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Into the Deep: Implementing CITES Measures for Commercially-Valuable Sharks and Manta Rays (PDF, 1.8

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A TRAFFIC REPORT CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 INTO THE DEEP: IMPLEMENTING CITES MEASURES FOR COMMERCIALLY-VALUABLE SHARKS AND MANTA RAYS VICTORIA MUNDY-TAYLOR AND VICKI CROOK A TRAFFIC REPORT CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 Published by TRAFFIC. Report prepared by TRAFFIC for the European Commission under Contract 070307/2010/574210/SER/E2 © European Commission. All rights reserved. All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must credit the European Commission as the copyright owner. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission, TRAFFIC, WWF or IUCN. The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission, TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership is held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a strategic alliance of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Mundy-Taylor V. and Crook V. (2013). Into the deep: Implementing CITES measures for commercially-valuable sharks and manta rays. Report prepared for the European Commission. ISBN 978-1-85850-357-8 Front cover photograph: Giant Mantas Manta birostris, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia © Andrea Marshall CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 INTO THE DEEP: IMPLEMENTING CITES MEASURES FOR COMMERCIALLY-VALUABLE SHARKS AND MANTA RAYS VICTORIA MUNDY-TAYLOR AND VICKI CROOK y Cat Hollowa © Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), Fiji. CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables i Acknowledgements ii Acronyms and Abbreviations ii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 2 PART I Key Exporters, Re-exporters and Consumers of the Shark and Ray Species Listed in the 3 CITES Appendices at CoP16 1. MAIN COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES INVOLVED IN SHARK CATCH AND TRADE 3 2. KEY FISHERIES AND MARKETS - OVERVIEWS BY SPECIES 7 PART II International, Regional and Domestic Policies, Regulations and Measures Relevant to 21 CITES Implementation 1. INTERNATIONAL POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND MEASURES 21 2. REGIONAL POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND MEASURES 22 3. DOMESTIC MEASURES 24 PART III Implementation of the CITES CoP16 Shark and Ray Listings: Challenges, Available 27 Resources and Capacity Building Initiatives 1. NON-DETRIMENT FINDINGS (NDFS) 29 2. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 37 3. LEGAL ACQUISITION FINDINGS 46 4. OTHER ISSUES 47 PART IV Overview of Key Gaps in Capacity and Priorities for Future Work 49 REFERENCES 51 APPENDICES 56 CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Top 20 shark catchers, 2002-2011 4 Figure 2 Oceanic Whitetip shark catchers, 2002-2011 8 Figure 3 Main Porbeagle shark catchers, 2002-2011 11 Figure 4 Main Hammerhead shark catchers, 2002-2011 14 Figure 5 Top 20 ray catchers, 2002-2011 17 Table 1 Top 20 shark exporters and importers, 2000-2009 6 Table 2 Oceanic Whitetip fisheries 9 Table 3 Porbeagle fisheries 10 Table 4 Hammerhead fisheries 15 Table 5 Manta fisheries 18 Table 6 Overview of binding shark measures adopted by Regional Fisheries Management 22 Organisations (RFMOs) Table 7 Examples of domestic shark measures 25 Table 8 Examples of workshops on Proposals for listing of sharks and manta ray species in 28 the CITES Appendices Table 9 Scientific data requirements for stock assessments 30 Table 10 Application of introduction from the sea (IFS) provisions to commercially-valuable 34 sharks and manta rays Table 11 Potential for distinguishing fins/gill rakers in trade based on morphological 39 characteristics Table 12 Examples of guides for the identification of fins and gill rakers in trade 40 Table 13 Market categories used by Hong Kong shark fin traders 41 Into the deep: Implementing CITES measures for commercially-valuable sharks and manta rays i CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 Acknowledgements This project has been realised within the framework of the service contract 070307/2010/574210/SER/E2 with the European Commission. The authors would like to thank the CITES authorities and other experts that provided information for this report and TRAFFIC colleagues Glenn Sant, Richard Thomas and Stephanie von Meibom for their helpful comments on the draft report. The authors also wish to acknowledge the technical support provided by TRAFFIC colleague Willow Outhwaite in the preparation of this report. Acronyms and Abbreviations AC Animals Committee (CITES) ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AFCD Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (Hong Kong) ANCORS Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APFIC Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission ASEAN-WEN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Wildlife Enforcement Network BOBLME Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem BOBP Bay of Bengal Programme BOFT Bureau of Foreign Trade (Taiwan) CAIS Central American Integration System CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCC Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries CCS Catch Certification Scheme CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna CDS Catch Documentation Scheme CEEAC/COREP Regional Fisheries Committee for the Gulf of Guinea CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on Migratory Species CN Combined Nomenclature Into the deep: Implementing CITES measures for commercially-valuable sharks and manta rays ii CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 COFI Committee on Fisheries (FAO) CONABIO Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Mexico) CONAP Consejo Nacional de Areas Protegidas (Guatemala) CoP Conference of the Parties COPEMED Coordination to Support Fisheries Management in the Western and Central Mediterranean (FAO) CPC Contracting Parties and Cooperating Non-contracting Parties CPPS South Pacific Permanent Commission CPUE Catch per unit effort CRAM Fundación para la Conservación y Recuperación de Animales Marinos DINARA Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (Uruguay) DIPESCA Dirección de Normatividad de la Pesca y Acuicultura (Guatemala) DSTF Danube Sturgeon Task Force EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EC European Commission EPA Environment Protection Agency (Yemen) ERA Ecological Risk Assessment EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCWC/CPCO Fishery Committee for the West Central Gulf of Guinea FIBA International Foundation of “Banc d’Arguin” GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GFCM General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean GTEAM Grupo de Trabajo de Tiburones y Especies Altamente Migratorias (Working Group on Sharks and Highly Migratory Species) HSI Humane Society International HS Harmonised System IATTC Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare Into the deep: Implementing CITES measures for commercially-valuable sharks and manta rays iii CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 IFS Introduction from the sea IGO Intergovernmental organisation INCOPESCA Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IPOA International Plan of Action IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ISMAR Insituto di Scienze Marine (Italy) ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (Italy) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated LAC Latin America and the Caribbean MACO Marine and Coastal Programme MARN Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (El Salvador) MCS Monitoring, control and surveillance MEIC Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Comercio (Costa Rica) MNHN Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSC Marine Stewardship Council NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization NEAFC North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission NGO Non-governmental organisation NDF Non-detriment findings NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service (US) NPOA National Plan of Action NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US) OSPESCA Organizacion del Sector Pesquero y Acuicola del Istmo Centroamericano (Central America Fisheries and Aquaculture Organization) PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PRCM Partenariat Régional Côtier et Marin PSMA Port State Measures Agreement RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organisation Into the deep: Implementing CITES measures for commercially-valuable sharks and manta rays iv CCSBT-ERS/1308/Info10 RPOA Regional Plan of Action SADC Southern African Development Community SAG Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia (Honduras) SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SCRS Standing Committee on Research and Statistics SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SEAFO South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation SEFSC Southeast Fisheries Science Center (US) SMRC Society for Marine Research and Conservation SoMAS School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SRFC Sub Regional Fisheries Commission SRPOA Sub-Regional Plan of Action SSN Species Survival Network TAC Total allowable catch TDS Trade 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