FAMILY Garman, 1877 - river stingrays SUBFAMILY Styracurinae Carvalho et al., 2016 - chupares, whiptail stingrays Notes: Styracurinae Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016

GENUS Styracura Carvalho et al., 2016 - chupares [=Styracura Carvalho [M. R. de], Loboda [T. S.] & da Silva [J. P. C. B.], 2016:203] Notes: [ref. 34827]. Fem. Trygon schmardae Werner, 1904. Type by original designation. •Valid as Styracura Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016 -- (Carvalho 2016:620 [ref. 34997]). Current status: Valid as Styracura Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae.

Species Styracura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) - Pacific chupare [=Dasyatis pacificus Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.], 1941:262, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3); Fig. 24] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 26 (pt 3, no. 26); ref. 16103] Port Parker, (Pacific) Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Styracura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Mexico to Panama and Galapagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904) - chupare [=Trygon schmardae Werner [F.], 1904:298, Dasybatus torrei Garman [S.], 1913:386] Notes: [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 15220] Jamaica. Current status: Valid as Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic to northern Brazilian coast. Habitat: marine. (torrei) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Tunas de Zaza, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Habitat: marine. ******************************************************************************************************************************* SUBFAMILY Potamotrygoninae Garman 1877 - river stingrays [=Potamotrygones Garman, 1877, Ellipesurinae [Elipesurinae] Gill, 1877, Paratrygoninae Gill, 1893] Notes: Potamotrygones Garman, 1877:208 [ref. 1528] (group?) [stem Potamotrygon- confirmed by Eigenmann 1912:116 [ref. 1227]] Ellipesurinae [Elipesurinae] Gill, 1877b:958 [ref. 32501] (subfamily) Elipesurus [stem corrected to Elipesur- by Jordan 1923a:104 [ref. 2421], confirmed by Myers & Storey 1956:15 [ref. 32831]] Paratrygoninae Gill, 1893b:130 [ref. 26255] (subfamily) Paratrygon [ inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1]

GENUS Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 - river stingrays [=Paratrygon Duméril [A. H. A.], 1865:594, Anacanthes Ehrenberg [C. G.], in van der Hoeven, 1832:179, Disceus Garman [S.], 1877:208] Notes: [ref. 1150]. Fem. Trygon aiereba Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 -- (Rosa et al. 1987:447 [ref. 5974], Rosa 1991:426 [ref. 30634], Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:135 [ref. 31309], Frederico et al. 2012:71 [ref. 31909]). Current status: Valid as Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. (Anacanthes) [ref. 5061]. Masc. Raja orbicularis Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by monotypy. Type species inferred from 'Les Anacanthes' of Ehrenberg in Cuvier 1829:400 [ref. 995] which appeared with vernacular name only. Not; preoccupied by Anacanthus Gray 1830. Unneeded replacement by Rhachinotus Cantor 1849. •Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. (Disceus) [ref. 1528]. Masc. Trygon strogylopterus Schomburgk, 1843. Type by monotypy. Based on a misidentified type species according to Castex 1964:33 [ref. 20924] and Fowler 1970:571 [ref. 7313], Garman's specimens are Disceus thayeri Garman, 1913. •Synonym of Elipesurus Schomburgk, 1843 -- (Fowler 1970:571 [ref. 7313]). •Valid as Disceus Garman, 1877 -- (Castex 1964:18 [ref. 20924]). •Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 -- (Rosa 1991:426 [ref. 30634], Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182]). Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Species Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Ceja ray, Manzana ray [=Trygon aiereba Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], (ex Marcgravus), 1841:160, Raja ajereba Walbaum [J. J.], (ex Marcgravus), 1792:535, Raja orbicularis Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Marcgravus) 1801:361, Raia sloani Stephan [C. F.], 1779:20, Trygon strogylopterus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:183, Pl. 22, Disceus thayeri Garman [S.], 1913:426, Pls. 34, 54 (2), 57 (2), 70 (3-4)] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Amazon River and Oronico River basins: , Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela [if treated with this authorship]. Habitat: freshwater. (ajereba) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Amazon River and Oronico River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela [if treated with this spelling and authorship]. Habitat: freshwater. (orbicularis) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] South America. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. (sloani) [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: marine. (strogylopterus) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. (thayeri) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Obidos, Manaos [Manaus], and Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Plesiotrygon Rosa et al., 1987 - river stingrays [=Plesiotrygon Rosa [R. S.], Castello [H. P.] & Thorson [T. B.], 1987:449] Notes: [ref. 5974]. Fem. Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987 -- (Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et. al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:103 [ref. 31309] with comments on p. 135, Lasso et al. 2011:174 [ref. 31491], Frederico et al. 2012:72 [ref. 31909]). Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae.

Species Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa et al., 1987 - long-tailed river stingray, antenna ray [=Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa [R. S.], Castello [H. P.] & Thorson [T. B.], 1987:450, Figs. 1-10] Notes: [Copeia 1987 (no. 2); ref. 5974] Rio Solimões, above Tefé, 3°22'S, 64°43'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. PPotamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Upper and lower Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho & Ragno, 2011 - blacktailed antenna ray [=Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho [M. R. de] & Ragno [M. P.], 2011:105, Figs. 1-15] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 51 (no. 7); ref. 31309] Río Pachitea, tributary of Río Ucayali, up-river from town of Puerto Inca, Puerto Inca Province, Huánuco Department, Peru. Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho & Ragno, 2011. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Río Amazonas basin of Peru and lower couse of Rio Solimóes, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 - river stingrays [=Potamotrygon Garman [S.], 1877:210] Notes: [ref. 1528]. Fem. Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin, in Lesson, 1829. Type by subsequent designation. Type given as hystrix as designated by Jordan 1919:389 [ref. 4904] by Séret & McEachran 1986:6 [ref. 9312]; Garman treated histrix as a synonym of humboldtii. Eigenmann 1910 says type is humboldtii Roulin. •Valid as Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 -- (Castex 1964:18 [ref. 20924], Rosa et al. 1987:447 [ref. 5974], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Britski et al. 1999:21 [ref. 24147], Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et. al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061] with type as histrix, Deynat 2006:484 [ref. 28948], Rosa et al. 2008:1 [ref. 29564], Oddone et al. 2008:69 [ref. 29661], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:45 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:135 [ref. 31309], Silva & Carvalho 2011:140 [ref. 31310], Ng et al. 2011:2385 [ref. 31474], Oddone et al. 2012:299 [ref. 31835], Frederico et al. 2012:72 [ref. 31909], Kottelat 2013:28 [ref. 32989], Loboda & Carvalho 2013:693 [ref. 33024], Fontenelle et al. 2014:249 [ref. 33180]). Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon Garman, 1877. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae.

