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ADDRESS TERMS in SAUDI ARABIC Najdi Dialect Chapters Aba-alalaa, Hessah (2015) Terms of address in Najdi dialect : normativity and variation. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22827/ Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Terms of Address in Najdi Dialect: Normativity and Variation Hessah Aba-alalaa Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2015 Department of Linguistics SOAS, University of London To the memory of my father To my ‘one and only’, my dear husband Acknowledgement First, all praises and thanks be to Allah, the Almighty, for helping me finish my study. This thesis would not have been possible without the heartwarming company of several important people in my life. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisors, Dr.Barbara Pizziconi, Prof. Peter Sells and Dr. Chris Lucas for their enduring support, patience and for their encouragement. Their valuable comments have made a great impact on the progress of my research. No word is enough to say ‗Thank you‘. Thanks are also due to my examiners: Prof. Bruce Ingham and Dr. Jim O‘Driscoll whose useful comments allowed me to make important corrections and modifications to the final version of my thesis. I am particularly grateful to all the participants who took part in the data collection for this research. It goes without saying that this thesis would not have been possible without their participation. My sincere gratitude is also due to Saudi Ministry of High Education and to my home university, Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman in Saudi Arabia for granting me a scholarship to pursue my PhD in UK. Last but not least, I owe special thanks and love to my family for their steadfast support during my stay at UK. Words cannot express the debt of gratitude and admiration I feel for my husband Mohammed Aba-alalaa for his support and sacrifice during my study. His impact on me has been greater than I could say. Indeed I am truly grateful. I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved daughters, Albandri, Aljoharah and Haifa for being patient while I was busy with my research. I definitely owe them my accomplishments. The continual encouragement and prayers of my mother Jawza Aba-alalaa, have been extremely instrumental in motivating me to pursue the work that led to this achievement. I owe many thanks to my cherished sisters and brothers for believing in me. Special thanks are due to my brother Dr. Turki Aba-alalaa for his support during our stay in the UK. I would like to give a very special mention and warm thanks to my dearest friend Justin Q.C. for standing by me and keeping me sane during my time working on this thesis. 3 Abstract The current thesis describes the system of address terms in Najdi dialect through the results of a survey and interviews with native speakers of the dialect. The main argument in this thesis departs from Watts‘ (2005) argument that address term might not express politeness. I argue in this thesis that functions of address terms are varied and they can produce textual effects (situational role designation, reference maintenance, manipulation of voicing) or affective effects (endearment, aggression) in addition to the default social function i.e., (im)politeness which is taken in this thesis to be simply a particular stereotypical effect. This thesis attempts to explore how the indexicality approach suggested by Agha (2007) to the address terms enables researchers to account for infinite society-internal variability and heterogeneity in the address behaviours among the same group of users. Based on this approach, address terms are not seen to possess any inherent semantic characteristic or pragmatic value pertaining to politeness that can be implemented in interaction. Instead the address term usage can stereotypically index different meanings of politeness (deference/intimacy) through reflexive models of interaction that indexically shape stereotypes of the language users‘ identity and their ideologies regarding their usage of the address term. Additionally, the results of the user survey and interviews show intragroup variation that indicates social struggles over the norms of address term usage and possibly normative uncertainty. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Transliteration Symbols ........................................................................................................................ 11 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 1 Introduction and rationale for the study .......................................................................... 13 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 13 1.2 Rationale for this study ............................................................................................ 14 1.3 Thesis organisation .................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Existing literature: Overview of terms of address and concept of (im)politeness........... 17 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Terms of address and (im)politeness ....................................................................... 17 2.3 Terms of address as social deixis: Theoretical considerations ................................ 19 2.4 Previous approaches to terms of address ................................................................. 22 2.5 Approaches to (im)politeness: the reconceptualization of politeness theory ........... 29 2.5.1 Traditional Approach ........................................................................................... 29 2.5.2 Post-modern/Discursive Approach ...................................................................... 31 2.5.3 (Im)politeness and social norms .......................................................................... 36 2.6 Discursive and indexical approaches to terms of address ........................................ 38 2.6.1 Terms of address as politic rather than polite forms ............................................ 38 2.6.2 Terms of address and their social meaning .......................................................... 39 2.6.3 The concepts of ‗kinship system‘ and ‗kinship behaviour‘ ................................. 40 2.6.4 Tropic use of kinship terms and the normalisation of tropes ............................... 42 Chapter 3 Najd: Features of Dialect and Culture ............................................................................. 46 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 46 3.2 Najdi dialect: its speakers and varieties ................................................................... 46 5 3.3 Overview of the social structure and cultural values of Saudi/Najdi society: the roles of gender, age and social class .................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Greetings and social gatherings and the role of age and gender .......................... 49 3.3.2 Teknonymy and titles usage in Saudi Arabia ...................................................... 51 3.3.3 Quasi address inversion in Najdi ......................................................................... 52 3.4 Honorific repertoire in the Najdi dialect .................................................................. 54 3.4.1 Defining the Najdi honorific repertoire: theoretical considerations .................... 54 3.4.2 Overview of Najdi honorifics and their taxonomy .............................................. 55 Chapter 4 Research Aims and Questions ......................................................................................... 58 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 58 4.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 58 4.3 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 60 Chapter
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