Structure of Solid (P, S, Se, and C)

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Structure of solid P, S, Se, and C These four elements exhibit allotropy (different structures in the solid state). Phosphorus The four allotropes of phosphorus are: White phosphorus: P4-molecules with a tetrahedron-like shape with each P-atom linked to three others. White phosphorus is reactive, it is stored under water. P4 crystallizes cubic. Red phosphorus: Is a polymer in which each P-atom is linked to three others in a manner that results in an irregular network structure (amorphous). Violet (Hittorf´s) phosphorus: Is made of layers with each layer consisting of pentagonal tubes of P-atoms. Two of these layers lie antiparallel to each other. The tubes of this double layer are connected by P-P-bonds to give a double layer. The double layers hold together by van der Waals forces. The net structure is monoclinic. Black phosphorus: Made up of parallel puckered layers. Each layer consists of zigzag chains of p-atoms with the 3rd bond of each P linked to an atom of a chain above or below. This zigzag arrangement gives a network of P6 rings in a chair form. The overall structure is orthorhombic. Stability trend: black > violet > red > white Sulphur: Sulphur exists in different ring-sizes, but the most stable modification contains S8-rings (crown-structure) Alpha-S8 crystallizes orthorhombically. Above 96 °C α-S8 transforms to monoclinic β-S8. Selenium: The most stable form is trigonal gray Se which contains helical chains. Similar to sulphur there exist a form with Se8 rings in the crystal structure. Carbon: The different structural forms of carbon include: Diamond: Each carbon atom is sp3 hybridised and linked to four others in a tetrahedral manner. Graphite: It is a stack of planar layers of carbon atoms in which each C- atom is linked to three nearest neighbours (sp2 hybridised). The layers are separated from each other by the van der Waals gap. Fullerenes: Clusters of carbon with different size, the most important one is C60 Carbon nanotubes Phase diagrams of Carbon From the phase diagram of carbon one can see that diamond is metastable at room temperature. The denser phase of carbon (diamond) is favoured at high pressure. Question: 1. Dscribe the structures of the different allotropes of C, S, and P? 2. Draw a phase diagram revealing the different phases of Carbon? References: • Inorganic Chemistry,4rd edition by Shriver Atkins • Inorganic Chemistry by Holleman Wiberg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon .

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Black Phosphorus As a New Lubricant
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C Chemistry C38E C Chemistry Chemistry C * Chemical phenomena and the associated human activities Science of science of chemistry C29 X focused upon them, treated at the most general level. C2A * For applied chemistry, see Process industrial technology . Philosophy of chemistry (in Class U/V). An alternative location (not C2L X . Scientific method in chemistry * recommended) for applied chemistry is provided at CY Methodology in the most abstract sense. * for libraries wishing to collocate the technology with For practical methods and procedures, see C36. chemistry in Class C. C2M . Mathematics in chemistry C2 . Common subdivisions C2V J .. Topology in chemistry * Add to C2 numbers 2/9 in Auxiliary Schedule 1 with C2X . Statistics & probability in chemistry the same additions & modifications as in AY2 2/9; eg General operations & agents in chemistry C22 .. Forms of presentation * Add to C numbers & letters 2YM/82D following AY, C23 G ... Serials with the modifications indicated at C33/34. P ... Technical data C2Y Q . Organization & management of work in chemistry .. Persons in the subject QS .. Operational research C24 ... Chemists * See also Biography C29 2 C33 Common properties C .... Profession of chemistry D . Distribution * For education & training, see C26 A. W . Continuity C25 .. Organizations in chemistry X . Conditions L .. Communication & information in chemistry Y5 .. Electric field LO ... Terminology YG .. Systems characteristics * For nomenclature, see compounds CGH 25L O. C34 . Theoretical chemistry P ... Documentation in chemistry * As distinct from practical chemistry. Classify more VA .... Information services in chemistry specifically if possible. The term is sometimes used VB ..... Computerized information services as synonymous with quantum chemistry (see C26 A .
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