Species Potamotrygon albimaculata Carvalho, 2016 - Tapajos stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon albimaculata Carvalho [M. R. de], 2016:6, Figs. 1-20] Notes: [Zootaxa 4167 (no. 1); ref. 34730] Left bank of rio Teles Pires near Pousada Santa Rosa, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 08°46'45"S, 57°27'55"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon albimaculata Carvalho, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon amandae Loboda & Carvalho, 2013 - Amanda stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon amandae Loboda [T. S.] & Carvalho [M. R. de], 2013:723, Figs. 38-52] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 4); ref. 33024] Paraguai River, subdistrict of Albuguerque, district of Corumbá, State of Mato Grosso de Sul, 19°41'S, 57°38'W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon amandae Loboda & Carvalho, 2013. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Paraná- basin and Tietê River, Brazil and Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon boesemani Rosa et al., 2008 - Surinam river stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon boesemani Rosa [R. S.], Carvalho [M. R. de] & Almeida Wanderley [C. de], 2008:2, Figs. 1-6, 8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 29564] Matapi Creek, ca. 1 kilometer from Corantii River, Nickerie District, Surinam, 5°00'N, 57°16'W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon boesemani Rosa, Carvalho & Almeida Wanderley, 2008. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Corantijn River drainage, Surinam. Habitat: freshwater. Species Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880) - shorttailed river stingray [=Trygon brachyurus Günther [A.], 1880:8, Potamotrygon brumi Devincenzi [G. J.], in Devincenzi & Teague, 1942:99, Pl. 6] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31); ref. 14279] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Paraná-Paraguay and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (brumi) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 12268] Isla Queguay Grande, River Uruguay, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon constellata (Vaillant, 1880) - thorny river stingray [=Taeniura constellata Vaillant [L. L.], 1880:251, 252, Potamotrygon circularis Garman [S.], 1913:419, Pls. 31 (1-2), 54 (1), 70 (1-2)] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 4; ref. 17854] Calderon, Upper Amazon, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon constellata (Vaillant, 1880). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Amazon and Solimões River basins: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (circularis) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Río Solimões, Tefé and Lago Coari [on Río Solimões], Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon constellata (Vaillant, 1880). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: South America. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Castex & Maciel, 1963 - largespot river stingray [=Potamotrygon falkneri Castex [M. N.] & Maciel [I.] 1963:56, Potamotrygon castexi Castello [H. P.] & Yagolkowski [D. R.], 1969:2, Pl.; Figs. 1-3, 7, Potamotrygon menchacai Martínez Achenbach [G.], 1967:1, Pls. 1-3 (pp. 6-8)] Notes: [Anales del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales "Florentino Ameghino," Zoología v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 8015] Río Paraná medio, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Paraná- basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (castexi) [Acta Scientifica, Universidad del Salvador No. 6; ref. 7804] Río Paraná, Rosario, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River and Paraná-Paraguay River basins: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (menchacai) [Comunicações del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales "Florentino Ameghino," Zoología No. 1; ref. 26257] Río Colastiné, Paraná Média, Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855) - Tocantins River ray [=Trygon (Taenura) henlei Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:102, Pl. 48 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon histrix (Muller & Henle, in Valenciennes, 1839) - porcupine river stingray [=Trygon histrix Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], in Valenciennes, 1839:Pl. 15, Trygon hystrix Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:167] Notes: [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon histrix (Müller & Henle, 1839). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Paraná-Paraguay basin, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (hystrix) [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon histrix (Müller & Henle, 1839). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Potamotrygon humerosa Garman, 1913 - Parietuba river ray (author) [=Potamotrygon humerosus Garman [S.], 1913:419] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Rio Parietuba at Monte Alegre, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon humerosa Garman, 1913. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon jabuti Carvalho, 2016 - Jabuti stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon jabuti Carvalho [M. R. de], 2016:28, Figs. 22-45] Notes: [Zootaxa 4167 (no. 1); ref. 34730] Rio Jamanxim near Novo Progresso, rio Tapajós basin, Pará state, Brazil, 07°09'30"S, 55°25'55"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon jabuti Carvalho, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon leopoldi Castex & Castello, 1970 - Xingu River ray [=Potamotrygon leopoldi Castex [M. N.] & Castello [H. P.], 1970:2, Fig. 5; Pls.] Notes: [Acta Scientifica, Universidad del Salvador No. 10; ref. 7722] Little creek on the right shore of Upper Rio Xingú, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon leopoldi Castex & Castello, 1970. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon limai Fontenelle et al., 2014 - Lima stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon limai Fontenelle [J. P.], da Silva [J. P. C. B.] & Carvalho [M. R. de], 2014:150, Figs. 1-17] Notes: [Zootaxa 3765 (no. 3); ref. 33180] Madeira River basin, Jamari River, Represa Samuel, municipal district of Itapoã do Oeste, upper , state of Rondônia, Brazil, 9°4’33.96' S, 63°18’17.64"S. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon limai Fontenelle, da Silva & Carvalho, 2014. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Madeira River system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Dumeril, 1865) - Magdalena river stingray [=Taeniura magdalenae Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Valenciennes), 1865:625] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 1; ref. 1150] Río Magdalena, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon magdalenae (Duméril, 1865). Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Magdalena and Atrato River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon marinae Deynat, 2006 - Moroni river ray (author) [=Potamotrygon marinae Deynat [P. P.], 2006:485, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Comptes Rendus Biologies v. 329 (2006); ref. 28948] Maroni River, 3°28'58"N, 53°42'W, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon marinae Deynat, 2006. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) - South American freshwater stingray [=Taeniura motoro Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], (ex Natterer), 1841:197, Trygon adans Schomburgk [R. H.], in Müller & Trochel, 1849, Potamotrygon alba Castex [M. N.] 1963:55, Trygon garrapa Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:182, Pl. 21, Potamotrygon labradori Castex [M. N.], in Castex, Maciel & Martínez Achenbach, 1963:117, Fig.. 1, Potamotrygon laticeps Garman [S.], 1913:417, Pls. 31 (figs. 3-4), 55 (fig. 6), Trygon (Taenura) mulleri Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:102, Pl. 48 (fig. 2), Potamotrygon pauckei Castex [M. N.], 1963:291, Figs.] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Cuiabá River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Widespread in South America; established in one reservoir in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater. (adans) [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Not treated by Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003 [ref. 27061]. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater. (alba) [Anales del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales "Florentino Ameghino," Zoología v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 20925] Ascunción, Paraguay River, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater. (garrapa) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. (labradori) [Neotropica (La Plata) v. 9 (no. 30); ref. 26348] Rio Colastiné (middle Rio Paraná), Santa Fe, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater. (laticeps) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Obidos, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: South America [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (mulleri) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Crixas and Rio Araguay, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater. (pauckei) [Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Córdoba) v. 43 (no. 2-4); ref. 1482] Río Paraná, near city of Santa Fe, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: South America. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon ocellata (Engelhardt, 1912) - red-blotched river stingray [=Trygon hystrix var. ocellata Engelhardt [R.], 1912:647] Notes: [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 39 (nos 21/22); ref. 17459] Southern shore of Mexiana, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon ocellata (Engelhardt, 1912). Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Amapá and Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Castelnau, 1855) - smooth back river stingray [=Trygon (Taenura) orbignyi Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:102, Pl. 49 (fig. 1), Trygon (Taenura) dumerilii Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:101, Pl. 48 (fig. 1), Trygon reticulatus Günther [A.], 1880:8] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Widespread in South America. Habitat: freshwater. (dumerilii) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Araguaya, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater. (reticulatus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31); ref. 14279] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855). Potamotrygonidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon pantanensis Loboda & Carvalho, 2013 - Pantanal stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon pantanensis Loboda [T. S.] & Carvalho [M. R. de], 2013:714, Figs. 23-36] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 4); ref. 33024] Sinhá Marinana, tributary of Cuiabá River, district of Barão de Melgaço, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon pantanensis Loboda & Carvalho, 2013. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Northern Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon rex Carvalho, 2016 - rex stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon rex Carvalho [M. R. de], 2016:538, Figs. 1-13, 15, 16A, B] Notes: [Zootaxa 4150 (no. 5); ref. 34666] Rio Tocantins near the mouth of the right bank tributary of rio Manoel Alves, Tocantins state, Brazil, 11°18'55"S, 48°27'28"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon rex Carvalho, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958 - rosette river stingray [=Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1958:8, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Boletin del Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Caracas, Venezuela. 2-3; ref. 896] Río Apure, at mouth of Río Apurito, Estado Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Orinoco and Amazon basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon schuhmacheri Castex, 1964 - Parana river stingray [=Potamotrygon schuhmacheri Castex [M. N.], 1964:92, 94, Fig.] Notes: [Neotropica (La Plata) v. 10 (no. 32); ref. 20916] Río Colastiné Sur, Santa Fe, Argentina. MFA 269. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon schuhmacheri Castex, 1964. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Paraná-Paraguay River basin, South America. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 - raspy river stingray [=Potamotrygon scobina Garman [S.], 1913:418] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Rio Tocantins at Cametá, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon signata Garman, 1913 - Parnaiba river stingray [=Potamotrygon signatus Garman [S.], 1913:420 Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Rio Puty, tributary of Rio Paranahyba; Parnahyba at San Gonçallo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon signata Garman, 1913. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Potamotrygon tatianae Silva & Carvalho, 2011 - Rio Madeira river stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon tatianae Silva [J. P. C. B. da] & Carvalho [M. R. de], 2011:140, Figs. 1-12] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 51 (no. 8); ref. 31310] Río Madre de Díos, municipal district of Boca Manu, upper Amazon basin, state of Madre de Dios, Peru, 12°40'S, 71°04'06"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon tatianae Silva & Carvalho, 2011. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Río Madre de Díos, upper Río Madeira basin, upper Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon tigrina Carvalho et al., 2011 - tiger ray [=Potamotrygon tigrina Carvalho [M. R. de], Sabaj Pérez [M. H.] & Lovejoy [N. R.], 2011:3, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2827; ref. 31264] Río Nanay, Large beach (left bank)at village of Pampa Chica, 4.54 km west of Iquitos, Departamento Loreto, Peru, 3°45'09"S, 73°17'00"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon tigrina Carvalho, Sabaj Pérez & Lovejoy, 2011. Potamotrygonidae. Distribution: Río Nanay, upper Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho et al., 2016 - Wallace's stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho [M. R. de], Rosa [R. S.] & Araújo [M. L. G. de], 2016:567, Figs. 1-11, 13, 14] Notes: [Zootaxa 4107 (no. 4); ref. 34422] Rio Negro, municipality of Barcelos, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°57'30.24"S, 62°56'14.697"W. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho, Rosa & Araújo, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Potamotrygon yepezi Castex & Castello, 1970 - Maracaibo river stingray [=Potamotrygon yepezi Castex [M. N.] & Castello [H. P.], 1970:16, Pl.] Notes: [Acta Scientifica, Universidad del Salvador No. 8; ref. 7723] Río Palmar at bridge, 70 kilometers southwest of Maracaibo, southeastern Maracaibo Lake region, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon yepezi Castex & Castello, 1970. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater

GENUS Heliotrygon Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011 - round rays [=Heliotrygon Carvalho [M. R. de] & Lovejoy [N. R.], 2011:17] Notes: [ref. 31182]. Fem. Heliotrygon gomersi Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011. Type by original designation. •Valid as Heliotrygon Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011 -- (Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:135 [ref. 31309]). Current status: Valid as Heliotrygon Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae.

Species Heliotrygon gomesi Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011 - Gomes's round ray [=Heliotrygon gomesi Carvalho [M. R. de] & Lovejoy [N. R.] 2011:19, Figs. 1-9, 19-23] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2776; ref. 31182] Rio Jamari, 4°18'156"S, 70°04'19"W, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Heliotrygon gomesi Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River and probably lower resaches of most major tributaries: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Heliotrygon rosai Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011 - Rosa's round ray [=Heliotrygon rosai Carvalho [M. R. de] & Lovejoy [N. R.], 2011:29, Figs. 11-16, 18, 24-25] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2776; ref. 31182] Baía de Marajó, 0°55'34"S, 48°17'25"W, Colaras, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Heliotrygon rosai Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Upper and lower Amazon River basin, and probably lower reaches of major tributaries: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater *********************************************************************************** Unavailable names, uncertain taxa:

(genera) Elipesurus Schomburgk [R. H.], 1843:184 [ref. 3948]. Masc. Elipesurus spinicauda Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843. Type by monotypy. Original is Elipesurus; Ellipesurus is a misspelling or unjustified emendation. •Valid as Elipesurus Schomburgk, 1843 -- (Castex 1964:18 [ref. 20924], Bailey 1969:133 [ref. 14234], Fowler 1970:571 [ref. 7313]; see Rosa et al. 1987:447 [ref. 5974]). •Genus inquirendum, with author as Jardine -- (Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182] with author as Schomburgk). Current status: Valid as Elipesurus Schomburgk, 1843. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae.

(species)

Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin [F. D.], 1829:465 [Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie (Férussac), Paris v. 16 (no. 3) (art. 365); ref. 26350] Rio Meta, Ecuador. Syntypes (2). Treats as Roulin in Lesson 1829 by Kottelat 2013. Previously appeared as 'Pastenague de Humboldt' in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, v. 16:625. Also appeared as a German translation in Isis (Oken), 1834:1042 as Pastenaca Humboldtii. •Synonym of Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1841) -- (Castex 1964:19 [ref. 20924] with reference to Garman 1878 [1877]). •Senior synonym of Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1841) in Garman 1877. •Status uncertain -- (Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27061] but with a Roulin in Duméril 1865 and Duméril 1865 records, and spelled histrix, Koerber et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35267]). •Nomen dubium -- (Silva & Carvalho 2015:35 [ref. 33871], Mirande & Koerber 2015:8 [ref. 35117], Weigmann 2016:155 [ref. 34211] see remarks). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater.

Elipesurus spinicauda Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:184, Pl. 23 [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Fort

San Joaquim, Branco River, Guiana. No types known. Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:180-181 [ref. 21041]. •Valid as Elipesurus spinicauda Jardine &

Schomburgk, 1843 -- (Castex 1964:33 [ref. 20924] with author as Schomburgk). •Status uncertain -- (Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27061] with author as Jardine). Current status: Uncertain as Elipesurus spinicauda Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater.