FAMILY Potamotrygonidae Garman, 1877 - river stingrays SUBFAMILY Styracurinae Carvalho et al., 2016 - chupares, whiptail stingrays Notes: Styracurinae Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016 GENUS Styracura Carvalho et al., 2016 - chupares [=Styracura Carvalho [M. R. de], Loboda [T. S.] & da Silva [J. P. C. B.], 2016:203] Notes: [ref. 34827]. Fem. Trygon schmardae Werner, 1904. Type by original designation. •Valid as Styracura Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016 -- (Carvalho 2016:620 [ref. 34997]). Current status: Valid as Styracura Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva, 2016. Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Species Styracura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) - Pacific chupare [=Dasyatis pacificus Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.], 1941:262, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3); Fig. 24] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 26 (pt 3, no. 26); ref. 16103] Port Parker, (Pacific) Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Styracura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Mexico to Panama and Galapagos Islands. Habitat: marine. Species Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904) - chupare stingray [=Trygon schmardae Werner [F.], 1904:298, Dasybatus torrei Garman [S.], 1913:386] Notes: [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 15220] Jamaica. Current status: Valid as Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic to northern Brazilian coast. Habitat: marine. (torrei) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Tunas de Zaza, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904). Potamotrygonidae: Styracurinae. Habitat: marine. ******************************************************************************************************************************* SUBFAMILY Potamotrygoninae Garman 1877 - river stingrays [=Potamotrygones Garman, 1877, Ellipesurinae [Elipesurinae] Gill, 1877, Paratrygoninae Gill, 1893] Notes: Potamotrygones Garman, 1877:208 [ref. 1528] (group?) Potamotrygon [stem Potamotrygon- confirmed by Eigenmann 1912:116 [ref. 1227]] Ellipesurinae [Elipesurinae] Gill, 1877b:958 [ref. 32501] (subfamily) Elipesurus [stem corrected to Elipesur- by Jordan 1923a:104 [ref. 2421], confirmed by Myers & Storey 1956:15 [ref. 32831]] Paratrygoninae Gill, 1893b:130 [ref. 26255] (subfamily) Paratrygon [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] GENUS Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 - river stingrays [=Paratrygon Duméril [A. H. A.], 1865:594, Anacanthes Ehrenberg [C. G.], in van der Hoeven, 1832:179, Disceus Garman [S.], 1877:208] Notes: [ref. 1150]. Fem. Trygon aiereba Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 -- (Rosa et al. 1987:447 [ref. 5974], Rosa 1991:426 [ref. 30634], Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:135 [ref. 31309], Frederico et al. 2012:71 [ref. 31909]). Current status: Valid as Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. (Anacanthes) [ref. 5061]. Masc. Raja orbicularis Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by monotypy. Type species inferred from 'Les Anacanthes' of Ehrenberg in Cuvier 1829:400 [ref. 995] which appeared with vernacular name only. Not; preoccupied by Anacanthus Gray 1830. Unneeded replacement by Rhachinotus Cantor 1849. •Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. (Disceus) [ref. 1528]. Masc. Trygon strogylopterus Schomburgk, 1843. Type by monotypy. Based on a misidentified type species according to Castex 1964:33 [ref. 20924] and Fowler 1970:571 [ref. 7313], Garman's specimens are Disceus thayeri Garman, 1913. •Synonym of Elipesurus Schomburgk, 1843 -- (Fowler 1970:571 [ref. 7313]). •Valid as Disceus Garman, 1877 -- (Castex 1964:18 [ref. 20924]). •Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865 -- (Rosa 1991:426 [ref. 30634], Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182]). Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon Duméril, 1865. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Species Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) - CeJa ray, Manzana ray [=Trygon aiereba Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], (ex Marcgravus), 1841:160, Raja ajereba Walbaum [J. J.], (ex Marcgravus), 1792:535, Raja orbicularis Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Marcgravus) 1801:361, Raia sloani Stephan [C. F.], 1779:20, Trygon strogylopterus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:183, Pl. 22, Disceus thayeri Garman [S.], 1913:426, Pls. 34, 54 (2), 57 (2), 70 (3-4)] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Amazon River and Oronico River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela [if treated with this authorship]. Habitat: freshwater. (ajereba) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Amazon River and Oronico River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela [if treated with this spelling and authorship]. Habitat: freshwater. (orbicularis) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] South America. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. (sloani) [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: marine. (strogylopterus) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. (thayeri) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Obidos, Manaos [Manaus], and Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Plesiotrygon Rosa et al., 1987 - river stingrays [=Plesiotrygon Rosa [R. S.], Castello [H. P.] & Thorson [T. B.], 1987:449] Notes: [ref. 5974]. Fem. Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987 -- (Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et. al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:103 [ref. 31309] with comments on p. 135, Lasso et al. 2011:174 [ref. 31491], Frederico et al. 2012:72 [ref. 31909]). Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Species Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa et al., 1987 - long-tailed river stingray, antenna ray [=Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa [R. S.], Castello [H. P.] & Thorson [T. B.], 1987:450, Figs. 1-10] Notes: [Copeia 1987 (no. 2); ref. 5974] Rio Solimões, above Tefé, 3°22'S, 64°43'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987. PPotamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Upper and lower Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. Species Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho & Ragno, 2011 - blacktailed antenna ray [=Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho [M. R. de] & Ragno [M. P.], 2011:105, Figs. 1-15] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 51 (no. 7); ref. 31309] Río Pachitea, tributary of Río Ucayali, up-river from town of Puerto Inca, Puerto Inca Province, Huánuco Department, Peru. Current status: Valid as Plesiotrygon nana Carvalho & Ragno, 2011. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Río Amazonas basin of Peru and lower couse of Rio Solimóes, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 - river stingrays [=Potamotrygon Garman [S.], 1877:210] Notes: [ref. 1528]. Fem. Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin, in Lesson, 1829. Type by subsequent designation. Type given as hystrix as designated by Jordan 1919:389 [ref. 4904] by Séret & McEachran 1986:6 [ref. 9312]; Garman treated histrix as a synonym of humboldtii. Eigenmann 1910 says type is humboldtii Roulin. •Valid as Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 -- (Castex 1964:18 [ref. 20924], Rosa et al. 1987:447 [ref. 5974], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Britski et al. 1999:21 [ref. 24147], Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et. al. in Reis et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27061] with type as histrix, Deynat 2006:484 [ref. 28948], Rosa et al. 2008:1 [ref. 29564], Oddone et al. 2008:69 [ref. 29661], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:45 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31264], Carvalho & Ragno 2011:135 [ref. 31309], Silva & Carvalho 2011:140 [ref. 31310], Ng et al. 2011:2385 [ref. 31474], Oddone et al. 2012:299 [ref. 31835], Frederico et al. 2012:72 [ref. 31909], Kottelat 2013:28 [ref. 32989], Loboda & Carvalho 2013:693 [ref. 33024], Fontenelle et al. 2014:249 [ref. 33180]). Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon Garman, 1877. Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Species Potamotrygon albimaculata Carvalho, 2016 - Tapajos stingray (author) [=Potamotrygon albimaculata Carvalho [M. R. de], 2016:6, Figs. 1-20] Notes: [Zootaxa 4167 (no. 1); ref. 34730] Left bank of rio Teles Pires near Pousada Santa Rosa, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 08°46'45"S, 57°27'55"W. Current status: Valid