Marine Animals II

Marine Animals II. The Chordates OCN 201 Biology Lecture 7 Arthropods Segmented Worms The Animal Chordates Family Tree Mollusks Echinoderms Round Worms Cnidarians Ctenophores Flatworms Sponges Placozoa Ancestral Protist Chordate Tree Invertebrates Vertebrates Chordate Features Chordate Features Tunicates Salps • Pelagic or benthic • Often colonial • Suspension feeders Ascidians (sea squirts) Larvaceans Lancelets • Small fish-like, No Jaw • Suspension feeder • Can swim, but usually stays partly buried Amphioxus The Major Fish Groups • Jawless fishes (Agnatha) • Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) • Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Jawless Fish Lamprey (Parasite) • No jaws • No appendages • Cartilaginous • Parasites or Scavengers Hagfish (Scavenger) Jawless Fish Hagfish slime defense Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) • Sharks, Skates and Rays • Skeleton of cartilage • Have jaws • Carnivores or Planktivores Cartilaginous Fish: Planktivores • Planktivores (filter feeders) are largest • Gaping mouth with small or no teeth • Gill rakers • Manta Ray (8 m across!) Gill Rakers • Whale Shark (up to 17 m long!) Planktivores Whale Shark Manta Ray Cartilaginous Fish: Carnivores Cookie-Cutter Shark Photo: NOAA Cookie-Cutter Shark Wounds Goblin Shark Photo: Mike Spalding vis WIRED magazine Bony Fish (Osteichtyes) • 22,000 species Stout Infantfish • From about <1 cm to 11 m • Surface to ≥ 8370 m deep Oarfish Herbivores Herbivores (algae) Planktivores (Filter Feeders) Anchovies H O Sardines 2 filter: gill rakers mouth gill opening gut Used by the most successful groups Carnivores Parrot Fish Tuna Mola mola Most Massive bony fish: Up to 1300 kg and 3 m tip to tip Feeds on gelatinous zooplankton Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals Sea Turtles LARGEST: • Loggerhead • Leatherback • Hawksbill • Olive Ridley • Green Sea Turtle (Honu) > 2 m long up to 1300 lbs Other Marine Reptiles Tropical West pacific/Indian Ocean • Crocodile - one living marine species • Snake - 50 species Marine Birds • albatross, shearwaters • gulls and terns • pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds • penguins Marine Mammals (Class Mammalia) Carnivora - polar bears, sea otter, pinnipeds Sirenians - dugongs and manatees Cetaceans - whales and dolphins CARNIVORA Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) Polar Bears Sea Otters Ursus maritimus Enhydra lutris Sirenians • dugongs and manatees • Herbivores - eat sea grasses • Near shore inhabitants of warm tropical waters • About 13,000 alive today - recently taken off the endangered species list Cetaceans Includes the whales, dolphins and porpoises Two Cetacean Suborders: • Mysticetes (11 living species) – large – baleen whales - filter feeders – 2 blowhole openings • Odontocetes (about 67 species) – smaller – toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises – 1 blowhole opening Mysticetes (baleen whales) Use complex vocalizations or “songs” for communication Baleen (Mysticetes) • Large mouthfuls of water are filtered through the baleen plates trapping plankton, small fish and other animals Humpback Bubble Net Mysticete Migration patterns • Great whales migrate: - Warm, tropical waters in the winter (for breeding) - Colder, polar waters in summer (for feeding) Humpback Whale Migration Humpbacks around Hawaii (Mid-December to May) Odontocetes (toothed whales) Carnivores Use squeals chirps and clicks for communication, echolocation and stunning of prey.

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Manta Birostris) in CMS Appendix I & II, As Proposed by the Government of Ecuador (I/5)
SHARK ADVOCATES INTERNATIONAL Support Inclusion of the Giant Manta Ray (Manta birostris) in CMS Appendix I & II, as proposed by the Government of Ecuador (I/5) Overview Mantas, exceptionally large and vulnerable rays found around the world in tropical to temperate waters, are under increasing threat. Critical aggregation areas are at risk while new markets for manta gills drive unsustainable fisheries that may squander substantial economic benefits of manta-based tourism. Some countries have protected manta rays, but additional national safeguards, as well as collaborative regional efforts to study and conserve manta rays, are urgently needed to avoid further depletion of these valuable and iconic animals. The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) is an ideal vehicle for facilitating conservation of manta rays and their essential habitats. JACKIE REID / NOAA Biological Characteristics and harpoons. Their large size and tendency to move slowly The giant (Manta birostris) and reef (Manta alfredi) manta in predictable aggregations make them easy targets. rays are among the world’s largest fishes. The giant manta ray can grow to more than seven meters across. Manta rays Manta rays are used for human consumption and shark bait, are especially vulnerable to overexploitation due to their very and are increasingly sought for their gill rakers, which are limited reproductive capacity. Female mantas are thought to traded to East Asia for use in Chinese medicine. This relatively mature at 8-10 years of age, produce just one pup after a new market is driving dramatic increases in targeted manta year-long gestation period (with a year or two resting stage), fisheries, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, and Eastern and live at least 30 years.
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Living Systems
K2 -3 Lesson Plan Living Systems Why not get a hands on experience with your students at Irukandji Shark and Ray Encounters to learn about the oceans ecosystems from Apex Predators to Primary producers. This Lesson plan is designed for students to observe and study the marine environment through interactive educational talks on Elasmobranches Students will be able to Identify and describe the structure and function of living things Interact with the most misunderstood species in our marine systems Shark and Ray and their ecosystems. To observe marine animals and their reliance on all species . Students will look at the impacts on pollutants on marine plants by performing water test on controlled water source for a report. observe the food chain within a marine environment Observe various life cycles of Sharks and Rays. Identify, describe and evaluates the interactions between living things and their effects on the environment Look at Importance of Chondricthyan fishes (Sharks, Rays and Chimeras) to the marine environment and society, through an insightful look into 6 species life history strategies .to identify current conservation efforts of aquariums and marine parks throughout Australia. Irukandji Shark and Ray Encounters K2 -3 Lesson Plan Learning Environment Objectives Observe different elasmobranches Core component is Group Work observe marine animals and relationships Ray Lagoon Food chain within a marine environment Tawny Terrian interactions between living things Fiddler Flats Identify current conservation efforts of aquariums and marine parks throughout Australia. Materials Step 4: Getting wet Ray lagoon 25 minutes This is where students will get a hands on experience feeding, touching and interacting Pencil with elasmobranches and teleost within their Activity sheet environment Ruler and clip board Objectives Observe the different forms of structure Steps from plates to teeth.
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Chondrichthyan Fishes (Sharks, Skates, Rays) Announcements
Chondrichthyan Fishes (sharks, skates, rays) Announcements 1. Please review the syllabus for reading and lab information! 2. Please do the readings: for this week posted now. 3. Lab sections: 4. i) Dylan Wainwright, Thursday 2 - 4/5 pm ii) Kelsey Lucas, Friday 2 - 4/5 pm iii) Labs are in the Northwest Building basement (room B141) 4. Lab sections done: first lab this week on Thursday! 5. First lab reading: Agassiz fish story; lab will be a bit shorter 6. Office hours: we’ll set these later this week Please use the course web site: note the various modules Outline Lecture outline: -- Intro. to chondrichthyan phylogeny -- 6 key chondrichthyan defining traits (synapomorphies) -- 3 chondrichthyan behaviors -- Focus on several major groups and selected especially interesting ones 1) Holocephalans (chimaeras or ratfishes) 2) Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) 3) Batoids (skates, rays, and sawfish) 4) Sharks – several interesting groups Not remotely possible to discuss today all the interesting groups! Vertebrate tree – key ―fish‖ groups Today Chondrichthyan Fishes sharks Overview: 1. Mostly marine 2. ~ 1,200 species 518 species of sharks 650 species of rays 38 species of chimaeras Skates and rays 3. ~ 3 % of all ―fishes‖ 4. Internal skeleton made of cartilage 5. Three major groups 6. Tremendous diversity of behavior and structure and function Chimaeras Chondrichthyan Fishes: 6 key traits Synapomorphy 1: dentition; tooth replacement pattern • Teeth are not fused to jaws • New rows move up to replace old/lost teeth • Chondrichthyan teeth are
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Predator and Scavenger Aggregation to Discarded By-Catch from Dredge Fisheries: Importance of Damage Level
Journal of Sea Research 51 (2004) 69–76 www.elsevier.com/locate/seares Short Communication Predator and scavenger aggregation to discarded by-catch from dredge fisheries: importance of damage level S.R. Jenkinsa,b,*, C. Mullena, A.R. Branda a Port Erin Marine Laboratory (University of Liverpool), Port Erin, Isle of Man, British Isles, IM9 6JA, UK b Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK Received 23 October 2002; accepted 22 May 2003 Abstract Predator and scavenger aggregation to simulated discards from a scallop dredge fishery was investigated in the north Irish Sea using an in situ underwater video to determine differences in the response to varying levels of discard damage. The rate and magnitude of scavenger and predator aggregation was assessed using three different types of bait, undamaged, lightly damaged and highly damaged individuals of the great scallop Pecten maximus. In each treatment scallops were agitated for 40 minutes in seawater to simulate the dredging process, then subjected to the appropriate damage level before being tethered loosely in front of the video camera. The density of predators and scavengers at undamaged scallops was low and equivalent to recorded periods with no bait. Aggregation of a range of predators and scavengers occurred at damaged bait. During the 24 hour period following baiting there was a trend of increasing magnitude of predator abundance with increasing damage level. However, badly damaged scallops were eaten quickly and lightly damaged scallops attracted a higher overall magnitude of predator abundance over a longer 4 day period. Large scale temporal variability in predator aggregation to simulated discarded biota was examined by comparison of results with those of a previous study, at the same site, 4 years previously.
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Guided Inquiry 2
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Florida's Fintastic Sharks and Rays Lesson and Activity Packet
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© Erin Kathryn 2017 Thank You for Downloading My Product! My Goal in Creating All of My Products Is to Share What I Have Loved Using in My Own Classroom
© Erin Kathryn 2017 Thank you for downloading my product! My goal in creating all of my products is to share what I have loved using in my own classroom. I hope you love it as well! If so, please follow me on Let’s Connect! TeachersPayTeachers and/or leave feedback for future purchase credit! Feel free to contact me @ [email protected] . Erin Kathryn www.jerseygirlgonesouth.com Name: _______________________ Date: ____________ Food Chain and Food Web Internet Scavenger Hunt Directions: Click on the link below to answer the following questions. http://www.ducksters.com/science/ecosystems/food_chain_and_web.php 1. Every living plant and animal must have _____________ to survive. Plants rely on the soil, _________________, and the _________________ for energy. 2. Animals rely on plants as well as _________________ ________________ for energy. 3. In an ______________________, plants and animals all rely on each other to ____________________. Scientists sometimes describe this dependence using a _______________ ______________ or a food web. Food Chain 4. A food chain describes how different ______________________ eat each other, starting out with a ___________________ and ending with an _______________________. For example, you could write the food chain for a lion like this: _______________--Zebra--Lion The lion eats the zebra, which eats the grass. © Erin Kathryn 2017 5. Here is another example in picture form: The grasshopper eats _____________________, the frog eats the grasshopper, the snake eats the _________________, and the eagle eats the __________________. Links of the Chain 6. There are names to help describe each link of the ______________ ____________________. The names depend mostly on what the organism ___________________ and how it contributes to the energy of the _____________________.
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Scavenger Hunt!
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Species Trophic Guild – Nutritional Mode Reference(S) Annelida Polychaeta Siboglinidae Ridgeia Piscesae Symbiotic Jones (1985)*; Southward Et Al
Species Trophic guild – nutritional mode Reference(s) Annelida Polychaeta Siboglinidae Ridgeia piscesae Symbiotic Jones (1985)*; Southward et al. (1995); Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Maldanidae Nicomache venticola Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Dorvilleidae Ophryotrocha globopalpata Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Orbiniidae Berkeleyia sp. nov. Scavenger/detritivore – suspension feeder Jumars et al. (2015); this study Hesionidae Hesiospina sp. nov.a Predator Bonifácio et al. (2018)*; this study Phyllodocidae Protomystides verenae Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Polynoidae Branchinotogluma tunnicliffeae Predator Pettibone (1988)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Branchinotogluma sp. Predator – Lepidonotopodium piscesae Predator Pettibone (1988)*; Levesque et al. (2006); Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Levensteiniella kincaidi Predator Pettibone (1985)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Sigalionidae Pholoe courtneyae Predator Blake (1995)*; Sweetman et al. (2013) Syllidae Sphaerosyllis ridgensis Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Alvinellidae Paralvinella dela Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Detinova (1988)*; this study Paralvinella palmiformis Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Desbruyères and Laubier (1986*, 1991); Levesque et al. (2003); this study Paralvinella pandorae Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Desbruyères and Laubier (1986*, 1991); Levesque et al. (2003); this study Paralvinella sulﬁncola Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Tunnicliffe et al. (1993)*; Levesque et al. (2003); this study Ampharetidae Amphisamytha carldarei Scavenger/detritivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer Stiller et al. (2013)*; McHugh and Tunnicliffe (1994); Bergquist et al.
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