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Herodotus in Nubia Mnemosyne Supplements Herodotus in Nubia Mnemosyne supplements history and archaeology of classical antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock (Brown University) Thomas Harrison (Liverpool) Hans van Wees (London) volume 368 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mns Herodotus in Nubia By László Török leiden | boston Cover illustration: Portrait of Herodotus. Rome, Palazzo Massimo no. 124478. Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the early 4th century bc. Photo © Museo Nazionale Romano. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Török, László, 1941- author. Herodotus in Nubia / by László Török. pages cm – (Mnemosyne, supplements ; volume 368) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26913-2 (hardback) : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-27388-7 (e-book) 1. Herodotus–Knowledge–Nubia. 2. Nubia–History–Sources. I. Title. II. Series: Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum ; v. 368. DT159.6.N83T57 2014 939'.78–dc23 2014008121 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-8958 isbn 978-90-04-26913-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27388-7 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. In memory of my wife Elizabeth 24 February 1943–8 August 2012 ∵ Contents Map of Egypt and Nubia ix Political and Geographical Terms x Abbreviations xii 1 Herodotus’ Nubia in Modern Scholarship 1 1 Images of Nubia in Herodotean Scholarship 1 2 Herodotus Halfway between Egyptology and Nubian Studies 7 3 Excursus 1: The Kingdom of Kush from the Eighth to the Fifth Century bc. A Brief Overview 18 2 The Aithiopian Passages in English Translation 28 3 The Problem of the “Aithiopian Logos” 40 1 The Context of the Aithiopian Passages: Introductory Remarks 40 2 Was There an Unfinished Aithiopian Logos? 42 4 “Fiction” and “Reality” 54 1 On Sources 54 1.1 Excursus 2: Herodotus’ Priestly Informants and the Explanation of the Nile Flood 63 2 Sesostris in Nubia 64 3 Excursus 3: A Note on Ancient Nubian Archives 71 4 Sabacos in Egypt 73 5 Psamtek II in Nubia 80 6 Aithiopians in the Siwa Oasis 82 7 Herodotus’ Two Aithiopias 1: Aithiopia South of Egypt. With Notes on Oracles 84 8 Herodotus’ Two Aithiopias 2: The Land of the Long-Lived Aithiopians on the Fringes of the Inhabited World 91 8.1 Excursus 4: Herodotus and Agatharchides 97 9 The Land of the Long-Lived Aithiopians Continued 103 10 The Gifts Presented to the King of Persia by the Aithiopians Living South of Egypt 111 11 Two Aithiopian Passages in the Libyan Logos: The Autochthonous Origin of the Aithiopians. The Aithiopian Trog[l]odytes 113 12 A Meditation on the Fringes 114 13 Aithiopian “Half-Men” in the Army of Xerxes I 116 viii contents 5 Herodotus in Nubia 118 1 Herodotus’ Sources on Kushite Kingship 118 2 “Reflections in a Distant Mirror” 126 Bibliography 137 General Index 153 Index Locorum 160 Map of Egypt and Nubia Political and Geographical Terms The political term Kush refers to the native kingdom emerging after the end of the Egyptian New Kingdom occupation (c. 1069bc) and existing in the Middle Nile Region (between the First Cataract and the Khartoum area) as a political unit until the ad fourth century.1 Between the end of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (the kings of which ruled over a double kingdom extending over Kush and Egypt) and the third century bc, the Kingdom of Kush may also be called Kingdom of Napata (after one of its centres); between the third century bc and the ad fourth century it may be referred to as Kingdom of Meroe (after another one of its centres). In Greek texts in general and in Herodotus’Histories in particular2 the King- dom of Kush is called Αἰθιοπία, Aithiopia. In order to avoid confusion with modern Abyssinia, the form Aithiopia is to be preferred to the generally used writing Ethiopia.3 In Herodotus’ work Aithiopia is the name not only of the “really existing” land south of Egypt’s southern border, but also that of the fab- ulous land of the long-lived Aithiopians (Αἰθίοπες μακρόβιοι4). In the Histories mention is also made of dark-skinned Eastern or Asiatic Aithiopians (3.94, 7.70) living somewhere in Makran or Beluchistan.5 They do not belong to the topic of the present study. Geographically, and to an extent also politically, the term Aithiopia is inter- changeable with the term Nubia.6 In a strict sense, Nubia7 designates Lower Nubia between the First and Second Cataracts and Upper Nubia between the Second and Fifth Cataracts. The term ancient Nubia is used as a general refer- ence to the ancient polities and cultures in the Middle Nile Region. The territory of ancient Nubia extends over the territory of two modern polit- ical units, namely, Egypt (Lower Nubia from the First Cataract to Maharraqa, a place now under the waters of Lake Nasser) and the Sudan (south of Mahar- raqa). Discussing the Herodotean text, I shall use the term Aithiopia. Referring 1 Cf. Adams 1977; Török 1997a. 2 For the occurrences of Αἰθιοπία, Αἰθίοπες, Αἰθιοπίη, Αἰθιοπικός, Αἰθιοπίς, Αἰθίοψ in the Histories, see J.E. Powell: A Lexicon to Herodotus. Cambridge 1938. 3 In quotations from the literature the form used by the actual author is preserved. 4 Herodotus 3.17, 3.23.2. Cf. H. Last: Αἰθίοπες μακρόβιοι. CQ 17 (1923) 35f. and Desanges 2008 173f. 5 Cf. Karttunen 2002 466f.; Asheri 2007c 415f. 6 From the Nobiin ethnonym nob, “Nubian”? Cf. F. Breyer, MittSAG 20 (2009) 173–176. 7 For the natural, social, economic and cultural geography of Nubia, see Adams 1977. political and geographical terms xi to the actual land and polities behind Herodotus’ Aithiopia I shall use both the terms Nubia and Kush. Abbreviations Periodicals, Series and Abbreviations Used in the Text and the Footnotes ANM Archéologie du Nil Moyen, Lille. Annales Budapest Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Ro- lando Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio Historica, Budapest. ANRW W. Haase–H. Temporini (eds): Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Berlin-New York. Antichthon Antichthon. Journal of the Australian Society for Classical Studies, Sydney. AoF Altorientalische Forschungen, Berlin. Arethusa Arethusa, Baltimore. ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, Le Caire. Athenaeum Athenaeum. Studi di letteratura e storia dell’antichità, Como. ÄA Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Wiesbaden. ÄAT Ägypten und Altes Testament. Studien zu Geschichte, Kul- tur und Religion Ägyptens und des Alten Testaments, Wies- baden. BdÉ Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale Bibliothèque d’Étu- de, Le Caire. Berlin Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin. BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Le Caire. BiGen Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale Bibliothèque Gén- érale, Le Caire. BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis, Leiden. BM The British Museum, London. BzS Beiträge zur Sudanforschung, Wien. Cairo Egyptian Museum, Cairo. CAJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Cambridge. CdÉ Chronique d’Égypte, Bruxelles. CJ The Classical Journal, Ashland. Copenhagen Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. CPh ClassicalPhilology. AJournalDevotedtoResearchinClassical Antiquity, Chicago. abbreviations xiii CRIPEL Cahier de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égypto- logie de Lille, Lille. CQ Classical Quarterly, Oxford. d. died. Dyn. Dynasty. Eranos Eranos. Acta Philologica Suecana, Oslo. EVO Egitto e Vicino Oriente. Rivista della Sezione orientalistica dell’Istituto di storia antica dell’Università di Pisa, Pisa. fl. floruit. GM Göttinger Miszellen, Göttingen. Hdt. Herodotus, The Histories. Historia Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. Revue d’Histoire Ancienne, Stuttgart. ICS Illinois Classical Studies, Champaign, Ill. IFAO Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Le Caire. JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Boston. JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, London. JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, London. JHS The Journal of Hellenic Studies, London. JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Toronto. Kêmi Kêmi. Revue de philologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes et cop- tes, Paris. Khartoum Sudan National Museum, Khartoum. Klio Klio. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Berlin. LAAA Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, Liver- pool. Lalies Lalies. Actes des sessions de linguistique et de littérature, Paris. LCM Liverpool Classical Monthly, Liverpool. MDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abtei- lung Kairo, Mainz. MDATC Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici, Pisa. Meroitica Meroitica. Schriften zur altsudanesischen Geschichte und Archäologie, Berlin (vols. 1–14), Wiesbaden (vols 15–). MFA Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. MittSAG Der antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V., Berlin. OAth Opuscula Atheniensia. Annual of the Swedish Institute at Ath- ens, Sävedalen. xiv abbreviations OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Fribourg-Göttingen. Or Orientalia, Roma. PBA Proceedings of the British Academy, London. RA Revue Archéologique, Paris. REgypt Revue d’égyptologie, Paris, Leuven. RHR Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris. Saeculum Saeculum. Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte, Freiburg im Breisgau. SAK Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Hamburg. SO Symbolae Osloenses. Norwegian Journal of Greek and Latin Studies, Oslo. SSEA Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Toronto.
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