité. Por las horas pasadas frente a una pantalla viendo animales quietos, por la disposición para construir y aprender juntos de temas fuera de lo común. Gracias a mis compañeros y amigos de LAMA, que me vieron llegar con peces extraños y con el tiempo se dejaron contagiar del cariño por estos animales: Sara Cristina Chaverra, Jesed Gutierrez, Hernan Alzate, Jose Jaime García, Nelly Velasco. Agradezco a todos los estudiantes que pasaron por el Lama y que de una u otra forma siempre estuvieron dispuestos a colaborar con el proyecto. Agradezco a Adelina Vélez Marín y Natalia Rincón por ser amigas, niñeras de las rayas, soporte y apoyo en todo momento. Les agradezco por abrirme las puertas de una nueva ciudad y hacerme sentir como en casa. Gracias a Daniela Londoño, Esteban Gil, Paola Correa, Mary Choperena , Karen Yepes y demás amigos que estuvieron en todo el camino, que se dejaron seducir por historias de tiburones y rayas, que me enseñaron tantas lecciones y compartieron conmigo en las buenas y en las malas. A todas las demás personas que hicieron parte de todo este proceso, gracias. Porque de cada una aprendí y me llevo algo. Agradezco a Juan José, el otro hermano que la vida me regaló, mi compañero de viaje durante este ciclo. Desde Machu Picchu hasta Medellín, GRACIAS: “There is no pain you are receding, a distant ship's smoke on the horizon”. IX Resumen Las evaluaciones de bienestar animal, dentro de las cuales se involucran aspectos físicos, fisiológicos y etológicos, son una herramienta útil para determinar la capacidad de adaptación que tienen las especies al confinamiento. Sin embargo, y a pesar del endemismo y del alto interés ornamental de la raya de rio Potamotrygon magdalenae, a la fecha no existen protocolos de manejo y reproducción ex situ que favorezcan su calidad de vida y garanticen su supervivencia en ambientes confinados. Por ello, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los aspectos del bienestar animal de la raya de río Potamotrygon magdalenae, y aportar a la reducción de su mortalidad en cautiverio. Para tal fin se realizó la evaluación del factor de condición corporal (K), la caracterización de constantes y química sanguínea y la descripción y análisis del comportamiento de la especie. Los protocolos de manejo de la especie usados durante el estudio fueron adecuados para alcanzar una buena calidad de vida de los animales, inclusive lográndose la reproducción de la especie en cautiverio por primera vez en Colombia. Se confirmó que el factor de condición es una variable sencilla y útil en el monitoreo de la condición y estado nutricional de estos animales. La caracterización hematológica de P. magdalenae permitió confirmar la ausencia de diferencias entre sexos en cuadros hemáticos y variables de química sanguínea, característica común para otras rayas de agua dulce. A partir de la observación remota, metodología que probó ser altamente útil en la recolección de información etológica, se estableció que los machos son más activos que las hembras y presentan mayor frecuencia en comportamientos que involucran interacción y exploración, mientras las hembras permanecen más tiempo en reposo. Por último, se estableció la utilidad que pueden tener las evaluaciones holísticas en el monitoreo y mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de P. magdalenae en ambientes de confinamiento al identificar de forma más precisa los requerimientos específicos de esta especie y de esta forma disminuir la alta mortalidad observada en cautiverio. Por tanto, los resultados obtenidos en este estudio constituyen el punto de partida para el desarrollo e implementación de nueva investigación en el campo del bienestar animal de rayas de agua dulce en cautiverio. Palabras claves: Cuadro hemático, etograma, factor de condición corporal, mortalidad en cautiverio, Potamotrygon X Abstract Animal welfare assessments, which involve physical, physiological and ethological aspects, are a useful tool to establish the species ability to adapt to confinement. However, despite the endemism and the high ornamental interest of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae, to date there are no ex situ management and husbandry protocols that enhance their life quality and guarantee their survival in confined environments. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the aspects of animal welfare of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae, and contribute to the reduction of mortality in captivity. For this purpose, the assessment of the body condition factor (K), the characterization of blood constants chemistry values and the description and analysis of the behavior of the species were carried out. The management protocols of the species used during the study were adequate to achieve a good life quality of the animals, including achieving the captive breeding of the species for the first time in Colombia. It was confirmed that the condition factor is a simple and useful variable in the monitoring of the condition and nutritional status of these animals. Hematological characterization of P. magdalenae confirmed the absence of differences between sexes in blood and blood chemistry variables, a common characteristic for other freshwater stingrays. From remote observation, a methodology that proved to be highly useful in the collection of ethological information, it was established that males are more active than females and present more frequency in behaviors that involve interaction and exploration, while females stay longer in repose. Finally, the utility that holistic assessments can have in monitoring and improving the quality of life of P. magdalenae in confinement environments was establiched by identifying the specific requirements of this species and thus reducing the high mortality observed in captivity. Therefore, the results obtained in this study constitute the starting point for the development and implementation of new research in the field of animal welfare of freshwater stingrays in captivity. Keywords: Blood count, body condition factor, ethogram, mortality in captivity, Potamotrygon XI Contenido Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………………………IX Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………..X Lista de figuras………………………………………………………………………………………...XII Lista de tablas…………………………………………………………………………………………XIII Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Referencias……………………………………………………………………………………………….4 1. Capítulo 1: Factor de condición corporal de la raya de río Potamotrygon magdalenae en cautiverio…………………………………………………………..6 1.1. Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………………6 1.2. Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………..6 1.3. Métodos…………………………………………………………………………………………..8 1.3.1. Sistemas de cautiverio………………………………………………………………….8 1.3.2. Monitoreo y análisis de calidad de agua…………………………………………….10 1.3.3. Relación talla peso y tipo de crecimiento…………………………………………….10 1.3.4. Factor de condición corporal (K)……………………………………………………...11 1.3.5. Análisis estadísticos…………………………………………………………………...11 1.4. Resultados…………………………………………………………………………………….12 1.4.1. Caracterización físico química del agua en los sistemas de cautiverio…………...12 1.4.2. Relación talla peso y tipo de crecimiento……………………………………………13 1.4.3. Factor de condición corporal (K)……………………………………………………...13 1.5. Discusión……………………………………………………………………………………...15 1.6. Referencias……………………………………………………………………………………20 2. Capítulo
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