Structure of solid P, S, Se, and C

These four elements exhibit (different structures in the solid state).

Phosphorus The four allotropes of are: White phosphorus: P4- with a tetrahedron-like shape with each P- linked to three others. White phosphorus is reactive, it is stored under water. P4 crystallizes cubic. Red phosphorus: Is a in which each P-atom is linked to three others in a manner that results in an irregular network structure (amorphous). Violet (Hittorf´s) phosphorus: Is made of layers with each layer consisting of pentagonal tubes of P-. Two of these layers lie antiparallel to each other. The tubes of this double layer are connected by P-P-bonds to give a double layer. The double layers hold together by van der Waals forces. The net structure is monoclinic. Black phosphorus: Made up of parallel puckered layers. Each layer consists of zigzag chains of p-atoms with the 3rd bond of each P linked to an atom of a chain above or below. This zigzag arrangement gives a network of P6 rings in a chair form. The overall structure is orthorhombic. Stability trend: black > violet > red > white

Sulphur: Sulphur exists in different ring-sizes, but the most stable modification contains S8-rings (crown-structure) Alpha-S8 crystallizes orthorhombically. Above 96 °C α-S8 transforms to monoclinic β-S8.

Selenium: The most stable form is trigonal gray Se which contains helical chains. Similar to sulphur there exist a form with Se8 rings in the crystal structure.

Carbon: The different structural forms of include: Diamond: Each carbon atom is sp3 hybridised and linked to four others in a tetrahedral manner. : It is a stack of planar layers of carbon atoms in which each C- atom is linked to three nearest neighbours (sp2 hybridised). The layers are separated from each other by the van der Waals gap. Fullerenes: Clusters of carbon with different size, the most important one is C60 Carbon nanotubes diagrams of Carbon From the phase diagram of carbon one can see that diamond is metastable at room temperature. The denser phase of carbon (diamond) is favoured at high pressure.

Question: 1. Dscribe the structures of the different allotropes of C, S, and P? 2. Draw a phase diagram revealing the different phases of Carbon?

References: • Inorganic Chemistry,4rd edition by Shriver Atkins • Inorganic Chemistry by Holleman Wiberg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon