1

2016ANNUAL REVIEW 2 3

CONTENTS

Page 04 Introduction

06 Chairman’s foreword 08 History of the Leverhulme Trust 11 Funding the Trust offers 12 Director’s report 13 Summarised financial information 14 2016 in numbers

Page 16 Awards in Focus

18 Shakespeare and human rights 20 British amateur topographic art and landscape in northwest Italy, 1835–1915 22 No ducking the issue: the representation of abstract relations during imprinting 24 Drawing together: the visual archive of expeditionary fieldwork 26 A new North? The making and re-making of a global Arctic 28 Wasps with a point of view? 29 In my time of dying: a history of death and the ends of life in Ghana 30 Bedrock river erosion in the temperate zone: a case study from New Zealand 32 Metropolitan science: places, objects and cultures of practice and knowledge in London, 1600–1800 34 Birth and philosophy 36 From tradition to contemporary: Sattriya music and dance in India and global contexts 38 Fathers and sons? Artistic generations in late imperial Russia, 1880–1923 40 The skullcracker suite: an interdisciplinary artistic research project 42 Breaking the rules – development and evolution of extreme asymmetry and evolutionary novelty 43 New searches for dark energy 44 Imagining India: Mughal art and the creation of modern British zoology 46 Urban energy landscapes and the global sustainability transition 48 Coevolution in a sickly-sweet brood parasite: the honeyguide 50 Women, apprenticeship and companies in seventeenth-century London 52 Speaking the unspeakable: major American writers and the writing of trauma

Page 54 Recent Research Highlights

56 Professor Daniel Robert 58 Professor Ingrid De Smet 60 Dr Liz Stephens 61 Professor Jonathan Erichsen 62 Professor Laura Robinson 64 Professor Steven Schwartz 66 Professor Kimberley Brownlee 67 Professor Kirstie Blair 69 Professor Edward Cowie 70 Dr Lee Broughton

Page 72 Awards Made 4 5

INTRODUCTION

The Leverhulme Trust was established by the Will of William Hesketh Lever, one of the great entrepreneurs and philanthropists of the Victorian age

Since 1925 we have provided grants and scholarships for research and education; today, we are one of the largest all-subject providers of research funding in the UK, distributing approximately £80 million a year

We award funding across academic disciplines, supporting talented individuals in the arts, humanities, sciences and social sciences to realise their personal vision in research and professional training. As well as substantial grants for research projects, we offer fellowships for researchers throughout their academic career, awards for international collaboration and travel, and support for the fine and performing arts. Our approach to grant-making is distinctive. Our awards are made in the responsive mode, with the choice of topic and research design left with applicants. We look for work of outstanding merit, which is original, important and has significance beyond a single field. We particularly value research that crosses disciplinary boundaries or that is willing to take risks in its pursuit of new knowledge or understanding. 6 INTRODUCTION

CHAIRMAN’S FOREWORD

I am delighted to report that the Trust is in collaborative research relationships. British good financial health. During 2016, we academic and cultural institutions are world received more than 4,000 requests for funding, leaders because of their ability to attract and awarded grants worth approximately the finest talent from around the world; we £80 million. This year we also reached should be robust in safeguarding this unique something of a landmark as the Leverhulme competitive advantage. Trust has now distributed more than £1 billion This year also saw the formal launch of in grants since its foundation in 1925. our four new Leverhulme Research Centres Each year we run a £10 million based at the Universities of Cambridge, competition for larger grants, and 2016 saw Dundee, Liverpool, and Sheffield, each the third round of our Research Leadership receiving grants of £10 million over 10 years. Awards. We received an outstandingly These cover an exciting and diverse range strong group of applications from across the of themes – Future of Intelligence, Forensic disciplinary array and agreed to fund 13 of Science, Functional Materials and Climate these at a total cost of £12 million. We now Change Mitigation. Launch events included look forward to seeing what this cohort of a talk by Professor Stephen Hawking, a high- research leaders achieve as they forge new profile conference at the Royal Society, and a teams to help them launch their research formal opening by HM The Queen. initiatives. I was delighted to welcome two new At a time when the UK’s place in Europe Trustees to the Leverhulme family in 2016, is under scrutiny, this year’s Leverhulme and I hope that Amanda Sourry and Keith Annual Lecture was particularly apposite, Gull will find the diversity of scholarship, the since the distinguished economist and Nobel research ambition of our applicants, and the Laureate Amartya Sen chose to speak on the impressive outcomes of their efforts to be as subject of ‘Who Exactly Are We?’. Professor fascinating as I do. Sen’s enlightening talk provided a wonderful Looking ahead, 2017 promises to be stimulus for a broad-ranging discussion another exciting year. With a commitment about the possible implications of Brexit for of £10 million, we will again be running our scholarship in the UK. Doctoral Scholarships, offering at least 150 The Trust itself continues to place doctoral awards to help nurture the future importance on international collaborations, generation of aspiring researchers. More by assisting Study Abroad Students to expand generally, across all twelve of our schemes, I their horizons through postgraduate study am confident that we will continue to attract or research overseas, supporting academics the large numbers of high-quality bids to to develop new collaborations and lines of conduct original and exciting research that research with colleagues around the world we have seen in recent years. via our International Academic Fellowships, On behalf of the whole Board, I would and enabling UK universities to host like to thank the Trust staff and the many distinguished academic visitors from overseas academic colleagues who make all of this through our Visiting Professorships. It is possible, by generously offering their time also noteworthy that so many of our other and expertise to review the many bids we grant holders choose to spend at least part of receive and so help us locate the very best their time working with colleagues in other that UK research has to offer. countries and in ways that invariably prove to be immensely rewarding. The Trust Board Niall FitzGerald KBE DSA is delighted to be able to help foster these Chairman of the Leverhulme Trust Board INTRODUCTION 7

British academic and cultural institutions are world leaders because of their ability to attract the finest talent from around the world; we should be robust in safeguarding this unique competitive advantage 8 INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF THE LEVERHULME TRUST INTRODUCTION 9

A committed philanthropist throughout his life, on his death in 1925 Lord Leverhulme left a proportion of his holdings in Lever Brothers for certain trades charities and to provide ‘scholarships for… research and education’. It was thus that the Leverhulme Trust came into being

Born in 1851, William Hesketh Lever made The Trust Board his fortune through the manufacture and In making decisions about funding, marketing of soap and cleaning products. the Trustees seek the advice of a range In the space of only a few years his company of peer reviewers and expert panels or Lever Brothers grew to become a household committees who offer an assessment of name, and its products, which included the academic merit and significance of Sunlight Soap and Lux, were sold around applications. the world. The title ‘Lord Leverhulme’ was conferred upon Lever in 1922. A committed Trustees philanthropist from the beginning, when Mr N W A FitzGerald KBE DSA Lord Leverhulme died in 1925 he left a (Chairman) share of his holdings in his company to Sir Iain Anderson CBE FRSE provide for specific trades charities, and to Mr D Baillie offer ‘scholarships for… research and Mr A C Butler education’. The Leverhulme Trust was Mr P J P Cescau established to carry forward these Professor K Gull CBE FRS (from charitable aims. In 1930, Lever Brothers 4 October 2016) merged with Margarine Unie to form Mr R Markham CMG Unilever – one of the world’s major Mr P Polman multinational companies – and the shares Mr C Saul held by the Leverhulme Trust became Ms A Sourry (from 25 November 2016) shares in Unilever PLC. Mr S Williams 10 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 11

FUNDING THE TRUST OFFERS

Research Projects humanities and social sciences to focus for Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships Research Project Grants cover salaries for two or three years on a specific piece of provide grants of £1.05 million to ten research staff engaged on a project and significant, original research. The scheme UK universities. Each award funds 15 associated costs directly related to the is particularly aimed at researchers doctoral students at that institution, with proposed research. The choice of theme whose day-to-day duties have prevented five scholarships to be offered in every and research approach is left entirely to them from completing a programme of year of the three-year grant. The awards applicants. Up to £500,000 over five years research. are offered in a subject area that applicant is available. Emeritus Fellowships provide funding universities have identified as a research Research Leadership Awards support over up to two years for senior researchers priority. The scheme covers maintenance researchers with an established university who have retired from an academic (at research council levels) and tuition career who wish to build a research team post to complete a research project, and fees, with any remaining funds to be used to address a distinct research problem. prepare the results for publication. The for the Leverhulme Scholar’s research Between £800,000 and £1 million over awards offer research expenses of up to and training expenses. The Leverhulme four to five years is available. The award £22,000, but do not provide maintenance Doctoral Scholarships scheme runs every covers salary costs for research assistants for the applicant. three years. and research students working under Study Abroad Studentships support the leadership of the award holder, and an extended period of advanced study Philip Leverhulme Prizes associated costs directly related to the or research at a centre of learning in any Each year, the Trust awards thirty prizes proposed research. The Research Leadership overseas country, with the exception of to recognise researchers at an early stage Award scheme runs every three years. the USA. Applicants need to have been of their career, whose work has already resident in the UK for at least five years, had a significant international impact, Fellowships and Studentships and should be either currently a student, and whose future research career is Early Career Fellowships provide a bridge or have been registered as a student in exceptionally promising. Prize winners into an academic career for researchers the last eight years. The scheme offers receive an award of £100,000 over two or with a proven research record, but who basic maintenance costs of £21,000 a year, three years, which may be used for any have not yet held an established academic travel costs and a contribution towards research purpose. To be eligible, nominees post. Fellows should expect to complete research expenses. Studentships are must hold an academic post in the UK, a single piece of original, publishable awarded for between twelve and twenty- and must be within 10 years of the award research during their tenure. The scheme four months. of their doctorate on the closing date for provides fifty per cent (up to £24,000 a International Academic Fellowships nominations. Nominations are accepted year) of the salary costs of a three-year enable established researchers to visit for work across 18 broad disciplines, with academic appointment, with the host overseas research centres, to develop new prizes in six of these disciplines offered institution providing the remaining funds. knowledge, skills and ideas. Up to £40,000 each year. Research Fellowships of up to £50,000 is available for a period of three to twelve over a period of three to twenty-four months. Arts Funding months are awarded to experienced Visiting Professorships are awarded Arts Scholarships are open to specialist researchers, particularly those whose to UK institutions that wish to invite arts training organisations to develop day-to-day responsibilities have prevented an eminent researcher from overseas innovative teaching and to provide them from completing a programme of to enhance the knowledge and skills bursaries for individuals of exceptional research. Applications are welcomed from of academic staff or the student body talent to develop their skills in the fine established independent scholars as well within the host institution. The scheme and performing arts. as those holding posts in higher education covers maintenance, travel expenses and institutions. research costs. Visiting Professorships For further information about the funding Major Research Fellowships support last for between three and twelve schemes offered by the Leverhulme Trust, well-established academics in the months. please visit www.leverhulme.ac.uk 12 INTRODUCTION

DIRECTOR’S REPORT

2016 proved to be another year with some funded include research on ‘Nano-enabled meteorites of Antarctica’ and ‘Mermaids significant highlights for the Trust, some of water desalination’, ‘Shakespeare and of the British Isles’. Leverhulme must which the Chairman has already reported human rights’ and ‘New muralism and surely have one of the widest subject on, but this year also saw the completion the politics of erasure – a study of public horizons in the research landscape, as is of the latest cycle of Philip Leverhulme culture in Peru’. illustrated by the projects in our Awards Prizes, which are offered in 18 subject areas Research Project Grants are still a in Focus section. over a three-year period. This means that major strand of our work, in one sense During 2016, the sector focussed a early-to-mid career researchers in virtually the ‘core business’ of the Trust, and in good deal of attention on the difficulties every discipline have the opportunity at 2016 represented some 46% of our total of supporting interdisciplinary research, some point to be nominated for an award. spend. More than 170 projects were so it was reassuring to note that the Trust Each prize is worth £100,000, recognises supported, always team-based, sometimes emerged as a funder considered to be an outstanding contribution to scholarship, in the form of a single doctoral student particularly supportive of such work. This and commemorates the contribution to or research assistant led by principal was a pleasing validation of the Trust the Trust made by the Third Viscount and investigator, or alternatively a larger Board’s philosophy and its aspiration grandson of the benefactor. This year our group combining studentships, PDRAs, to encourage research that transcends six Prize Panels dealt with almost 300 co-applicants and local researchers. traditional disciplinary boundaries. high-quality nominations across the fields Grants are available through this scheme As well as applying this philosophy of Archaeology, Chemistry, Economics, for awards up to £500,000 over up to five to our own grant schemes, the Trust has Engineering, Geography and Languages years, to support research endeavours at invited the three National Academies and Literatures, making the task of different scales. to develop a new joint-programme selecting just 30 winners a considerable Leverhulme grants span the whole of support for interdisciplinary and challenge. I cannot think of any other range of academic enquiry, but I continue curiosity-driven research, to embrace the organisation that awards £3 million of to be impressed by the sheer diversity of sciences, engineering, the social sciences prize money every year to recognise the scholarship that we see. This view was and humanities. We look forward to excellent scholarship at this important echoed by the young work experience seeing the first awards made under the career stage and to support the research student who wrote about her time at the new APEX (Academies Partnership these exceptional individuals are pursuing. Trust last summer, “I am struck by the in Supporting Excellence in Cross- Our thanks go out to the prize panels for sheer range of scholarship and enquiry disciplinary Research) scheme in 2017. their assistance and our congratulations to that is encouraged and supported… Finally, and to echo the closing the prizewinners themselves. and all of this flows from the vision of sentiment expressed by the Chairman, To demonstrate the Trust’s ongoing one man who, in a final act of kindness, I would like to say a huge ‘thank you’ support for researchers who are commencing facilitates continuing progress in science, to all our peer reviewers, assessors and academic careers, a record 116 Early social science, the arts and humanities, panel members, without whom the Trust Career Fellowships were awarded in 2016, nearly 100 years after his death.” Among simply could not do its work. As ever, not representing a total commitment of more the intriguing bids that the Trust forgetting the ‘Famous Fourteen’ (as they than £10 million of Trust funds. This will funded in 2016 one can find projects on are apparently known in one prominent attract a further investment of £8 million ‘Information technology’s dark side: how university that I visited during the year): from host universities – a significant does it reduce employee well-being?’, the Trust staff here in the office at contribution by the sector for researchers ‘Taking utilitarianism seriously’ , Pemberton Row. at the beginning of their careers. The ‘Mapping migration in Roman Iberia’, diverse range of projects that have been ‘New searches for dark energy’, ‘The lost Professor Gordon Marshall CBE FBA INTRODUCTION 13

SUMMARISED FINANCIAL INFORMATION For the year ending 31 December 2016

2016 2015

£000 £000

Income from: Investment income 86,707 74,131

Expenditure on: Investment management costs 1,944 1,806

Charitable activities 78,616 109,032

Net income/(expenditure) 6,147) (36,707) before net gains on investments

Net gains on investments 318,353 207,428

Net income and 324,500 170,721 net movement in funds

Statement of funds Total funds brought forward 2,314,476 2,143,755

Total funds carried forward 2,638,976 2,314,476

This information is taken from the Leverhulme Trust Annual Report and Financial Statements 2016, which are available to download from the Charity Commission website or on request from the Trust. 14 INTRODUCTION

2016 IN NUMBERS Applications Awards Gender split KEY Male Female

Major Research Fellowships Research Fellowships 63% 37% 59% 41% 14Staff

Applications

Institutions122 funded

% % % % Applications 52 48 74 26 Early Career FellowshipsAwards Research Project Grants

Major Research Fellowships Research Fellowships Grants awarded 58% 42% 56% 44% 611

Awards Applications4,186 received

46% 54% 80% 20% Early Career Fellowships Research Project Grants 13Peer reviews,451 received INTRODUCTION 15

Distribution of funds in 2016

8 7 6

5

4 1 £

3

2

1 Research Project Grants – £37,094,000 46% 6 Academy Fellowships/Scholarships – £3,140,000 4% 2 Research Leadership Awards – £12,399,000 15% 7 Philip Leverhulme Prizes – £3,000,000 4% 3 Early Career Fellowships – £10,440,000 13% 8 Other* – £5,167,000 7% 4 Major Research Fellowships – £4,593,000 6% * including International Networks, Visiting Professorships, Study Abroad Studentships , Emeritus 5 Research Fellowships – £4,291,000 5% Fellowships, Artists in Residence Grants, International Academic Fellowships, Study Abroad Studentships

Application success rates

2016 Applications received Success rate % Research Project Grants 1056 17 Early Career Fellowships 847 14 Research Fellowships 739 15 Philip Leverhulme Prizes 290 10 Major Research Fellowships 194 17 Visiting Professorships 128 23 Study Abroad Studentships 114 23 Emeritus Fellowships 68 52 International Academic Fellowships 52 24 16 AWARDS IN FOCUS AWARDS IN FOCUS 17

AWARDS IN FOCUS

Written by current award holders, and spanning a range of funding schemes and academic disciplines, our awards in focus highlight the breadth and significance of research funded by the Trust in 2016 18 AWARDS IN FOCUS

SHAKESPEARE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Dr Preti Taneja peace-building and in the global media’s Drawing on six case University of Warwick reporting of these. Having gathered studies of Shakespeare Early Career Fellowship extensive documentary and multimedia translated and appropriated evidence from work produced in the What happens when Shakespeare’s plays Middle East, the Balkans, India and by people negotiating are performed at the margins of societies, Europe, I want to now translate my contemporary conflict by and for people disenfranchised and evidence and place my findings in their and post-conflict unhomed by conflict? Why do they literary and historical landscape and in choose Shakespeare and how do they relation to national and international situations, Preti Taneja’s translate, adapt and appropriate him? legal frameworks. This will mean going interdisciplinary research What real-world histories and current into the archives of the Shakespeare conditions shape their work? And what Birthplace Trust in Stratford-upon-Avon project interrogates the do bodies performing across ethnic, and the Folger Shakespeare Library in role of Shakespeare in religious and linguistic boundaries, in Washington, but also to UNARMS, the conflicts, human rights liminal spaces such as refugee camps United Nations Archives and Records and divided cities, really achieve, affect Management Section, to look at the law, humanitarian practice and represent? These were just a few implementation of protections on cultural and peace-building today of the questions I had in mind when, and linguistic rights in the places where I in 2014, I began to investigate how have gathered my evidence. Shakespeare’s plays are interpreted TheFellowship will allow me to by people negotiating contemporary work with international Shakespeare conflict and post-conflict situations scholars and also with the University of across the world today. Working in the Warwick, leading writers and translators, Department of Global Shakespeare at rights advocates and in the Centre for Queen Mary, University of London, Human Rights in Practice, where I will and the University of Warwick allowed consider different approaches to writing me the interdisciplinary scope to within and about the human rights travel and observe practitioners as they framework. Building on my experience of developed their ideas right through filmmaking undertaken while researching to collecting critical reactions to their and reporting on lives affected by conflict finished pieces. Very quickly, I became for NGOs with the collective ERA aware that the process of my travel, of Films, I will also be able to present my gathering research and of speaking to research process and evidence as an actors and directors about their work interactive multimedia documentary. This and reporting on it in the media and to will enable anyone to experience almost colleagues, was changing the course of for themselves the constraints of making their projects and mine. Mapping these artistic work in difficult geopolitical changes is becoming a key element in my circumstances, and of reporting on it. understanding of how Shakespeare as a Eventually my project aims to formulate cultural icon can ‘speak’ to aberrations a way of thinking about the cultural of human rights and across linguistic, life of human rights and add to debates geographic borders in humanitarian about their universality, through the lens emergencies. I have also become of Shakespeare, one of the world’s most Right. ‘Romeo and Juliet’, fascinated by the questions of who hears universally recognised cultural icons. produced by Qendra Multimedia this ‘speech’, how and why. (Prishtina) and Radionica I began to think about the wider role Preti Taneja’s debut novel We That Are Integracija (Belgrade). Shakespeare’s writing plays in conflicts, Young will be published by Galley Beggar Image credit: Maja Medić. human rights law, humanitarian practice, Press in July 2017. AWARDS IN FOCUS 19 20 AWARDS IN FOCUS AWARDS IN FOCUS 21

BRITISH AMATEUR TOPOGRAPHIC ART AND LANDSCAPE IN NORTHWEST ITALY, 1835–1915

Professor Charles Watkins ways of seeing influenced and interacted Using the rich archive of University of Nottingham with the landscapes they chose to depict British amateur landscape Research Project Grant and use the images, in conjunction with art for northwest Italy, maps, archives and fieldwork, to deepen Many British tourists visited the coast knowledge of past land management Charles Watkins will and mountainous interior of northwest history and traditions. contextualise amateur Italy in the nineteenth century. The The landscapes of northwest Italy works through an number of visitors rapidly increased have changed dramatically over the last after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, hundred years. The coastal areas are now evaluation of the artists’ and from 1835 onwards more and more characterised by dense development of intellectual and cultural of these visitors settled along the coast hotels, houses and industry linked by influences, a source in search of health and warmth. Several many new roads and motorways. The English-speaking colonies of resident inland areas in contrast have suffered hitherto largely ignored by retired clerics, colonial officials, aristocrats from intense rural depopulation and land geographers, historians and and industrialists were established, and abandonment. This means that many by 1900 there were large residential former pastures and cultivated terraces are art historians communities at places such as Alassio, now covered with naturally regenerated Bordighera and San Remo. Many visitors woodland, and traditional forms of and residents were keen amateur artists, agriculture and woodland management and in this project we will identify have disappeared. We will examine the and analyse drawings, paintings and extent to which amateur topographical art photographs by British visitors and is a way of rediscovering former cultural residents in northwest Italy (Western landscapes obscured by such recent ‘re- Liguria, Piedmont and Valle d’Aosta) wilding’. between 1835 and 1915. The analysis of the images and The originality of this project lies in comparison with present-day landscapes bringing together approaches from the and intervening historical maps will disciplines of geography and history to be used to demonstrate the extent and re-evaluate the importance of amateur rapidity of change, provide insights topographical art which until recently has into forgotten and hidden geographies Left. The Rev Alfred Sells (1822– been largely ignored by academics and and help to generate ideas about how 1908), a retired Anglican minister, dismissed as mundane or hackneyed. I am lost landscapes might be recreated. The made several topographical views working on the project with Dr Ross detailed analysis will make use of a of Liguria at the turn of the Balzaretti and Dr Pietro Piana. We will geographic information system and draw nineteenth century. He focussed contextualise these amateur works by on the database of art and the systematic on rural subjects depicting with evaluating the artists’ intellectual and analysis of similar views by different great detail trees and agricultural cultural influences. We are creating a artists to interpret environmental terraces. This view of S. Andrea database of amateur art which survives change. The project seeks to establish di Foggia, just inland of Rapallo, in public and private archives and will amateur art as a novel archive which painted in 1900, shows the area analyse the art to provide insights into can be interpreted to help solve current before the abandonment of the way landscapes were appreciated and environmental issues brought about grazing of the hills, and before understood in the past by visitors, tourists by both rural land abandonment and housing development. and residents. We will examine how their extensive coastal development. 22 AWARDS IN FOCUS

NO DUCKING THE ISSUE: THE REPRESENTATION OF ABSTRACT RELATIONS DURING IMPRINTING

It is crucial to the survival of demonstrated an ability previously only Alex Kacelnik’s recent newborn ducklings that they identify seen in adult primates and very intelligent discovery that duck their mother and stay near her. They learn bird groups like adult crows and parrots, hatchlings rapidly and to follow their mother the day they hatch, and in all these cases after considerable and can identify her in just a few minutes. training. As a consequence of our without reinforcement This form of learning, called ‘imprinting’, findings, Antone and I hypothesised that imprint on the relational has been extensively studied and forms abstract concept formation, which has concepts of ‘same’ and some of the foundational work on been considered a rare and difficult ability, ethology and neuroethology by Konrad is probably actually much more common ‘different,’ opens promising Lorenz, Patrick Bateson, Gabriel Horn than previously thought, as most animals questions regarding and others. that use vision to represent specific In the work that inspired this objects or classes of objects will have concept learning, memory project, my then-student Antone problems similar to those of ducklings representations and Martinho, who will be working on identifying their mother: representations imprinting this project as well, and I investigated need to be rich enough to work on ever- whether the representation formed during changing visual input. imprinting is solely visual or includes The core of the present project is to abstract properties of the objects seen by identify kinds of abstract concepts that the duckling in its earliest experiences. ducklings can form and deploy during We tested this by exposing newborn imprinting. So, for example, we know ducklings to pairs of objects that were that they can identify same and different, either the ‘same’ or ‘different’ in shape but do they show similar prowess in or colour, and testing their following distinguishing between symmetrical preferences between two novel pairs and asymmetrical groups, or between Professor Alex Kacelnik composed of new objects, one of which different numbers? How do they define University of Oxford held the same, and the other the opposite ‘sameness’ when faced with arrays of Research Project Grant relation to each other. The ducklings multiple objects instead of just pairs: so, reliably made this distinction, suggesting for example, once they have been trained Animals gather, store, retrieve, and use that the representation of their visual to prefer ‘same’ or ‘different’ with, say a information to make decisions, and experience includes logical relations. This brief exposure to nine identical or nine during these steps the information is makes biological sense, because a mother different shapes, what will they think of ‘represented’ in the animal’s brain. duck does not always appear the same eight spheres and a cube? What about An example of this is visual to a duckling looking at her: she can be seven and two? Where do they draw the identification. Whether an animal needs partially obstructed by a tree, or floating line between same-ish and different- to identify specific members of its species, partially immersed in water, or have her ish? Data from baboons suggests that the general appearance of potential wings extended and so take on a different Shannon entropy (a measure of the predators, or the category of items which profile. The ducklings need to be able amount of information contained in constitute its diet, it has to compare its to recognise these highly variable visual a percept) may be a good predictor of visual input against representations in its stimuli as indicative of their mother, and how animals make this distinction, so brain which are the result of genetically so need to form a sort of internal library that the transition between judging a encoded information or of the content of that defines her, rather than just one stimulus as ‘same’ or ‘different’ is gradual earlier perceptual experience. Progressing or even a number of camera-like visual and predictable. We aim at testing such in understanding the nature of these, ‘snapshots’. ideas with newborn ducklings, using their often called ‘mental’ representations, is What is surprising, though, is that readiness to imprint in the absence of the goal of the present project. We study these hours-old ducklings, in successfully prolonged rewarded training. aspects of such representations using parsing our same/different problem Hopefully, Antone and I will be able newborn ducklings as subjects. without any special reinforcement, have to tell you more about this very soon. AWARDS IN FOCUS 23 24 AWARDS IN FOCUS AWARDS IN FOCUS 25

DRAWING TOGETHER: THE VISUAL ARCHIVE OF EXPEDITIONARY FIELDWORK

Dr Luciana Martins held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Inspired by recent Birkbeck, University of London It also encompasses a notable collection of approaches to the study Research Fellowship drawings by Spruce at the Royal Society, of visual technologies in as a way of considering the epistemology What do the British botanist Richard and practice of field sketching in natural anthropological fieldwork, Spruce (1817–1893), the Italian artist history in the era of early photography. Luciana Martins explores Guido Boggiani (1861–c.1902), and the The second case study considers the practice and experience French anthropologist Claude Lévi- the visual archives of Guido Boggiani, Strauss (1908–2009) and his wife Dina who travelled in Paraguay documenting of image-making as Dreyfus (1911–1999) have in common? the landscapes and indigenous peoples deployed on European All undertook sustained fieldwork in of the Gran Chaco (1892–1902). Of expeditions to South tropical Latin America, part of the specific interest are his pioneering records wider history of expeditionary travel. of Kadiwéu facial and body painting. America from the 1850s to The focus of my Research Fellowship is Boggiani’s work is relevant to my project the 1950s to investigate their visual archives, now for two reasons: its combination of scattered across libraries and private both highly accomplished drawing with collections in London, Paris, Prague, São the skilled use of photography; and its Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and New Haven. subsequent role in more recent discussions This project explores various of Kadiwéu cultural identity and cultural forms of visual engagement in the field, property. examining in particular the relationship My third case study examines the between drawing, photography and uses of pencil and camera by Claude film-making as embodied practices Lévi-Strauss and his first wife Dina in of in situ observation. Conventional the course of expeditions to Mato Grosso histories of field observation are based on (1935–1936 and 1938). In this context, assumptions about the increasing accuracy the Fonds Lévi-Strauss, held at the of visual evidence. In recent work, by Bibliothèque nationale de France, contains anthropologists and historians of science a remarkable visual archive, which especially, more contextual approaches to provides a means of exploring the couple’s the performance of visual documentation experience of fieldwork in Brazil and, in are emphasised. In this project, I am particular, Dina’s contribution, which has particularly interested in what Chris yet to be fully considered. Ballard calls the ‘dialogic practice’ of This research will provide new visual representation and its affective insights into the uses of visual technologies investments. in the field, including their role in cross- Left. Guido Boggiani’s sketchbook My first case study focusses on the cultural exchanges and encounters. I hope of his first expedition to Kadiwéu sketches of Richard Spruce, who spent the research will also contribute to our territory, 1892, reproduced courtesy 15 years (1849–1864) collecting herbarium understanding of the place of Latin of Pavel Frič / Yvonna Fričová specimens and ethnobotanical artefacts in America in the broader European (Prague). the Amazon and the Andes, many now geographical imagination of the period. 26 AWARDS IN FOCUS

A NEW NORTH? THE MAKING AND RE-MAKING OF A GLOBAL ARCTIC

Professor Klaus Dodds For millennia, indigenous peoples What future awaits the Royal Holloway, University of London developed traditional knowledge of Arctic this century and Major Research Fellowship the Arctic based on a sophisticated beyond? Klaus Dodds understanding of polar seasonality, sea Approximately ten years ago, global media ice distribution, the migratory routes explores this question by headlines were filled with stories that of animals, the limits of tundra and considering how the region there was a ‘new scramble for the Arctic’. availability of food stores and shelter. A has been progressively A Russian flag had been gently deposited warming Arctic is ‘scrambling’ traditional on the bottom of the central Arctic indigenous knowledge, and sea ice melting ‘globalised’ and as such Ocean, and some commentators were and thinning is transforming human attracts ever greater warning that this was a ‘sign’ that Russia – animal relations including subsistence might be preparing to lay claim to a vast hunting and fishing. demands to be doing area of the seabed. Canadian observers The Arctic is also being‘scrambled’ things – to exploit, to seemed to have been caught unawares as it becomes an object of global interest protect, to legislate, to by the incident, and the then Harper and investment. In the last ten years, government worked hard to reassure its China, South Korea, India, Singapore and cooperate and to facilitate citizens that Canada was confident of its Japan have invested ever more in Arctic sovereignty in the North. science and developed new relationships Framing the flag-planting incident with the so-called eight Arctic states, as emblematic of a ‘scramble’ clearly raises including Norway, Iceland and Finland. historic parallels with past scrambles such They join a phalanx of other countries as nineteenth-century Africa and colonial and organisations which work with the empires competing for territory, resources Arctic states through forums such as and control of peoples. The twenty-first- the Arctic Council. The UK is an active century Arctic is a vastly different place, polar partner, and British agencies such but any talk of ‘scrambles’ raises troubling as the NERC Arctic Office are working questions about the land and resource to leverage commercial and scientific rights of indigenous and northern advantage in the Arctic region. communities who have been frequently Recently, commentators have marginalised by Arctic states and ‘southern’ spoken of a ‘global Arctic’ rather than companies and stakeholders. Taking the a ‘circumpolar Arctic’. What is at stake longer view, it is not difficult to piece when we shift our meta-geography? What together a story of the Arctic, which is one does it mean to juxtapose the ‘global’ and punctuated by a series of resource scrambles the ‘Arctic’ together? As a geographer, I led by imperial powers and commercial am going to investigate how the Arctic is actors such as the Hudson’s Bay Company. being re-imagined as a global region and But there is another way to think what the material consequences at stake about ‘scramble’ and that might focus on are, ranging from China describing itself how our imaginative geographies and lived as a ‘near Arctic state’ to the long-standing experiences of places get ‘scrambled’. What struggles of indigenous peoples to secure happens to the Arctic when its geophysical land rights and social justice. and environmental characteristics alter because of global warming and climatic shift? With declining sea ice thickness and distribution comes new visions of an Arctic increasingly interconnected to Right. Will Greenland’s resources help to global flows of traffic and trade. encourage further a ‘global Arctic’? AWARDS IN FOCUS 27 28 AWARDS IN FOCUS

WASPS WITH A POINT OF VIEW?

Solitary wasps often dig nests in Alternatively, since all wasps probably The learning behaviour which their young develop and then fly while approaching prey, they may all of digger-wasps that return with prey to provision the nests. To learn during the same type of learning sometimes fly with light bring prey safely home, they learn how to flight and have the capacity to generalise locate their nest during complex learning between views recorded in the air and prey or drag heavy prey or survey flights that they perform when on the ground. That solution would along the ground raises they first leave the nest. I will study the raise many questions for future work. interesting questions: digger wasp, Ammophila, to examine But it is perhaps more likely that wasps, how it copes with an intriguing problem. when dragging prey, briefly abandon the do these digger-wasps Ammophila hunts for caterpillars that it caterpillar and fly up or climb vegetation have mechanisms of either drags home when large and heavy to obtain a view corresponding to what generalisation allowing or can bring home on the wing when they had seen during learning. After this small and light. Many hymenopterans re-orientation, they would then return to views learnt in the air to (ants, bees and wasps) tend to follow the caterpillar and drag it in the correct guide return journeys on the visually-guided routes home by adjusting direction. And it is always possible that their path so that the view that they see they behave in quite unexpected ways. ground? Or is digger-wasp matches a previous view acquired while Conveniently, each Ammophila behaviour adapted to learning the route. Views while walking makes several provisioning trips to provide similar views when on the ground can differ substantially several nests making it possible to test an from views seen from the air in flight. individual’s mode of locomotion. A first learning the nest location How do Ammophila deal with this step in this direction will be to try and and when returning to it? problem? One solution is for a particular persuade wasps to visit a feeding station Thomas Collett intends to individual to select always small or always ten or so metres from their nest at which large caterpillars and tailor what it learns caterpillars of a variety of sizes can be find out to the transport of prey of a fixed size. presented.

Professor Thomas Collett University of Sussex Emeritus Fellowship

A major reason for studying insect behaviour is to understand how insects manage to accomplish seemingly complex things and what limits there are to a species’ flexibility. It is well established that insects can learn. Honeybees, for instance, remember the colours of rewarding flowers and learn how best to extract nectar or pollen from them, but it is unclear in what ways a bee can generalise from its individual experiences. A common approach to answering such questions has been to train bees that some sensory stimulus leads to a food reward and then to test their ability to obtain food in situations that differ from the one in which they were trained. Another approach is through close analysis of an insect’s normal behaviour. AWARDS IN FOCUS 29

IN MY TIME OF DYING: A HISTORY OF DEATH AND THE ENDS OF LIFE IN GHANA

Ghana may be one of the few regions colonial state, as British officials from the Gathering together of the continent where reconstructing an 1850s mounted an assault on forms of extensive documentary intimate social history of death is possible. death and aspects of mortuary practice sources, John Parker European mariners first encountered the deemed unacceptable: human sacrifice, region they dubbed the Gold Coast in capital punishment, the potentially deadly seeks to reconstruct the the late-fifteenth century, and although threat of putting people ‘in fetish’ by the changing ways that African subsequent written records in the uttering of ritual oaths, house burial, and societies and individuals precolonial era remain rare and tend to the rough disposal or physical abuse of be mediated by European interlocutors, the corpses of supposed witches, slaves perceived, experienced and they are extensive enough to tease out at and those, such as women who died in reflected upon death and least some of the ways that perceptions childbirth, deemed by custom to have dying; he will explore the of death, of dying and of what made life died a ‘bad death’. Intersecting with these a good thing – or a bad thing – changed processes were shifting perceptions of the history of Ghana’s vibrant over time. afterlife associated with the coming of funerary cultures from the The title of the planned book, In My Christianity: for many Ghanaians, by the Time of Dying, is taken from an old blues twentieth century it was Jesus who would era of the Atlantic slave refrain, sung not in Africa, but in a variety make up their dying beds. trade to the end of the era of forms by African Americans in the of British colonial rule in southern United States. That, and scores of other such early recordings, triggered the 1950s my curiosity about the interesting ways in which ordinary folk over time and across cultures have struggled – and often as not, failed – to make sense of their own and Dr John Parker other’s mortality. For many Ghanaians, SOAS, University of London the funeral has historically been the Research Fellowship most important rite of passage, serving Below. A funeral on the Gold to cement the ongoing relationship Coast, from Pieter de Marees, This project examines the history of death between the living and the dead seen as Beschryvinge ende historische verhael, and the ends of life in that part of West so crucial to community wellbeing. Other vant Gout Koninckrijck van Gunea Africa encompassed by the present-day themes I am interested in exploring [Description and Historical nation of Ghana between the seventeenth include the increasingly bureaucratised Account of the Gold Kingdom of and the mid-twentieth centuries. I have management of African death by the Guinea] (Amsterdam, 1602). been inspired not only by previous work on aspects of Ghana’s past, but by a rich and growing body of historical scholarship on death, burial and mortal remains in cultures around the world – from twentieth-century Russia and late imperial China to the world of early Islam, to Mexico and to modern France and England. In Africa, too, death is emerging as a topic of great interest, influenced in part by the existential threat of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and by shifting world views associated with the spread of new forms of Christianity. Much of this work charting the ‘deathscapes’ of the contemporary continent is anthropological, whereas my project seeks to reconstruct, over an extended time period, the changing ways that African societies and individuals have perceived, experienced and reflected upon death and dying. 30 AWARDS IN FOCUS

BEDROCK RIVER EROSION IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE: A CASE STUDY FROM NEW ZEALAND AWARDS IN FOCUS 31

Dr Sarah Boulton vulnerable populations and landscapes. Although the tectonic University of Plymouth These communities are also often located impact on landscape International Academic Fellowship in areas of high seismic activity and evolution is now fairly well are disproportionally affected by strong The landscape is intrinsically linked to many earthquakes. understood, the climatic of the grand challenges facing our society, During my Fellowship I will effect on mountain building such as climate change, food security investigate the style and rates of river is still hotly debated, and energy. Therefore, understanding response to active faulting in New the relationship between climate and Zealand. I will be using digital elevation especially true in temperate landscape response to changes in models (DEMs) and field surveying to and tropical regions. Sarah erosional base-level is fundamental if we investigate the geomorphology of active are to understand how changing climates faults and associated river systems in Boulton will address this will affect the Earth’s surface. Yet, much the north island of New Zealand. I will outstanding challenge in remains unknown about how climate also learn how to derive and measure the dynamic landscapes (and climate change) influences landform cosmogenic nuclide concentrations from development, weathering and erosion. samples of sediment bedload from rivers of New Zealand, The widely held assumption is that that traverse these active faults, allowing investigating rates of erosion rate will increase with precipitation catchment average rates of erosion to be erosion, river incision and (or run-off), and this assumption is often quantified upstream and downstream of used in landscape evolution models that the fault-driven incision. Cosmogenic landscape change try to link climate, tectonics and erosion. nuclide analysis is a technique that studies However, this critical relationship is not nuclides of certain elements (i.e., 10Be, 36Al) supported by field data or theoretical that are formed in the Earth’s surface studies. Furthermore, active faulting materials as a result of interactions with complicates matters by increasing erosion high-energy cosmic particles. Therefore, rates due to uplift of the land and the longer the material is exposed to this subsequent river incision, also increasing radiation the more nuclides are produced, the likelihood of landslides and flooding. allowing erosion rates and surface ages to The majority of previous research that be determined. Integrating these different has investigated these interactions has datasets will allow me to investigate been based in regions of (semi) arid or the relationship between tectonics and Mediterranean climate, such as Southern erosion in the temperate climate of New California. As a result, there is little Zealand, and with comparisons to more information on the landscape response arid environments so develop a better to external changes in the temperate and understanding of the impact of climate and tropical regions, where there are many faulting on erosion and landscape change. 32 AWARDS IN FOCUS

METROPOLITAN SCIENCE: PLACES, OBJECTS AND CULTURES OF PRACTICE AND KNOWLEDGE IN LONDON, 1600–1800

Dr Rebekah Higgitt mutual benefit of project and gallery. To Rebekah Higgitt aims to University of Kent situate the instruments, and explore the produce a new narrative Research Project Grant construction of the trade and associated of the development of a identities, we will look particularly When Thomas Sprat wrote his defence at London’s Livery Companies and scientific culture within of and manifesto for the recently founded Trading Companies. These were places early modern London, Royal Society in 1667, he wrote of within which skilled makers and users of as revealed through the its location as the most advantageous instruments and natural knowledge were possible for an institution such as theirs: represented, disciplined, held office and city’s geographies of found support. We will look for visual knowledge and material “London alone … is the head of a and material clues associated with these mighty Empire, the greatest that locations, as well as using the archives culture; exploring the ever commanded the Ocean: It is to explore individual experiences and role of technical and compos’d of Gentlemen, as well as institutional attitudes. scientific artefacts and Traders: It has a large intercourse The project’s ambitious aims are to with all the Earth: It is … a City, develop a new kind of narrative of the understanding the where all the Noises and Business development of a scientific culture in institutional spaces in in the World do meet... ” early modern London, and to be a testing which they were made, ground for ideas about the use of material He and others called the Society a culture as a source for the academic used, traded and displayed Corporation or Company, and it is history of science. The focussed research notable that it developed within a on Livery and Trading Companies commercial city that lacked a university will be put in the context of studies of around which a scientific culture might other London institutions, from the otherwise have developed. My aim in this government-funded Royal Observatory project is to take a long view of the ways in Greenwich and Board of Longitude in which relevant cultures and identities – (subjects of my earlier research) to the formed around common interests, skills Royal Court as a patron and customer. and tasks – developed in London before Through such sites and objects, we will and alongside the well-studied Royal build a picture of how technical and Society. In particular, we will work from natural knowledge developed and was surviving object collections to consider perceived within the city’s practical and the growth of London’s scientific commercial settings. instrument trade as something co-created by those who made instruments and those who used them. The project’s Co-Applicant, Alison Boyle, is Keeper of Science Collections at the Science Museum, and the research is timed to link into the development of a new gallery, London: Science City, Right. “Accurately made opening in 2019. This will showcase the according to the Best & latest Museum’s collections of seventeenth- Improvements”: eighteenth- and eighteenth-century instruments and century trade card for Benjamin place them in a historical, geographical Cole, mathematical instrument and institutional context. As a former maker and freeman of the curator, I am well aware of the sometimes Merchant Taylor’s Company different but always complementary (Science Museum: 1934-122.10). skills of academics and curators, and © The Board of Trustees of the aim to bring these together to the Science Museum. AWARDS IN FOCUS 33 34 AWARDS IN FOCUS

BIRTH AND PHILOSOPHY AWARDS IN FOCUS 35

Professor Alison Stone our early dependency means that our The first systematic Lancaster University first relationships with our care-givers philosophical account of Major Research Fellowship matter immensely to us and have great birth and natality, Alison formative impact in constituting our All human beings begin life by being basic personality structures, emotional Stone’s research will born, and all human beings die. In these dispositions and character traits, even make a highly original two ways we are finite: our lives are not shaping the ways that we are open to new contribution to a discussion endless but have beginnings and endings. relationships in the future. The self, then, is However, historically, philosophers have thoroughly relational; and our dependency that has until now focussed concentrated their attention almost and relationality derive from our natality. on death and mortality entirely on only one of these two poles of Further, we are always born into our finitude: our mortality. Philosophers specific situations: interpersonal, cultural, have asked whether death is a bad thing, social, political. However much autonomy how one might die well, and how our we may exercise in reshaping our lives, awareness that we will die, even when the weight of situation remains, and it it is implicit, shapes the whole range descends from our birth. Being born also of ways in which we exist over time. In shapes the temporality of lived human contrast, philosophers have said next to experience, as it stretches between nothing about being born and how that the two poles of birth and death and shapes our existence. The exception to this the corresponding two orientations of neglect of birth is some contemporary anticipating and remembering. work in feminist philosophy, but even Taking natality into account here attention to being born tends to transforms our view of mortality as well. be overshadowed by a focus on the Here I oppose the individualistic view experiences and politics of giving birth. that my own death and the deaths of The aim of this project is to others are radically distinct, as the end of contribute to overcoming philosophy’s my entire world versus mere events in my neglect of being born. As well as drawing world. Instead I suggest that because the on feminist philosophy, I will take up the self is relational, each individual’s death existentialist project of inquiring into the is intimately bound up with the deaths structure of meaningful human existence, of the others with whom that individual but unlike other existentialists I explore has maintained significant relationships. natality, i.e. human existence as it is When I die, parts of these others die too, shaped by our being born. Taking natality and when they die, part of me dies; death into account highlights the following is always shared. features of human existence. These are some of the main aspects We begin life profoundly helpless of natality that I intend to explore during and acutely dependent on the care of this Fellowship. The key outcome will be others, often our biological mothers and a major monograph, which will provide families. Although most of us become the first systematic philosophical account more independent over time, dependency of how the fact of our being born shapes on others persists across all human human existence over the whole course of lives to varying degrees. Moreover, life. 36 AWARDS IN FOCUS

FROM TRADITION TO CONTEMPORARY: SATTRIYA MUSIC AND DANCE IN INDIA AND GLOBAL CONTEXTS

Dr Menaka PP Bora One of the first female practitioners Menaka PP Bora’s research Royal Holloway, University of London who brought Sattriya to national and will examine how Indian Early Career Fellowship international recognition was my mother, Sattriya dance and music Indira PP Bora, who in turn has passed My project is the first multidisciplinary this tradition to me. Lines of mother– has developed from study of Sattriya, a rare sixteenth- daughter transmission in Indian dance have traditional to contemporary century performance tradition in Hindu recently become the subject of considerable performance, documenting monasteries of Assam in northeast scholarly and popular interest, and I India, with a particular focus on the propose to examine reflexively my own and analysing how practice choreographic and musical elements performance genealogy to understand has travelled and translated of dance, deploying the theoretical critically this mode of acculturation. By paradigms of ethnomusicology, cultural introducing Sattriya culture as a rarely globally and its potential studies, history and dance studies. I will studied South Asian classical tradition in as curatorial practice in the take a practitioner-based approach to the UK, I have already built strong working contemporary arts world research the development of the Indian relationships with dance and music classical form from the monastic tradition departments at the University of Oxford, to contemporary practice in performances Goldsmiths, Kingston University, University in the UK and internationally and will of Roehampton, Asian Music Circuit, produce digital audiovisual materials. Nehru Centre, British Museum, Horniman Originally practised as a sacred Museum, Asia House in London, World performance exclusively by male monks, Museum in Liverpool and Pitt Rivers Sattriya is now developing into a Museum in Oxford, among others. I wish contemporary classical form through to build on these networks to critically a process of professionalisation and interrogate Sattriya’s siting and reception. institutionalisation. My research will My research objective is to examine be situated in relation to questions of the historical and cultural transformation tradition, modernity and globalisation of Sattriya performance in the context of and how these are shaping contemporary questions of ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’. cultural forms in practice. With a I will research the rare instruments and background as an award-winning and repertoires of Sattriya dance and record critically acclaimed Indian classical soloist, their oral traditions in order to integrate ethnomusicologist and choreographer, my them into a contemporary classical version research to date has focussed on studying of ‘Sattriya performance art’ in practice, interrelationships between traditional evaluating the knowledge transfer of and classical Indian musical forms and Sattriya research in the cultural sector. I contemporary musical practice. In parallel will consult understudied Assam-based to the twentieth-century historical collections at key national museums development of better-known Indian (British Museum and V&A), libraries classical forms such as Bharata Natyam, (The Bodleian Libraries, British Library), Odissi and Kathak, and the current context galleries (Asia House), dance venues of cultural globalisation as experienced in (South Bank Centre and Sadler’s Wells), India from the 1990s onwards, Sattriya festivals (Edinburgh and Glastonbury) culture has embraced four layers of and community centres in the UK, and transition: from a religious ritualistic art investigate the ethics of their transfer and form to that of a concert art form; from a transmission. male-oriented performance form to that of a female-oriented performance form; from an oral tradition-based knowledge to that of a textual and ethnographical knowledge; Right. Menaka performing classical and from a remote community-based Sattriya dance at Te Papa National form to that of a national and global Museum, Wellington, New Zealand. representational form of Assam. Image courtesy of artist. AWARDS IN FOCUS 37 38 AWARDS IN FOCUS

FATHERS AND SONS? ARTISTIC GENERATIONS IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1880–1923 AWARDS IN FOCUS 39

Miss Isabel Stokholm My doctoral research reconsiders the Isabel Stokholm’s study Study Abroad Studentship nature of these relationships, questioning will reconsider the how intergenerational bonds influenced the idea of generational On 16 January 1913, Moscow’s Tretyakov development of Russian art. Reading the Gallery witnessed a startling act of letters, diaries and memoirs of artists both rupture amongst the vandalism. Shortly after opening time, a young and old reveals frequent and warm Russian realists known young man was found plunging a knife intermingling. Senior Peredvizhniki not as the Peredvizhniki, into a painting and screaming ‘Enough only trained and mentored young artists, but blood!’ His target was Ilya Repin’s also socialised with them at salons, drawing highlighting instead Ivan the Terrible and His Son (1885), a sessions and exhibitions. They travelled the direct and positive treasured work by Russia’s foremost living together, visited one another’s homes and painter and figurehead of a group of studios, lived in the same neighbourhoods influence they had on the realist artists known as the Peredvizhniki, and married into each other’s families. That young within the vibrant or Wanderers. these ties remain concealed owes much world of intermingling The gallery soon identified the to the direct intervention of Stalin, who vandal as a disturbed icon painter, in 1932 initiated a Peredvizhnik cult for artistic pluralism that but instead of treating this as a freak propaganda purposes, leaving no room characterised the late incident, many viewed the assault as a for any acknowledgement of association Imperial era symptom of sickness in Russian art – that between the Peredvizhniki and young of ‘decadence’ and the insolence of its ‘dangerous’ proponents of modernism. adherents towards tradition. In the wake Based at Moscow State University for of the event, the Tretyakov’s chairman a year, I will conduct archival research in immediately resigned and the curator Moscow and St Petersburg, taking trips to committed suicide. Vicious discussions collections as far afield as eastern Siberia. engulfed Moscow’s cultural sphere, My focus is on personal documents and culminating in an organised debate during unexhibited works of art, as outbursts which radical young talents condemned such as the 1913 debate – and other the art of their predecessors, while public behaviours and statements – often the 68-year-old Repin sat among the conceal the reality of artists’ everyday audience. That the painting in question interactions. Steering away from an depicts an act of betrayal between a father assumption of generational rupture offers and son is a great historical irony. a fresh, de-Sovietised reading of one of This was the most notorious event Russia’s most important art groups, and in an uneasy state of affairs that has come their impact on artists to whom they are to characterise our view of generational rarely linked. By better understanding the relations between Russian artists from nature of intergenerational tensions and the late 1880s to the 1920s. Long before commonalities, we can place the artist’s a knife was smuggled into the Tretyakov, experience within wider debates in Russia, it is thought that the art world had where a deeply patriarchal society headed Left. Ilya Repin, Unexpected witnessed a polarisation between young by an autocratic ‘father’ in the form of the Return, 1884-88. Oil on canvas, experimentalists and older, established tsar, or batiushka (‘little father’), was asking 160.5 × 167.5 cm, State Tretyakov artists. Art-world dynamics were, searching questions about the role of Gallery, Moscow. however, much more complicated. father figures. 40 AWARDS IN FOCUS

THE SKULLCRACKER SUITE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ARTISTIC RESEARCH PROJECT

Dr John Cussans Interpreted as an actual cannibal Drawing on contemporary University of Oxford rite by most colonial observers at the anthropological theory, Research Fellowship time, the Hamatsa ceremony was banned and working in seminars by the Canadian authorities, along with “Anthropology is ready to assume the potlatch, in 1885. But rather than and workshops with art its new mission of being the dying out, Hamatsa society was to acquire students and faculty at theory/practice of the permanent an uncanny second-life, becoming an Emily Carr University of decolonisation of thought.” illustrious example of the ‘vanishing Eduardo Viveiros de Castro culture’ of Pacific Coast Indians after Art and Design (Vancouver) Cannibal Metaphysics the ceremony was re-staged by Boas, his and the Ruskin School of colleague George Hunt and a troupe of In the summer of 2015 I visited the Hamatsa dancers from Vancouver Island, Art (Oxford), John Cussans artist Steve Calvert in Powell River, at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, and will examine, challenge a paper-mill town at the top of the then by Edward S. Curtis in his 1914 film and re-think historical Sunshine Coast in British Columbia. In the Land of the Headhunters. Since 1951, For the last few years Steve had been when the potlatch ban was lifted, some myths about cannibalism, living alongside the Namgis people of of the aboriginal artists who had worked sorcery and human–animal Alert Bay, a small fishing village on with Boas and Curtis, and helped recreate metamorphosis amongst Cormorant Island in Queen Charlotte authentic Indian artefacts for museums Strait. There, at the invitation of the around the world, would be instrumental indigenous and colonised celebrated First Nations artist, Beau in reviving Hamatsa traditions amongst peoples Dick, he had attended and documented their native communities, often referring several potlatches, the ritual gift- to the meticulous records that the giving and title-bestowing feasts of ethnographers had left to posterity. the indigenous peoples of the region. Taking the example of the Hamatsa’s Aware that I had recently written a book prohibition, appropriation and revival as an about stereotypical representations of example of the complex interdependence Haitian Vodou in twentieth-century of colonial and counter-colonial politics popular culture, Steve handed me the in the region, and re-situating the story book that would be the inspiration for within the art scene of British Columbia the skullcracker project: Hamatsa: The since the 1960s, I will investigate how Enigma of Cannibalism on the Pacific contemporary art in the region, created North West Coast by Jim McDowell. by both settler and aboriginal artists, has The Hamatsa are a secret society advanced the project of a ‘permanent of the regional Kwakwaka’wakw people, decolonisation of thought’, and how it made famous in anthropological circles might continue to do so in the future. by Franz Boas in the late-nineteenth century, whose annual winter dances re-enact, in a dramatic theatre of traditional costumes, masks, music, dance and sophisticated stagecraft, Top right. ‘Masked dancers – Qagyuhl’ the initiate’s transition from man- by Edward S. Curtis (1914). During eating savage to tamed human. The the winter ceremony, Kwakiutl dancers central mythological beings of the wearing masks and costumes, crouch in Hamatsa legend are a terrible man- the foreground with others behind them. eating giant called Baxbaxwalanuksiwe The chief on the far left holds a speaker’s and his giant ‘cannibal’ bird consorts: staff. Three totem poles in background. Gwaxwgwakwalanuksiwe, the raven; (Smithsonian Institution Libraries). Galuxwadzuwus, the Crooked-Beak of Heaven; and Huxhukw, the supernatural Below right. Raven dances at Chief Alan crane who cracks the skulls of men to eat Hunt's potlatch, guided by Beau Dick their brains. (Courtesy Stephanie Moran). AWARDS IN FOCUS 41 42 AWARDS IN FOCUS

BREAKING THE RULES – DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF EXTREME ASYMMETRY AND EVOLUTIONARY NOVELTY

Dr Ralf Britz and genital opening, usually located half How does body symmetry Natural History Museum way down the body in other species, are turn into asymmetry? And Research Project Grant shifted to the priapium under the throat. how does morphological These complex modifications in several Left-right or bilateral symmetry of the organ systems make the priapium one novelty arise? Ralf Britz body is the defining character of more of the most remarkable morphological has teamed up with than 1.5 million species, the majority of novelties among vertebrates. Even more Gareth Fraser and Ariane the multicellular animals, the Bilateria, surprisingly, the organ shows extreme and it evolved more than half a billion asymmetry with most species having Standing to investigate years ago. Nonetheless, breaking this some males with left- and others with these two fundamental symmetrical body plan has repeatedly right-sided priapia. This combination biological questions from been a solution to many evolutionary of radical asymmetry and astonishing challenges. Well-known examples include morphological novelty appeared to be a developmental and the asymmetric position of the heart and a remarkable exception to the universal evolutionary perspective, liver in humans and other vertebrates, ‘natura non facit saltum’ or the axiom the asymmetric shells of molluscs, or the that evolutionary change of characters is focussing on a group of claws of fiddler crabs. gradual. tiny fish with astonishing However, these examples are Furthermore, when the priapium characteristics nothing compared to the radical begins to form I found that it initially asymmetry encountered in the priapium develops from paired symmetrical fish of the family Phallostethidae. I have rudiments in larval stages of these fishes. been fascinated by these miniature and One side then regresses as the other transparent fish since I first looked at continues to grow. I want to know how their bizarre anatomy, especially their asymmetry of this initially symmetric copulatory organ, termed the priapium. trait is established in development, It consists of up to a dozen skeletal how a normal pelvic fin turns into a elements of unclear homology associated dramatically different and highly complex with a highly modified musculature, copulatory organ, and whether there is single rather than paired gonads, and a link between asymmetry and novelty. I a highly unusual path of the intestinal want to address these developmental and and urogenital systems, so that the anus evolutionary issues from a morphological and genetic point of view. Ariane Standing, with a medical research background, was keen to join me, and we approached vertebrate evolutionary biologist, Gareth Fraser, to help us with the developmental genetic side of the project. We will be using traditional and cutting-edge morphological methods to document the anatomical changes during priapium formation combined with the latest genetic techniques to understand their developmental genetic basis.

Left. Nano CT-scanning image of the head and priapium of a male Neostethus bicornis, illustrating the large double priapial hook in this species. AWARDS IN FOCUS 43

NEW SEARCHES FOR DARK ENERGY

flying apart at an accelerating rate. you are always a passive observer. You The expansion of our No one understands how this can be cannot go out and poke a galaxy and Universe is accelerating, happening, but we give the mysterious see what happens, and you cannot but we cannot explain substance driving the acceleration the reboot the Universe to see if it will name ‘dark energy’. evolve in the same way a second time. how this happens. Clare We do not yet have a good This makes it difficult to come to a Burrage proposes three theory that could explain the effects of definitive conclusion about the nature new methods to detect dark energy, but an almost inevitable of dark energy using only astronomical consequence seems to be the existence observations. Luckily, dark energy is or constrain dark energy of dark energy particles that transmit a present everywhere in the Universe, with particle colliders, new force. To explain why such a force including our laboratories. This means experiments with cold has not yet been detected directly we that in a carefully designed experiment believe that it changes its behaviour its effects could be seen. I will develop atoms and cosmological depending on the environment, just these searches, focussing in particular observables, focussing on like a chameleon changes its colour for on high-precision measurements camouflage. In previous experiments, looking for new forces, and searches interactions between dark dark energy has avoided detection for the existence of new particles and energy and matter through this camouflage, but a forces at particle colliders such as the carefully tailored experiment could Large Hadron Collider. reveal its existence. I plan to develop This is an exciting time for dark these new search strategies, supported energy. The satellites and telescopes by the Leverhulme Trust. that are now beginning to study the As the effects of dark energy effects of dark energy on cosmological have so far only been detected on the scales are an important front in the largest distance scales in the Universe, battle against our ignorance. But we some of these searches will look at how cannot just wait for dark energy to the dark energy force modifies how come to us, we need to go out and galaxies cluster together, and whether search for it in the laboratory, because the propagation of light is affected in only then will we be able to fully the vicinity of these galaxies. However, understand the biggest mystery in our the misfortune of astronomy is that Universe.

Dr Clare Burrage University of Nottingham Research Leadership Award

We do not understand the Universe we live in; when we observe the stars and galaxies that surround us, we find that we cannot explain their motion with the forces and types of particle that we have detected here on Earth. We can infer that our Universe began with a big bang explosion which sent everything flying in different directions, but then, if our current understanding were correct, the energy from this explosion would dissipate and the pull of gravity would cause galaxies to start to fall back towards each other. However this is not what we see in the sky; not only are galaxies not all falling towards each other, they are 44 AWARDS IN FOCUS

IMAGINING INDIA: MUGHAL ART AND THE CREATION OF MODERN BRITISH ZOOLOGY

Dr David Lowther work well. Even today, collections such The development of Durham University as Hodgson’s at the Zoological Society modern British zoology has Early Career Fellowship of London offer the most comprehensive customarily been depicted information on species that are now in The division between the arts and sciences steep decline. as profoundly Eurocentric; is now so deeply entrenched that it is Despite being now largely forgotten, David Lowther intends to easy to forget that it is a relatively recent superseded by the great transformation challenge this dominant phenomenon. Yet the biological sciences, of science in the late-nineteenth century, particularly botany and zoology, are the paintings are hugely significant. interpretation by intensely visual disciplines, and have In this project, and the exhibition and uncovering the powerful been so right from their beginnings. This monograph that will result, I will explore was no more marked than in the early how the illustrations highlight a feature influence of colonial nineteenth century, crucial transitional of nineteenth-century science which naturalists in the scientific decades, when imagery played a vital has been almost completely overlooked. discourse which shaped role in helping Europeans to understand Though serving as repositories of the a natural world of ever-increasing and rare and the ephemeral, the images had this period dizzying variety. an instructional purpose. As working This was also a time of expanding documents, they shaped interpretations imperial ambitions. Colonial officials of the species they depicted, and trained working across the British Empire naturalists in ‘correct’ ways of seeing. often spent their leisure time dabbling Here, I think, lies their importance, for in natural history – collecting birds at a time when British and European and mammals, both alive and dead, and naturalists were beginning to see the illustrations. My project will focus on natural world and humanity’s relation a few of the most remarkable of these to it in revolutionary new ways, it individuals, employees of the English was at least partly through the prism East India Company and now almost all of Asian cultures. Recent work on relegated to the footnotes of the history scientific imagery, itself a developing of science. No great artists themselves, field, understands scientific image- men such as Richard Wellesley (1760– making as the product of a one-way 1842), governor-general of Bengal, and traffic of knowledge from Europe to the Brian Hodgson (1801–1894), the British rest of the world. The existence of the Resident in Nepal, commissioned their Hodgson, Wellesley and other Anglo- natural history images from Indian and Indian collections demonstrates that the Nepalese artists trained in the conventions picture is considerably more complicated. of European scientific illustration. These Hybrids of Asian and European aesthetic images, made to accompany journal traditions, they demonstrate that the articles, illustrate learned zoological creation of scientific knowledge in the works, or serve as proxies for specimen decades before Darwin was a reciprocal collections, eventually numbered in the process – between artist and scientist, and tens of thousands, and the artists did their between West and East. AWARDS IN FOCUS 45

Top. Raj Man Singh, ‘Scaly Thrush’, graphite and watercolour on paper, painted for and annotated by Brian Houghton Hodgson, c.1835. B. H. Hodgson, Birds of India, Volume 3, sheet 146. James Godwin, Zoological Society of London.

Right. Raj Man Singh, ‘Eurasian Eagle Owl’, graphite and watercolour on paper, painted for and annotated by Brian Houghton Hodgson, c.1830. B. H. Hodgson, Birds of India, Volume 1, sheet 168. James Godwin, Zoological Society of London. 46 AWARDS IN FOCUS

URBAN ENERGY LANDSCAPES AND THE GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION AWARDS IN FOCUS 47

Dr Vanesa Castán Broto are contingent, heterogeneous and Vanesa Castán Broto has University College London diverse. They challenge imaginations of established herself as one Philip Leverhulme Prize a homogeneous electric city and point of the leading thinkers towards a mosaic of energy-use patterns The role of urban areas in addressing that change across cities and across time on the transition to more climate change is undeniable. Cities periods. sustainable and socially- and regions can reduce carbon I have analysed these landscapes just forms of urban emissions in the provision of urban through a comparative urbanism services and implement climate change approach in four case studies (Maputo, development. By coining adaptation plans. Moreover, they Mozambique; Hong Kong, China; the term ‘urban energy support communities and businesses to Bangalore, India; and Conception, Chile). landscapes’ she has opened deliver environmental innovation and The cases represent a variety of patterns sustainability actions. Such a role is (uniform, fragmented, scattered) in terms up fresh opportunities for recognised in international development of how different fuels and electricity are much greater geographical policy, for example the 2015 Paris provided and who has access to them. The Agreement for Climate Action and the spatial constitution of energy landscapes research on these hugely New Urban Agenda, adopted at the UN can be matched to how urban trajectories important topics Conference on Human Settlements in towards sustainability unfold in each Quito, Ecuador. The challenge now lies city. This analysis suggests that urban in moving away from specific actions for energy landscapes condition the potential climate change in urban areas towards for sustainability innovations in any a radical transformation of social and given city. This calls for forms of spatial economic systems of organisation; that is, planning that promote flexibility as a an urban sustainability transition. means to foster sustainability innovations. The last two decades of The study of urban energy environmental governance research landscapes challenges current thought demonstrate that diversity and on urban planning and energy policy. In heterogeneity characterise urban specific settings, changes affect the lives of sustainability transitions in cities and urban dwellers. Such changes explain the regions. In each urban setting, transitions production of energy vulnerabilities and to sustainability depend on context- raise questions about energy sovereignty specific drivers of innovation and and technology control. Comparative conditions of implementation. Ready- analysis of urban energy landscapes made recipes for urban sustainability also reveals contradictions between the or best practice examples uncritically aspirations to deliver simultaneously transposed from one context to another universal energy access and low carbon are obstacles for such transitions. development. Mapping the variability of My research focusses on the energy landscapes in cities can deliver representation of heterogeneous urban further insights to understand urban energy systems to understand the energy transitions at a global level. At the conditions for transitions in different moment, I am developing methodologies settings. Urban energy landscapes to understand how these landscapes Left. Gas provision systems in represent spatial arrangements of shape the global sustainability transition. Bengaluru; food stall with live socio-technical artefacts that enable the Such methods include a comparative cooking in the street in Mong Kok, provision and use of energy in urban assessment of a larger number of urban Hong Kong; shops in Maputo’s areas. Such spatial arrangements are areas alongside empirical evidence of neighbourhoods sell pre-paid credit visible in the built environment. Case urban transformations in different world to access electricity. studies show that urban energy landscapes regions. 48 AWARDS IN FOCUS

COEVOLUTION IN A SICKLY- SWEET BROOD PARASITE: THE HONEYGUIDE

Mr Luke McClean I will be studying a fascinating The interactions between Study Abroad Studentship but little-studied avian brood parasite brood parasites and their found in Africa, the lesser honeyguide. ‘hosts’ have stimulated ‘It lays its eggs in the nest of smaller Honeyguides are most famous for birds after devouring these birds’ guiding humans to bees’ nests, but this the curiosity of naturalists eggs … they do not sit, nor hatch, nor sweet behaviour is shadowed by their for centuries and are bring up their young, but when the more odious method of reproduction. shaped by the process young bird is born it casts out of the Honeyguide chicks are a violently virulent nest those with whom it has so far form of brood parasite, as when they of coevolution; using lived’ hatch, they possess a bill hook which self-built videographic they use aggressively to attack their Aristotle wrote this description of foster siblings, killing them all and thus equipment, Luke McClean the behaviour of a cuckoo 2,300 years monopolising all of the parental care from will investigate how ago. Ever since then, naturalists have their unknowing host. honeyguide chicks are been working to decipher the puzzling Obviously it is detrimental for behaviour of cuckoos and other brood a host to have a honeyguide chick in able to exploit their barbet parasitic birds, and to understand how the nest. How does the host defend foster parents to receive they manage to trick other ‘host’ species itself against this intruder? How does adequate food to survive into raising their young. the parasite acquire enough food from The marvellous interactions between its foster parents? These are the sorts species in nature, from the selfish of questions that intrigue me, and my exploitation of hosts by parasites, to the field site in Southern Zambia is poised mutualistic partnership of our gut and its to answer them. With a combination bacteria, are the products of coevolution, of purpose-built nest cameras and in which two or more species reciprocally experimental manipulation of nests, my influence one another’s evolution. research aims to define behavioural and Coevolution is a powerful selective physiological adaptations that have arisen force that has helped shape the diversity at the chick stage of this brood parasite of behaviours and forms displayed system. throughout the natural world. Evolutionary studies in the tropics What Aristotle may not have have the potential to be exceptionally realised is that host parents are not revealing, as interactions between species entirely helpless against brood parasites, are ancient. The result of my research will and that a coevolutionary 'arms race’ increase our knowledge of coevolution in is occurring, with hosts establishing brood parasites once it reaches the chick defences against parasitism, forcing the stage. parasites into countering these defences through development of more elaborate and complex trickery. With beautiful examples of brood parasites laying eggs that visually mimic host eggs to dissuade hosts from detecting and rejecting them, to hosts recognising foreign chicks and throwing them out of the nest to their Right. At 23 days old, this death, it is easily apparent that brood honeyguide chick shows no signs parasitism is an excellent system for of its bill hooks which it used to studying coevolution. monopolise the host nest. AWARDS IN FOCUS 49 50 AWARDS IN FOCUS

WOMEN, APPRENTICESHIP AND COMPANIES IN SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY LONDON AWARDS IN FOCUS 51

Professor Laura Gowing in the public sphere and as citizens was Laura Gowing’s project King’s College London increasingly formally restricted, making will recover a lost Research Fellowship this moment a particularly important one dimension of women’s in the development of the modern city. This project has its genesis in a fairly Using a combination of parish, lives in early modern ordinary document: the apprenticeship company and city records, I am going London: their work as indenture. Trying to trace a handful to reconstruct the lives, families and apprentices, mistresses, of women who were apprenticed to connections of the women involved with London companies (or guilds) in the London’s companies in this period of and independent traders late seventeenth century, I found that change. Most went into the needle trades, in the City; examining some companies were printing forms aiming to run milliners’ shops, but we also of indenture specifically designed for see pastry cooks, button makers, stocking a complex dynamic of girls. Indentures were hugely symbolic frame operators, painter–stainers and a inclusion and exclusion documents to seventeenth-century scrivener. Some women petitioned the in the companies, it bears guilds, and filling in forms was just Aldermen for the freedom, citing their starting to be part of civic life. To have years of industrious labour and their hope on the whole nature of a form tailored for a woman seemed to maintain their families in hard times gender difference at a time surprisingly inclusive in an era when only with ‘a little shop’. Others ended up in of economic change and one or two per cent of apprentices were court when their apprenticeship contracts female. broke down, leaving fascinating accounts political redefinition Often, the freedom of the City is of conflicts over clothes, bad manners, assumed to be a male institution, but tantrums in the shop and, worst of all, London’s livery companies did take girls having to hold the baby or scour the as apprentices, and women also took pans instead of learning how to do fine the freedom to enable them to trade sewing. Some mistresses trained several independently in the City. After the girls, who went on to take their own civil wars of the 1640s, and still more so apprentices; skills, contacts and patterns after the Great Fire, women found new must have passed between women. But roles in London’s markets. Seamstresses women’s access to freedom remained produced and sold new fashions like severely restricted by law and custom, the mantua; female servants arrived and tracing those customs through in huge numbers from the provinces; indirect references is a key part of the spinsters and widows invested. In late project. Examining the balance between seventeenth-century London, women opportunities and constraints will, I hope, came to outnumber men by 3:2, and half help us better understand both women’s the small shops in the shopping galleries economic roles, and the meanings they at the Royal Exchange were tenanted by had for contemporaries in a transforming women. At the same time, women’s role metropolis. 52 AWARDS IN FOCUS

SPEAKING THE UNSPEAKABLE: MAJOR AMERICAN WRITERS AND THE WRITING OF TRAUMA

Professor Richard Gray Writing the next sentence, I hope Richard Gray’s study University of Essex to show, is something to which a series aims to show exactly how Emeritus Fellowship of American writers have committed generations of American themselves, when faced with traumas It has often been said that the that are a complex web of the personal writers, confronted with determining feature of trauma is that it and the historical: traumas that are traumatic experiences is, as one authority on the subject has inextricably interwoven with such crucial that range from the put it, ‘an affront to understanding’. For issues and moments as slavery and civil the writer, in particular, there is a twin rights, the civil conflict and 9/11 – and personal through the imperative at work here, caught as she everything that was suggested by one regional and national to or he is between what one commentator writer, Barry Hannah, when he declared on trauma has called ‘the senselessness of of himself and his fellow Americans, “It the transnational, have the initial traumatic encounter and the is terribly, excruciatingly hard to be at attempted to speak the sense-making apparatus of… narrative’. peace when all our history is war.” This unspeakable The writer has to achieve some kind of – doing what is needed, speaking the resolution, however fragile or fleeting, unspeakable – is a habit, a compulsion between the imperative of silence (since common to writers as otherwise different trauma is that for which there is no as Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson, language) and the imperative of speech Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman (since trauma is that which demands Melville, Frederick Douglass and Frances language as an alternative to emotional Harper, Ernest Hemingway and William paralysis). The writer cannot write but Faulkner, Richard Wright and Toni must; words are no good, but they are Morrison, Cormac McCarthy and Sylvia all she or he has; even in denying or Plath. To that extent, their work has dismissing the tools of the trade, she explored the possibility opened up by or he is using them. This, the speaking the poet Paul Celan, when he observed, of silence, is a paradox or problem that, with reference to his own response to in literary terms, lies at the heart of writing after and about the horrors of the Romanticism and its aftermath as well mid-twentieth century: “Only one thing as, in experiential terms, at the heart of remained reachable, close and secure amid trauma. The solution is either to surrender all the losses: language … But it had to go – which is not really a viable option, through its own lack of answers, through practically or emotionally – or to go on terrifying silence, through the thousand writing, continue trying to find some way darknesses of murderous speech. It went of saying the unsayable. The victim of through … Went through and could trauma may find it next to impossible to resurface, ‘enriched’ by it all.’’ get beyond stuttering denial, under the impact of shock – a potentially endless repetition and confession of impossible memories and impotence. But getting beyond this is what the writer needs to do: if only because, as a recent American author, Lynne Schwartz has put it, there Right. Dust swirls around south is always the simple imperative to go on Manhattan moments after a writing. “We will do what is needed,” tower of the World Trade Center Schwartz ends a short story written just collapsed 11 September 2001. after the trauma of 9/11. “We will write (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty the next sentence.” Images). AWARDS IN FOCUS 53 54 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 55

RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

In this series of interviews, we showcase the outcomes of a range of award holders as they report on their recently completed grants 56 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

PROFESSOR DANIEL ROBERT

“At the time, it was an idea unlikely to find support from other, more risk-averse funders”

In 2013, the media was buzzing with shape, colour and smell. To half the With an initial objective to the news that bumblebees can sense flowers they added a small static electric investigate the detection and flowers’ electric fields. Along with other field, and a sugary treat. Flowers without use of weak electrostatic floral cues such as colour and scent, an electric field offered bitter quinine these fields help bees to recognise their instead. When bumblebees first foraged fields by bees, and their favourite species of flower, improving among these ‘flowers’, they were just ecological function during their foraging efficiency. Before this as likely to visit a bitter one as a sweet discovery, electrosensory perception one; but within 50 flights, they were interactions between plants was thought to be restricted to aquatic four times more likely to choose a sweet and their pollinators, and amphibious animals, such as sharks flower. Then the researchers switched off Daniel Robert and his and platypus. Textbooks confidently the static electric fields. The trained bees stated that land animals had no use for returned to foraging at random. “That team discovered that electroreception because electricity is was what really made us jump up and bumblebees could not only not conducted through air. However, down,” Daniel explains. “It showed that sense these fields, but also the idea that electric forces enhance the bees can sense these tiny electrical fields interaction between bees and flowers, and remember them. We were really remember them was not entirely new. Stripped of surprised how well they could learn!” electrons by friction, bees accumulate The project’s findings were a tiny positive charge on their surface published in Science in 2013, and the during flight; flowers on the other hand, University of Bristol – where the tend to have a negative charge. The research was carried out – registered charge difference generates a force strong a record number of hits to its press enough to cause pollen to ‘jump’ from release on the bee story. The team flower to bee. How flowers exploit this found themselves in high demand, with natural phenomenon has interested plant requests for talks and demonstrations biologists for decades; but no-one had from a wide variety of audiences. Even thought to study the interaction from the the bumblebees rose to the challenge, bees’ perspective. successfully demonstrating their For Professor Daniel Robert – a skills on television, both with David sensory biologist – it seemed an obvious Attenborough in his Natural Curiosities question: “Does the bee know anything series and with Daniel as he explained about this process?” That intellectual leap the findings to presenter George soon snowballed into a research project, McGavin on the BBC’s The One Show. funded in 2011 by the Leverhulme Trust. So, how do bumblebees sense the “At the time, it was an idea unlikely to electric fields? The Leverhulme-funded find support from other, more risk- work suggested that they use the fine averse funders” Daniel says: “No-one hairs on their bodies, something the had described this sensitivity in air. So, team was able to confirm in a follow-on at that stage we could only say ‘We don’t project supported with a large BBSRC know… but here is how we could test it.’” grant, awarded to Daniel in 2015. The He worked with a small interdisciplinary electric field – like static electricity from team, their expertise ranging from plant a balloon – causes the bee’s hair to bend; biology to sensory biology to physics. this activates neurons at the base of the For the key experiment, they designed hair sockets, which allows the insects to artificial flowers, each identical in size, ‘sense’ the field. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 57 58 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

PROFESSOR INGRID DE SMET

“The ellowshipF was a tremendous opportunity to consolidate and to stake out new areas of research, sometimes in unpredicted ways”

In 2016, Apple refused the FBI’s demand revelation,” Ingrid says. The ordinances With a monograph in for a ‘backdoor’ to a terrorist’s locked of various locksmiths’ guilds prescribed, mind, Ingrid De Smet iPhone. The tech giant argued that the for example, the circumstances under embarked on a major ‘key’ to an encrypted system is only which one should repair a lock that had as secure as the protections around it; been brought to the shop, or insist it was new investigation into building a backdoor would undermine repaired in situ; and that a locksmith early modern notions of those protections, compromising the safety should only fabricate a key if he had the secrecy and semi-secrecy and security of every iPhone lock. While lock in front of him. One particularly the government insisted that its use would exciting find was a seventeenth-century vs. public knowledge in be limited to this case, Apple pointed out locksmiths’ manual – possibly the first late Renaissance France; that there was no way to guarantee such such document. In it, author Mathurin control. On the face of it, this dilemma Jousse refers to the fabrication of so-called building her international could not have been more twenty-first ‘serrures à secrets’, locks or keys with profile and reputation century but, as Professor Ingrid De special characteristics known solely to along the way Smet’s research shows, there were striking the owner. Whilst he describes many parallels in Renaissance France. other locks and keys in minute detail, on Ingrid was gathering material for these he is less effusive, merely hinting at her 2011 Major Research Fellowship various methods which he “cannot reveal project on the changing ideas about … since knowledge of them is detrimental secrecy, fuelled by the turbulent years both to the public and the private of the French Wars of Religion. Then, individual and may give cause to ill use”. as today, the need for covert operations For the seventeenth-century locksmith, and intelligence gathering jostled there was no question of breaking the uncomfortably with ideas about the trust bestowed by virtue of his craft. morality of secrets and their keepers. Over the three years of her Consulting sixteenth- and seventeenth- Fellowship, Ingrid laid the groundwork century documents in research libraries for a monograph on Secrets and their and archives in the UK, Europe and the Keepers in late Renaissance France, which US, Ingrid investigated the intelligence will be published by Droz (Geneva). networks in late Renaissance France: In addition, by freeing up the time to exploring the roles of the usual suspects complete ongoing projects – and to – the secretaries, ambassadors, couriers follow emerging lines of investigation on and spies – and others such as physicians, themes other than secrets – the award whose travels provided plausible cover supported a range of other publications, for subterfuge. As she delved into the including a major book on the history physical ways secrets were kept, Ingrid of falconry. “The Fellowship was a redirected her focus towards the origins of tremendous opportunity to consolidate locks and keys as metaphors of secrecy. It and to stake out new areas of research, proved to be a fascinating detour through sometimes in unpredicted ways,” Ingrid museum catalogues, photographs, art says. This “precious period of research historical studies and documents of the and career development” culminated in locksmith trade. “The secrecy surrounding her promotion to Professor at Warwick the trade and the way ideas about secrets University and her election to the British and security went hand in hand, was a Academy in 2014. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 59

Below. Strongbox in the Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon © Marie-Claire Waille. It has an intricate locking mechanism, including a concealed key hole and a lockable ‘secret’ compartment on the inside. 60 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

DR LIZ STEPHENS

“The flexibility of the Leverhulme Fellowship allowed me to get involved in the heart of this new initiative”

In Britain, nothing can be certain except development of the GloFAS system. The Liz Stephens’ Early Career death, taxes… and a chance of rain. And Fellowship was held at the University of Fellowship enabled her to yet, when online weather reports detailing Reading, taking advantage of its proximity develop novel statistical the probabilities of this precipitation were to the operational base for GloFAS; and introduced in 2012, many doubted the the close links already established between techniques to determine idea would catch on. The Daily Mail even researchers at the two establishments. local-scale performance of forecasted an ‘80% chance of confusion’, Early meetings with forecast-users apparently unaware of the Met Office at the World Food Programme (WFP) flood forecasts and apply study suggesting quite the reverse: using revealed that while GloFAS was providing them at the spatial and an online weather game researchers early warning systems at the local scale temporal scales required showed that rainfall probabilities – in and up to two weeks ahead of time, cold hard numbers – help people make humanitarian decisions were being made for more effective the best of the weather, come rain or on regional scales and months or seasons decision-making shine. Systems capable of forecasting the ahead. More worryingly, Liz says, probability of floods are a relatively recent because GloFAS was not designed to innovation but promise an enormous give that information, seasonal forecasts jump in our ability to prepare for major of total rainfall were being used instead. disasters. Since July 2011, The Global After developing a way to measure Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) has regional flood hazard or ‘floodiness’, provided early indications of possible flood Liz demonstrated that this was not events up to thirty days ahead, information directly linked with seasonal rainfall previously unavailable on a global scale. totals. She fed this information back to One objective of GloFAS is to support an the WFP and other forecast users and effective humanitarian response but after plans are currently underway to include two years of operation, Dr Liz Stephens operational forecasting of floodiness suspected that the information it provided as part of the GloFAS service. Liz also was not fit for this purpose. “The flood worked alongside scientists at the Red forecasts weren’t routinely being used by Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, humanitarian organisations… which is a who were leading the implementation of pretty strong hint,” she says. This despite Forecast-Based Financing: an innovative the fact that lives could be saved – and mechanism to release donor funds for money better spent – if flood probabilities preparedness in advance of a potential could be linked to appropriate early disaster. “The flexibility of the Leverhulme humanitarian action. fellowship allowed me to get involved Liz’s research background spans in the heart of this new initiative,” Liz the interface between the scientific and explains, “repurposing travel funds towards decision-making challenges of flood risk. international meetings, workshops and Her PhD project focussed on developing pilot studies.” This collaborative research statistical methods to evaluate and led to Liz’s successful application to lead calibrate flood models, but the online a multidisciplinary international project weather game was also her brainchild. The supporting Forecast-Based Action, plan for her 2013 Early Career Fellowship funded under the RCUK Science for was to work closely with humanitarian Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience organisations to understand the decision- programme. Liz has also accepted the making issues that they face; and to use offer of a Lectureship at the University of their requirements to guide the future Reading. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 61

PROFESSOR JONATHAN ERICHSEN

“The emphasis on a truly interdisciplinary approach highlighted interesting clashes of academic cultures … but I think that was part of the fun of it for everyone”

How animals navigate using Earth’s by a myriad of more pressing bird Precisely how is it that magnetic field is both intriguing and thoughts. Jonathan’s ingenious idea migrating birds can find humbling… particularly for those of was for an assay to measure an animal’s their way back to exact us with little or no sense of direction. magnetosensory ability based on its Professor Jonathan Erichsen, a ‘startle’ response – a reflex behaviour geographical locations over behavioural biologist at the University that occurs no matter what the creature’s the distances associated of Cardiff, is amongst the most state-of-mind. He chose homing pigeons directionally challenged: “I have enough to test the concept because they are with migration? Jonathan trouble even with a map,” he says “and known to navigate using magnetic fields, Erichsen’s research project yet some of my peers just seem to know and do so regardless of the season, but in focussed on the magnetic which way to go. I’ve often harboured theory it will work with any vertebrate. the suspicion that they are on to With funding for a three-year compass sense in the something. Maybe this ability could be research project, awarded in 2011, homing pigeon to find out trained?” Perhaps not surprisingly, the Jonathan was able to create the first first definitive evidence for a magnetic team in the UK dedicated to studying sense came from studies of migrating magnetoreception. And probably the birds – an internal compass is clearly only team of its kind in the world to an advantage when it comes to flying have electrical magnetic engineers and the often vast distances to sunnier behavioural biologists working towards a climes. Nevertheless, when a report common goal. “The emphasis on a truly demonstrating this ‘new’ sense was interdisciplinary approach highlighted published in 1966, it was greeted with a interesting clashes of academic cultures,” scepticism bordering on ridicule. Over Jonathan says, “but I think that was the years, the critics have been silenced; part of the fun of it for everyone.” we now know that a wide array of Despite some significant set-backs, animals including birds, insects and even the team succeeded in developing some mammals have an inbuilt sensitivity arguably the best and most carefully to Earth’s magnetic field, giving them an validated experimental apparatus for acute sense of direction. producing and manipulating magnetic However, there is still little fields for testing in animals. “There were consensus on how magnetoreception challenges – things we couldn’t have works. Progress has been slow, not least known about – but that’s to be expected. because many findings have proved One of the great things about this sort difficult to replicate. A key problem, of study is that it’s kind of the Wild identified by leaders in the field, is West. It’s the frontier in that there’s still that the magnetic fields produced for so much that needs to be determined behavioural experiments are often not definitively and carefully,” he says. adequately controlled and measured. But The team has also commissioned and another reason for the irreproducibility validated the instruments necessary to plaguing magnetosensory research is perform ‘startle’ experiments opening that individual animals are just that: up this novel approach for measuring individual. And unreliable. If a bird magnetosensory ability in pigeons and doesn’t respond to a weak magnetic many other animals… including humans. stimulus, for example, that may be “That’s certainly something we’d like to because it can’t detect it. Or because it’s explore. Is it something we can sense but bored, nervous, or perhaps distracted we’re just not paying attention?” 62 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

PROFESSOR LAURA ROBINSON

“Priorities change during the long lead-time for deep-sea research and the great thing about the Prize is that it’s really flexible, allowing you to be nimble and adjust as you go along”

Beneath the surface of Earth’s deep plastic microfibres based on procedures Laura Robinson has made oceans lies a vast, unexplored and often used in forensic laboratories. The cruise leading contributions using mountainous world. On the slopes of took the TROPICS team from Tenerife a variety of techniques seamounts, some higher than Everest, to Trinidad, exploring new terrain and lush coral gardens teem with a myriad collecting a wealth of samples. Back to enable reconstruction of other strange and beautiful creatures. on dry land, Laura’s Leverhulme funds of past climate changes Cold-water corals can be found living in supported the archiving of fossil corals, the depths of every ocean, their prevalence ongoing research on cruise samples over recent glaciations; and biodiversity making them one of and data, and additional fieldwork having led a major research the most important marine ecosystems. opportunities for her research group. cruise across the Atlantic These corals – and their fossils – are also Lucy’s analyses showed that plastics, a valuable natural archive of past deep-sea in the form of 2–3mm long fibres, Ocean collecting seawater, climates, because their skeletons lock in were prevalent in all of the sediment deep water corals and the chemistry of the ocean environment cores analysed, suggesting that this sediment samples, she has in which they grow. Professor Laura contaminant is ubiquitous in the deep Robinson, a geochemist at the University sea. The plastics project also provided the highlighted a new method of Bristol, is pioneering the development first evidence that deep-ocean creatures for establishing the age of of techniques needed to analyse this ingest this waste, with microfibres found archive, and to use it to reconstruct ocean inside hermit crabs, squat lobsters and fossil samples climates over timescales of decades to sea cucumbers that were collected from hundreds of thousands of years. depths of between 300 and 1,800 metres. In 2013, Laura led the TROPICS “This was an astonishing result and is a cruise – a two-month ERC-funded real reminder that plastic pollution has expedition on the RRS James Cook – truly reached the furthest ends of the collecting samples of deep-sea corals, Earth,” Laura says. seawater and marine sediments from Reflecting on her chievementsa the depths of the Equatorial Atlantic. during the two years of the Prize, Laura The cruise took several years to plan, says that the Leverhulme support during which time Laura gathered a proved extraordinarily beneficial: not multinational team of oceanographers, least because it helped her to establish marine biologists and Earth scientists: her research group in the UK, by giving some students, some more seasoned her and her students the opportunity explorers. Awarded a Philip Leverhulme to present their results at international Prize in 2012, Laura used some of the conferences. The support also allowed funds to bring additional experts aboard, her to develop new collaborations and making the most of the rare opportunity scientific ideas, and had a particularly to study these remote habitats. Amongst outstanding impact on the research these was Lucy Woodall, a biologist outcomes of the TROPICS cruise: who joined the team to lead a project to “Priorities change during the long lead- assess the amount of litter, particularly time for deep-sea research and the great plastics, polluting deep-sea environments. thing about the Prize is that it’s really Lucy set up a plastic-free laboratory on flexible, allowing you to be nimble and board, ensuring that deep-sea samples adjust as you go along. Being able to were not contaminated by microplastic invite different types of expert meant that in the ship’s environment. She also I could get more out of the fieldwork than developed new methods to analyse I originally proposed.” RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 63

Below. A spectacular deep-sea coral garden on Carter seamount, around 1000 metres below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean and over 500 kilometres from the nearest land. The photo was taken by ISIS, a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) used to survey and sample the deep-sea environment. 64 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

PROFESSOR STEVEN SCHWARTZ

“Having the Fellowship meant I was there at the start, talking directly to the instrument teams, I got the inside details: how the instruments work; how to dig out the real science nuggets”

Steven Schwartz is Professor of Space driving magnetic reconnection – another Exploiting data from Physics at Imperial College London; but space plasma phenomenon – and a ‘cast NASA’s Magnetospheric his laboratory is literally out of this world. of hundreds’ of researchers had assembled Multiscale Mission and He studies collisionless shock waves in to chase this one holy grail. Steven space plasma, a source of ultra-high energy surreptitiously corralled a small group using ground-breaking cosmic rays with energies millions of of researchers interested in using MMS equipment, Steven Schwartz times greater than any particles produced to study shock physics instead. He knew by terrestrial accelerators. How shock that the capabilities devised to study aimed to answer some waves accelerate some particles to such magnetic reconnection could also be very fundamental questions about enormous energies has perplexed scientists illuminating for the shock problem… and shock waves in astrophysics; for decades, not least because the physics was soon proved right. Looking at data of space plasma – plasma so dilute that collected on 7 October 2015, the first namely how many particles its constituent particles rarely collide – is time MMS crossed the bow shock, the are accelerated and to impossible to recreate on Earth. group made a surprising discovery. “The Much of our understanding of shock ion velocities and fields at the shock front what energies physics has come from measurements seemed to be all over the place,” Steven taken by spacecraft traversing Earth’s remembers “but when I looked at the data bow shock: the boundary created as the again, plotting it differently, it instantly solar wind hits Earth’s geomagnetic jumped out that these were ripples. Ripples field. This is the only place where we can moving so fast we wouldn’t have detected study shock waves in situ and Steven’s them without the capabilities of MMS.” Research Fellowship was timed to exploit Published in the prestigious journal, a substantial upgrade in this unique Physical Review Letters in 2016, the finding laboratory, with the commissioning of also caused ripples in the astrophysics NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale community. Theorists had long predicted Mission (MMS) in September 2015. such structures as a mechanism for shaking TheFello wship supported Steven’s things up, giving particles more energy, but one-year sabbatical at the Laboratory the shock wave boundary hid these from for Atmospheric and Space Physics in previous instruments. Boulder, Colorado: the data nerve centre Back at Imperial, Steven continues to for MMS and the primary point of contact collaborate with the international ‘splinter for scientists participating in the mission. group’, looking for other potential particle Arriving in August, Steven was swept up accelerators, particularly at the electron in the buzz of final preparations, sharing scale. Recently, they discovered electric his expertise while gaining invaluable field spikes within the shock structure, knowledge on the instruments’ design, taller and faster than previously envisaged: operations and limitations. “This was a some of the biggest electric fields anyone brand new shiny mission with capabilities has ever seen in space. Steven’s Fellowship a hundred times anything before it,” promises to continue to pay dividends for Steven enthuses. “Having the Fellowship fundamental shock physics research. He meant I was there at the start, talking is currently leading the team’s submission directly to the instrument teams, I got the to NASA’s Senior Review, making the inside details: how the instruments work; case for ongoing support for MMS with how to dig out the real science nuggets.” funding redirected towards the most Costing over a billion dollars, MMS productive projects… including those in was designed to study the processes the bow shock laboratory. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 65 66 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

PROFESSOR KIMBERLEY BROWNLEE

“The Leverhulme Prize doesn’t commit you to a set of outputs or research agenda … it’s an expression of trust in the researcher that the funds will be used well, which was very liberating”

‘People who need people are the luckiest,’ next two… that’s where fewer people nod.” Kimberley Brownlee has so the Streisand song goes. But a growing These more controversial cases are where recently developed an body of evidence suggests that we all need the only available social contact is brutal, interesting and novel idea social connections in order to survive, as is often true in our prison system. And let alone thrive. The pain of loneliness where the needs of someone unable to that there is a human right triggers the same ‘fight or flight’ response access social contact without help are against severe social as physical pain, and chronically lonely neglected; a problem faced by increasing people are less likely to live a long and numbers of elderly people in our deprivation, which will have healthy life. Those who have experienced individualistic Western society. Despite significant implications for the extreme social deprivation of long- uncomfortable implications, Kimberley the use of quarantine and term solitary confinement report feeling also argues that our need for decent social depressed, lethargic and forgetful; often it connections is so fundamental that our solitary confinement is only a matter of days before the mind right to them trumps another right we starts to unravel with hallucinations and hold dear: the freedom to associate, when panic attacks. Yet, despite their importance and with whom we please. This means, for our mental and physical health, social for example, that if an elderly parent needs for direct human contact have depends uniquely on you for their social received little theoretical attention; nor are needs, then not spending quality – and they explicitly protected in international quantity – time with them would not only human rights treaties. Kimberley be neglectful, but immoral. Brownlee, a Professor of Philosophy at Free from specific expectations from the University of Warwick, believes that the Leverhulme Trust, Kimberley says she this oversight allows gross injustices expanded her research agenda beyond the to go unchallenged. The main aim of bare minimum social interaction necessary Kimberley’s 2012 Philip Leverhulme for survival, to the rich, interpersonal Prize project was to write Social Rights – conditions necessary for us to flourish; a monograph defending her claim that she will present this work in a companion severe social deprivation is sufficiently monograph titled Social Goods. “The detrimental that we have a right to be Leverhulme Prize doesn’t commit you protected against it. Indeed, this human to a set of outputs or research agenda,” right is more fundamental than many Kimberley explains “it’s an expression of other rights that we currently recognise. trust in the researcher that the funds will Kimberley used her Prize to fund two be used well, which was very liberating years of research leave from her duties at and turned this into a two-book project.” Warwick – then as Associate Professor – Both books are under contract with giving time to develop her arguments and Oxford University Press, and the second to present them to over sixty different will be completed as part of a three-year academic audiences for feedback along the Leverhulme Trust Research Project way. “I argue that there are three cases of funded in 2017. Through this, Kimberley social deprivation that we have a right to be aims to firmly establish the study of the protected against,” she says. “The paradigm ethics of sociability, helping to bring case – which most people nod their heads social rights to the forefront of future about – is solitary confinement. But the academic and public debates. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 67

PROFESSOR KIRSTIE BLAIR

“Leverhulme is one of the few funders that will just give you time… time to be in the archives, scrolling through endless microfilm reels of local newspapers, reading every week’s poetry column and the editorials that accompanied them”

Boring, derivative and notable only for bitter dispute over access and rights of way. By examining Victorian its complete lack of merit: the working- The words of one such poem, Alexander Scottish poetry from below class verse of Victorian Scotland was the Rodger’s ‘Come to the Banks of Clyde’, – the everyday culture of ‘nadir of Scottish poetry’. So why did so look fairly standard and uninteresting many working-class men and women in their republication in Whistle-Binkie, local verse supported and devote their rare leisure time to these a famous anthology of family-friendly fostered by working-class poems and songs, and particularly to the verse. But the stated tune for this verse, verses published every week in newspaper ‘March to the battle field’, signals its authors, readers and patrons poetry columns? When she applied for original context. Glasgow readers in 1839 – Kirstie Blair’s research her 2015 Leverhulme Trust Research knew that Rodger’s song was composed has provided a revisionist Fellowship, Professor Kirstie Blair argued about the Harvie’s Dyke case, in which a that the importance of working-class verse wealthy brewer tried to wall off the banks history of the literary could only be understood by studying of Clyde. Rodger was the radical ‘poet nineteenth century for the poetry in its original context. “This laureate’ of the opposition to Thomas both Scottish studies and is something nobody had previously had Harvie, and this was political protest verse. the time, energy or will to do,” she says, Kirstie’s project has highlighted Victorian studies “and Leverhulme is one of the few funders exciting and previously entirely overlooked that will just give you time… time to be links between Scottish Studies and in the archives, scrolling through endless Victorian Studies. And its impact on these microfilm reels of local newspapers reading two substantial academic fields promises every week’s poetry column and the to be a lasting one. Kirstie was recruited editorials that accompanied them.” by the University of Strathclyde in 2016, It was only while working in the and provided with start-up funding for a regional archives across Scotland that Scottish Centre for Victorian and Neo- Kirstie realised quite how enormous Victorian Studies, which she will co-direct. this verse culture was. A vast amount During her Fellowship, she wrote a of material, particularly in the little substantial part of a monograph (for local libraries, had been unknown to publication in 2018), Working Verse in scholarship since the nineteenth century. Victorian Scotland, discussing over fifty She also began to see why the poems named poets, never previously studied, mattered so much to their readers; and as well as numerous anonymous why so many men and women went or pseudonymous writers. She also home to write poems at the end of a long completed a general anthology of working day. The everyday culture of Victorian newspaper verse, The Poets of local verse was deeply politically engaged, the People’s Journal: Newspaper Poetry in its subjects ranging from the local to Victorian Scotland, which was published national and international affairs. The by the Association for Scottish Literary poetry was often highly sophisticated, its Studies in November 2016. With poems authors consciously using and subverting selected to appeal to a popular as well traditional styles to reinforce their case. as an academic audience, she hopes this Most surprising, she says, was the discovery anthology will show how the concerns and that apparently innocent pastoral poems interests of these ‘forgotten’ poets remain often served as calls to action in an ongoing, surprisingly relevant in the modern day. 68 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 69

PROFESSOR EDWARD COWIE

“The Leverhulme Fellowship was a tremendous boon … It allowed me to go to places I could never have experienced otherwise”

With his unique blend of sound, sight any threatened habitat. One of nature’s Inspired by the sounds and science, Professor Edward Cowie masterpieces, Okavango is a vast oasis and sights of nature, conserves some of the world’s most in an otherwise dry environment: drawing and painting endangered habitats in music. Inspired by Africa’s last Eden. This was Edward’s nature’s ever-changing shapes, rhythms first experience of tropical Africa and, forms a fundamental and colours, his compositions evoke both travelling far from any beaten track, he and complementary what he hears and what he sees in these found wilderness of exceptional potency. fragile environments. They serve as both “Until you see such incredible sights, part of Edward Cowie’s record and warning. In 2012, he embarked experience the amazing colour changes, compositional process, on Earth Music, a series of short works sunrises and sunsets, the richness of fusing sound with vision in for large symphony orchestra, featuring birdsong, you can’t begin to imagine habitats particularly threatened by climate just how strange and inspiring it’s the pursuit of new forms of change. Earth Music 1, a response to the going to be,” he says. His experience in self expression Great Barrier Reef, was commissioned Chobe, north of Okavango, where he by the BBC in celebration of Edward’s was privileged to witness a traditional seventieth birthday and premiered at Botswanian ceremony, imparted an the BBC Prom in 2013. In 2014, he was unexpectedly spiritual air to the second awarded a two-year Leverhulme Trust in his Earth Music series. Written for Emeritus Fellowship to support the field double choir and two percussion, Earth trips needed to research the next two in Music 2: Okavango Dawn and Chobe the series. Canticle, will be premiered by The BBC Edward’s field trips are only part of Singers in September 2017 and broadcast his research process. First, he familiarises on BBC Radio 3. Edward also wrote himself with what is known about his Okavango Nocturne for Large Orchestra chosen habitat, reading scientific papers on (published in 2015 by United Music its environment, flora and fauna. This Publishers London). understanding then underpins his fieldwork, After the watery environments of allowing him to observe his surroundings the Great Barrier Reef and Okavango, with an informed eye… and ear. As nature’s Edward chose the driest possible place compositions unfold, he takes meticulous for Earth Music 3: Death Valley, California. records in three notebooks: one for During this field trip, he also studied the drawings; one for musical notations; and environments in three other Californian one for words or mimetic prompts linking National Parks: Joshua Tree, Yosemite and the other two. Back in the studio, he the Californian Marine Coastline. Again, gathers his ideas by “drawing towards the the fieldwork led to an unexpected wealth music”, using visual art to harness sound, of creative outputs including California sight, understanding and memory, before Sweets, four quintets for solo guitar and finally putting notes to paper. Many of string quartet which will premier in his drawings are exhibited or published autumn 2017, and ongoing work on an separately to his music; and they are often orchestral piece for Earth Music 3. “The back projected during performances, Leverhulme Fellowship was a tremendous heightening the multisensual impact. boon,” he says. “It allowed me to go to Botswana’s Okavango Delta was places I could never have experienced Edward’s ‘absolute first choice’ for Earth otherwise. Habitats so significant, they Music 2, not least because wetlands have continue to inspire some of my very best suffered the most dramatic losses of creative work.” 70 RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

DR LEE BROUGHTON

“A particular asset of the Leverhulme Fellowship was that it allowed me to get out and engage with the public”

In a plot twist worthy of its place in Unionists are merciless fascistic invaders; Italian filmmakers cinema history, Sergio Leone’s The Good, and while past conflict often leads to seemingly used the US the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is recognised peaceful reunification in the Wild West Civil War to comment as one of the greatest movies of all time. of Hollywood, Spaghetti Westerns On its release few could have predicted evoke no such happy ending. Lee argues allegorically on Italy’s how inspirational this – and other that acknowledging the distinctive way own historical traumas; Spaghetti Westerns – would prove. Most American Civil War symbolism was American film critics dismissed them appropriated in Spaghetti Westerns allows Lee Broughton’s project as excessively blood-soaked, morally us to ‘read’ the films afresh. For a Southern sought to formulate new confused, and historically inauthentic. In a Italian audience, these representations interpretive models to time-worn Hollywood tradition, Spaghetti appear to illuminate and explore public Westerns were often set against a memories of the aggression and brutality allow us to fully understand backdrop of the US Civil War, but Italians tied both to the history of northern Italian Westerns and the seemed to use the North (Unionist) invaders in 1861, and to the atrocities public memories of national versus South (Confederate) symbolism associated with the Nazi-sponsored fascists. haphazardly, without consideration for its Spaghetti Westerns that featured Civil trauma they evoke historical or narrational effect. Researching War stories also captured the zeitgeist of the evolution of Western movies for his 1960s and 1970s Italy, where the ongoing postgraduate degree, Lee Broughton North–South divide became economic wondered whether the North–South in nature and partisan political terrorism symbolism found in Spaghetti Westerns provoked further societal divisions. had in fact been carefully selected, but Alongside his research activities, primarily with its original Southern Italian Lee organised and introduced public film audience in mind. “I was aware that Italy screenings of Westerns, with support from had been, almost since its birth, a divided the Leverhulme Trust. “A particular asset nation on a North–South basis,” Lee of the Leverhulme Fellowship was that it explains. “It had its own civil war around allowed me to get out and engage with the the same time as the American Civil War. public,” he says. “People were often really And was again divided during World enthusiastic and the question and answer War II, with Nazi-sponsored fascists in sessions generated interesting and lively the North and the Allies and the new dialogue.” A highlight was the screening Italian state occupying the South.” Were of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly at the Spaghetti Westerns employing discernable National Media Museum in Bradford in patterns in the representations of North 2016: the UK’s premier celebration of this and South that resonated with Italy’s iconic film’s 50th anniversary. This was part traumatic past? of an international conference, the last in This question was at the core of a series of academic events convened by Lee’s 2013 Leverhulme Trust Early Lee, which provided much of the source Career Fellowship project at the Centre material for his edited volume, Critical for World Cinemas, University of Leeds. Perspectives on the Western: From A Fistful His findings contradict critics’ assertions of Dollars to Django Unchained (2016). that Italian film makers selected northern Published by Rowman and Littlefield, and southern symbols at random, instead this wide-ranging collection celebrates the revealing consistent themes: southern Western genre in all of its multifarious Confederates are often coded as ‘good’ forms and the fruitful avenues of academic and honourable victims, while northern research it continues to inspire. RECENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 71

Below. Scene from A Fistful Of Dollars (1964). Image credit: Jolly/Constantin/Ocean/REX/ Shutterstock. 72 AWARDS MADE AWARDS MADE 73

AWARDS MADE

Find listings for all awards made by the Trust in 2016. Details are given for each of the funding schemes across the Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences 74 AWARDS MADE

AWARDS MADE IN 2016

Dr Magnus Bebbington Research Leadership Humanities Heriot-Watt University Awards Dr Dagmar Divjak From hydroamination to dipolar University of Sheffield cycloaddition through dual-mode Sciences Out of our minds: optimising language catalysis learning with discriminative algorithms £110,467 Dr Andrew Biggin £935,900 University of Liverpool Dr David Belin Shaping Earth: defining planetary Dr Gordon Noble University of Cambridge evolution using palaeomagnetism University of Aberdeen Mapping the neural circuit subserving £999,592 Comparative kingship: the early medieval interoceptive control over behaviour kingdoms of Northern Britain and Ireland £325,585 Dr Clare Burrage £971,149 University of Nottingham Dr Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso New searches for dark energy Dr Timothy Stanton University of Leeds £802,923 University of York Unlocking plant intercellular channels: Rethinking civil society: history, theory, lessons from cell wall molecular Dr Sergi Garcia-Manyes critique biophysics King’s College London £828,772 £353,301 Mechanochemical biology: a force to be reckoned with Professor Malcolm Bennett £942,614 University of Nottingham Social Sciences Watching plants drink: imaging where, Dr Philip King when and how roots take up water University of St Andrews Dr Emily Keightley £283,147 Engineered quantum states via atomic-scale Loughborough University assembly of artificial 2D heterostructures Migrant memory and the post-colonial Dr Roger Benson £999,629 imagination (MMPI): British Asian University of Oxford memory, identity and community after Timing the origin of genome doubling in Dr Nathan Lepora partition fossil teleosts University of Bristol £994,904 £248,425 A biomimetic forebrain for robot touch £998,928 Dr Zara Bergstrom University of Kent Dr Nicholas Longrich Research Project Grants Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying University of Bath retrieval-induced updating of face The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction memories – severity, recovery and biogeography Sciences £191,067 £998,185 Professor Steve Armes Dr Carolyn McGettigan University of Sheffield Dr Jacopo Bertolotti Royal Holloway, University of London In situ SAXS studies of micellar University of Exeter SONOVOX: the social neuroscience of voices nucleation during block copolymer Prime factorisation using light £961,815 syntheses £118,672 £161,051 Dr Kou Murayama Professor Peter Beton University of Reading Dr George Bassel University of Nottingham An integrative theory of interest: how can University of Birmingham Flexibility and curvature in two- we motivate ourselves without extrinsic Evolution of cellular patterning in plants dimensional supramolecular arrays incentives? £150,461 £289,358 £999,272 Dr Andrew Bayliss Professor Jeffrey Bowers Dr Julia Steinberger University of East Anglia University of Bristol University of Leeds Examining the mechanisms underpinning When and why do neural networks learn Living well within limits (LiLi) shared attention selective codes? £964,872 £270,862 £252,194 AWARDS MADE 75

Professor Steven Bramwell Dr Amanda Bretman Professor Michael Carpenter University College London University of Leeds University of Cambridge Spin ice spintronics: surface and thin film How are flexible behavioural responses Magnetoelastic coupling behaviour and probes of emergent electromagnetism to rapidly changing environments multiferroicity of magnetic iron oxide and £482,452 coordinated at the genomic level? sulphide minerals £245,369 £219,851 Dr Caroline Brennan Dr Ralf Britz Dr Yin Chen Queen Mary, University of London Natural History Museum University of Warwick The genetics of numeracy and the Breaking the rules – development and Biochemical and structural characterisation evolutionary basis of number; can fish evolution of extreme asymmetry and of a unique Rieske oxygenase CntA count? morphological novelty £181,768 £291,247 £270,782 Dr David Chesmore Professor Fernando Bresme Dr Mark Burnley University of York Imperial College London University of Kent Automatic acoustic observatories: non- Electrotunable nanoscale friction: from full Emergent properties of the fatiguing invasive long-term monitoring of acoustic stall to superlubricity neuromuscular system species £237,563 £160,189 £310,933 76 AWARDS MADE

Dr Andy Chow Professor Norman Fenton Dr Kumiko Fukumura University College London Queen Mary, University of London University of Strathclyde Agent-based modelling and optimisation Improved understanding of causal models The mechanisms of choosing pronouns: a of transport network resilience in dynamic decision-making cross-linguistic study £72,865 £383,510 £156,799

Professor Lesley Cohen Dr David Ferrier Professor Matthew Gaunt Imperial College London University of St Andrews University of Cambridge Microwave-induced Andreev bound states Determining major general regulatory New concepts for activity-based protein £216,563 mechanisms in the ParaHox gene cluster profiling (ABPP) £167,184 £119,318 Dr Georgina Cosma Nottingham Trent University Professor Gavin Foster Dr Elena Gheorghiu Novel approaches for constructing University of Southampton University of Stirling optimised multimodal data spaces The nature and consequences of historic Elucidating the role of colour in shape £115,355 and future ocean acidification; insights processing in human vision from boron isotopes in corals £130,595 Dr Claire Cousins £262,470 University of St Andrews Dr Nikitas Gidopoulos Frozen but not forgotten: microbial Professor Mark Fricker Durham University habitability and preservation in planetary University of Oxford Progress in Kohn Sham electronic structure fluids The third mode of life theory from a wave function approach £165,903 £240,471 £184,351

Dr William Curran Professor Lorenzo Frigerio Dr Andrew Gillis Queen’s University Belfast University of Warwick University of Cambridge The importance of social context in The cell biology of rubber biosynthesis – Development of gill arch appendages: interpreting and generating laughter the endoplasmic reticulum connection insights into the origin of paired fins £123,378 £178,467 £170,844

Professor Brendan Davies University of Leeds A new dimension for plants £247,555

Dr Ian Davies Liverpool John Moores University New frontiers in lipoprotein analysis: small molecules, big questions? £127,026

Dr João Pedro de Magalhães University of Liverpool Data-driven discovery of correlations between genes and ageing-related changes £304,873

Professor Andrew Ellis University of Leicester The building blocks of gas hydrates £126,560

Professor Maurice Elphick Queen Mary, University of London From starfish to sex: the origins of kisspeptin signalling £113,015

Dr Geoffrey Evatt University of Manchester The lost meteorites of Antarctica £258,599 AWARDS MADE 77

Dr Diego Gómez-Nicola Professor Paul Hibbard Dr Matthew Johnson University of Southampton University of Essex University of Sheffield Understanding the dynamics and diversity Depth-cue combination in complex Organisation of photosystem I and of microglia in the healthy and ageing natural scenes ATP synthase in plant photosynthetic brain £71,714 membranes £236,866 £178,389 Dr Neal Hinvest Professor Julie Gray University of Bath Professor Alex Kacelnik University of Sheffield Elucidating the ‘shared brain’ University of Oxford How do plants restrict stomatal entry £127,111 Relational concept imprinting in routes following pathogen attack? ducklings £82,693 Dr James Hodge £171,635 University of Bristol Professor Ruth Gregory Optogenetic imaging and remote control Professor Anthony Kenyon Durham University of the fly electrical clock University College London Challenging the standard model with £210,844 Understanding and controlling dynamic black holes functional oxides £192,413 Professor Felix Hofmann £331,470 University of Oxford Dr Matthew Grubb Probing the invisible: characterising Dr James Kilner King’s College London atomic-scale point defects with X-rays University College London Linking functional and epigenetic £254,220 The role of emotion in believable acting plasticity at the single-neuron level £149,231 £212,234 Dr Sarah Horswell University of Birmingham Professor Hon Wai Lam Dr Scott Habershon Advanced bioelectrochemical University of Nottingham University of Warwick measurements on unsupported Remote functionalisation by the chain Network organisation in biological membranes walking of allylmetal species photosynthesis £245,580 £180,351 £104,642 Dr Andrew Hudson Dr Ellouise Leadbeater Professor Patrick Haggard University of Leicester Royal Holloway, University of London University College London Development of a sensor to quantify The evolution of cognition: ‘intelligence’ Processes and precursors of volition: cellular concentrations of heme in the wild comparing endogenous and exogenous £201,752 £249,516 action decisions in the human brain £220,328 Dr Robert Hughes Dr Tung Chun Lee Dr Antonia Hamilton Royal Holloway, University of London University College London University College London Memory and language: a perceptual- Mechanism of catalysis inside Understanding and generating real-time motor approach to verbal sequence nanoreactors face-to-face social interactions learning £225,179 £314,885 £149,397 Dr Daniele Leonori Dr D Flemming Hansen Dr Wassim Jabi University of Manchester University College London Cardiff University Visible-light mediated synthesis of Exploring the conformational sampling Enhancing the representation of nitrogen-centred radicals and motions of side chains in proteins architectural space in 3D modelling £105,569 £198,009 environments £300,485 Dr Paul Long Dr Simon Harvey King’s College London Canterbury Christ Church University Dr Mateja Jamnik Are endoparasitic cnidarians venomous Nematode genetic variation and protein University of Cambridge animals? A pioneering study into an misfolding disease ARD: accessible reasoning with diagrams ancient lineage £88,288 £383,728 £384,673

Dr Helmut Hauser Dr Francis Jiggins Professor Stefan Maier University of Bristol University of Cambridge Imperial College London Computing with spiders’ webs – an The evolution and origins of arthropod Topologically protected flexural waves in inspiration for new sensors and robots RNAi thin elastic plates £264,745 £153,665 £270,855 78 AWARDS MADE

Dr Svetlana Makovets Professor Colin Murrell Dr Thomas Penfold University of Edinburgh University of East Anglia Newcastle University Proteolysis-dependent regulation of The role of facultative methanotrophs in Probing femtosecond dynamics with core telomerase catalytic subunit the cycling of natural gas hole spectroscopy: a theoretical approach £174,381 £196,819 £146,559

Dr Stephen Mansell Professor Richard Napier Dr Andre Pires da Silva Heriot-Watt University University of Warwick University of Warwick Enabling N2 and hydrocarbon activation Self-organising carbon nanosensors for Gamete-mediated transmission of using first row transition metals imaging morphogenic gradients in parental experience £106,406 plants £184,110 £309,063 Dr Jason McEwen Professor Emmanuel Pothos University College London Dr Robert Nash City University London Illuminating the dark Universe with novel Aston University A quantum approach to decision-making 3D spherical informatics methods Cognitive biases in the recipience of past- in Bernoulli’s St Petersburg’s paradox £323,389 and future-oriented feedback £111,895 £98,236 Professor Alistair McGregor Dr Clare Press Oxford Brookes University Professor Tim Naylor Birkbeck, University of London How to build a spider: regulation of University of Exeter The paradoxical influences of prediction on segmentation in Parasteatoda tepidariorum A new understanding of planet perception: do actions silence perception? £160,246 formation £205,756 £184,349 Dr Rebecca Melen Professor David Procter Cardiff University Professor Hugh Nimmo University of Manchester Main group catalysis: chiral borenium cations University of Glasgow Asymmetric copper-catalysed £173,742 Temperature perception in plants by a multicomponent assembly of high-value splicing factor-clock transcript module amines Professor Jane Mellor £167,018 £163,225 University of Oxford Defining the fundamental nature of Dr Charles O’Hara Professor Aleksandr Pukhlikov antisense transcription University of Strathclyde University of Liverpool £139,816 Main group element enhancement of Birational geometry of higher Dr Patrick Mesquida transition metal C-H bond activation dimensional Fano varieties of higher King’s College London chemistry index Are collagen fibrils ladders for cells? £220,527 £76,646 £107,268 Dr Karen Olsson-Francis Dr David Reby Dr James Moore Open University University of Sussex Goldsmiths, University of London The feasibility of contemporary life Voice and sex stereotypes: a Exploring intentionality biases in the elsewhere in our Solar System developmental perspective analysis of human behaviour £170,394 £222,515 £164,459 Dr Rupert Oulton Professor Neil Robertson Professor Michael Morgan Imperial College London University of Edinburgh City University London Quantum nano-plasmonics Materials development to realise the A Bayesian approach to the control of eye £251,539 organic piezoelectronic transistor movements in human subjects £299,296 £122,047 Dr Antonio Padilla University of Nottingham Professor David Rueda Dr Ian Morris A new approach to the cosmological Imperial College London University of Surrey constant problem: disentangling local Visualising repressor–activator Lower bounds for Lyapunov exponents physics from global competition as a mechanism of Ikaros- £267,776 £212,393 mediated gene regulation £186,209 Professor Russell Morris Professor Daniel Paulusma University of St Andrews Durham University Professor Saverio Russo Metallorganic frameworks as anode Efficient graph-colouring algorithms via University of Exeter materials for high-performance batteries input restrictions Room temperature quantum electronics £105,312 £187,316 £254,711 AWARDS MADE 79

Dr Richard Stephenson University of East Anglia Asymmetric ‘click’-synthesis of Helicenes £166,029

Dr Tyler Stevenson University of Aberdeen Identification of the photoreceptor for light detection in the avian brain £246,909

Dr Anne Straube University of Warwick How microtubule plus tip trackers couple polymer assembly to cargo transport £256,434

Dr Naeem Syed Canterbury Christ Church University Understanding the epigenetics of alternative splicing in the plant clock genes £268,307

Professor Steve Tipper University of York Harnessing the power of visuomotor fluency to encourage healthy choices Dr Victor Sans Sangorrin Professor Lucia Sivilotti £266,328 University of Nottingham University College London Advanced molecular materials based on Spatially resolved optical patch clamp of Professor John Trinick 3D-printed polymeric ionic liquids single ion channels University of Leeds £161,448 £207,280 Structure and function of 50 nm extracellular filaments in reproduction Professor Pauline Schaap Professor Austin Smith £171,742 University of Dundee University of Cambridge Understanding the molecular mechanisms Delimiting the stem cell phase boundary Professor Hendrik Ulbricht that control somatic cell specialisation via time normalisation University of Southampton £227,354 £224,408 Non-interferometric test of the quantum superposition principle £384,300 Dr Felix Schulze Dr Marie Smith University College London Birkbeck, University of London Advances in contact topology via Professor Patrick Unwin The social side of face perception: insights University of Warwick Lagrangian mean curvature flow from atypical development £337,709 Lab-on-a-tip: real-time nanoscale analysis £177,298 of living cells Professor Mark Searle £102,460 University of Nottingham Dr Howard Snelling Dr Dhanraj Vishwanath Reading the ubiquitin barcode – new tools University of Hull University of St Andrews from next generation phage display Laplacian magic windows What does it mean to ‘see in 3D’? £171,572 £123,828 Explaining the phenomenology of stereopsis £161,204 Dr Evelyne Sernagor Professor Gyaneshwar Srivastava University of Exeter Newcastle University Professor Tim Vogels Tuning thermal transport in A novel approach to functional University of Oxford nanocomposites with size, shape and classification of retinal ganglion cells The cooperative brain: multipartite interface control £274,437 plasticity for entwined cortical functions £228,338 £169,663 Professor Mike Shipman University of Warwick Dr Vasilios Stavros Professor Jemma Wadham Oxetane-enhanced macrocyclisation University of Warwick University of Bristol technology: macrocyclic peptides made Unravelling photoprotection pathways in Sub-ice weathering: a missing link in the easy plant sunscreens global silicon cycle? £243,135 £314,841 £261,904 80 AWARDS MADE

Dr Andrea Waeschenbach Dr Kate Wilmut Dr Liming Ying Natural History Museum Oxford Brookes University Imperial College London Molecules meet fossils – an integrated Movement planning during reach-to- Probing synaptic amyloid-β aggregation approach to studying palaeodiversity grasp tasks across the lifespan by redox reaction enabled super-resolution £350,090 £52,581 imaging £331,179 Dr Bridget Waller Dr Andrew Wright University of Portsmouth University of St Andrews Dr Igor Yurkevich Cultural variation in the social function Synthesis of real and virtual space weather Aston University and expression of guilt data Disorder-induced superconductivity in £106,827 £149,270 quasi-1D strongly correlated materials £213,919

Dr Ben Webb Dr Shengfu Yang Dr Mischa Zelzer University of Nottingham University of Leicester University of Nottingham Timescales of multisensory recalibration Investigation of combustion chemistry Surfaces, the next frontier in understanding in natural environments using superfluid helium nanodroplets and controlling gel properties £250,275 £137,884 £154,274

Professor Eske Willerslev Dr Ozgur Yazaydin Dr Eli Zysman-Colman University of Cambridge University College London University of St Andrews Method for quantification of ancient plant Engineering of electric field controlled Blue-emitting TADF materials for OLEDs populations using fossil pollen DNA molecular gates in porous materials based on a Lewis acid-containing acceptor £354,456 £110,235 £319,908 AWARDS MADE 81

Dr Robert Jones Dr James Ross Humanities University of Leeds University of Winchester Dr Christopher Briggs The political works of Richard Brinsley Kingship, court and society at the dawn University of Cambridge Sheridan of the modern age: the chamber books of Living standards and material culture in £272,621 Henry VII and Henry VIII, 1485–1521 English rural households, 1300–1600 £200,932 £319,133 Professor John Klapper University of Birmingham Professor Peter Alexander Rowley-Conwy Professor Cyprian Broodbank Inner and outer exile in fascist Germany Durham University University of Cambridge and Spain: a comparative study Maximising milk yield in early Neolithic Archaeological deep history and dynamics £314,730 cattle farming: stable isotopic analyses of Mediterranean Africa, c.9600–700 BCE and the origins and spread of breeding £115,433 cycle manipulation across Europe Professor Jason König £189,116 University of St Andrews Dr Chris Cummins Mountains in ancient literature and University of Edinburgh Dr Lizzie Seal culture and their post-classical reception Bilingualism, pragmatic enrichment and University of Sussex £186,123 reasoning biases Race, racialisation and the death penalty £128,487 in England and Wales, 1900–1965 Dr Simon Lewis £117,700 Professor John Divers Queen Mary, University of London University of Leeds The Breckland Palaeolithic project: Dr Kim Sloan Thinking counterfactually. How would culture, technology and evolving humans British Museum have been reveals what is and what must be £255,147 Enlightenment architectures: Sir Hans £165,945 Sloane’s catalogues of his collections Dr Jamie Medhurst £332,552 Professor Alison Donnell Aberystwyth University University of Reading A decade of change: television and society Dr George Tsoulas Caribbean literary heritage: recovering the in Wales in the 1970s University of York lost past and safeguarding the future £113,813 Plural mass nouns as a window to £412,750 linguistic variation £134,267 Professor Clive Oppenheimer Dr John Gilmore University of Cambridge University of Warwick Dr Sethina Watson Nature and impacts of Middle Oriental poetry, Latin scholarship and University of York Pleistocene volcanism in the Ethiopian the European Enlightenment: the case of The register of Walter de Gray, Rift William Jones Archbishop of York, 1215–1255 £165,547 £249,968 £152,339

Dr Nathaniel Hansen Dr David Petts Dr Keith Wilkinson University of Reading Durham University University of Winchester The psychology of philosophical thought Landscape archaeology of the Great A high-resolution chronology for early experiments Depression in northern England humans in the Southern Caucasus £101,062 £255,085 £387,792

Dr Rebekah Higgitt Dr Jim Phillips University of Kent University of Glasgow Metropolitan science: places, objects and Employment, politics and culture in Social Sciences cultures of practice and knowledge in Scotland, 1955–2015 Professor Stephen Case London, 1600–1800 £215,596 £368,663 Loughborough University Exploring the language barrier to Dr Richard Huzzey Professor Stephen Read engagement in youth justice assessment University of Liverpool University of St Andrews interview practice Re-thinking petitions, parliament and Theories of paradox in fourteenth- £111,912 people in the long nineteenth century century logic: edition and translation of £367,072 key texts Professor Richard Evershed £155,655 University of Bristol Dr Richard Jones Peopling the green Sahara? A multi-proxy University of Leicester Professor Tim Rood approach to reconstructing the ecological Flood and flow: place-names and the University of Oxford and demographic history of the Saharan changing hydrology of river systems Anachronism and antiquity Holocene £375,816 £303,249 £393,421 82 AWARDS MADE

Dr Peter Flugel Professor Peter Blatchford Professor Harri Englund SOAS, University of London University College London University of Cambridge Jaina prosopography: monastic lineages, Towards a social pedagogy of classroom Liberal translations: slavery and networks and patronage learning humanity in nineteenth-century central £284,410 £185,169 Africa £172,370 Professor Robin Goodwin Professor Donald Bloxham University of Warwick University of Edinburgh Dr Christopher Finlay Psychological sequelea of the Great Miyagi The world we fought for? Systematic University of Birmingham Earthquake: a four-wave study violence in global history since 1945 The subject of legitimate violence: £62,129 £144,542 political ethics and the agents of force £112,846 Dr Tim Jay Sheffield Hallam University Professor Stephen Bottoms Professor Stephen Harrison How does game-based learning promote University of Manchester University of Oxford children’s mathematical cognition? Incarceration games: performance, Love and the soul: Apuleius’ tale of £128,978 psychology, and the Stanford Prison Experiment Cupid and Psyche in European culture Professor Vera Kempe £162,208 since 1600 Abertay University £155,108 Literacy acquisition in situations of dialect Professor Shaun Breslin exposure University of Warwick Professor Elizabeth Harvey £151,091 China risen? What is global power (and University of Nottingham in what ways does China have it)? Making women work: gender, race and Dr Alex Mesoudi £171,670 labour in Nazi-occupied Europe University of Exeter £155,258 The cultural evolution of social hierarchy: Professor Sophie Chappell an experimental investigation Professor Andrew Jones Open University £217,042 University of York Epiphanies: an ethics and metaethics of Using new biosocial data to explore experience Professor Charles Watkins inequality of opportunity in health £145,244 University of Nottingham £164,836 British amateur topographical art and landscape in northwest Italy, 1835–1915 Dr Juan-Carlos Conde Professor Caroline Knowles £141,462 University of Oxford Goldsmiths, University of London Reinventing Spanish history: the work of Serious money: a mobile investigation of Dr Benjamin Yong Américo Castro in its cultural context plutocratic London University of Hull £172,806 £168,903 Legal advice to legislatures – supporting a professionalising legislature Mr Jeremy Coote Professor Graham Loud £68,567 Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford University of Leeds Oxford’s Cook-voyage collection in The social world of the Abbey of Cava, historiographical perspective, 1772–2019 c.1020–1300 Major Research £113,723 £96,406 Fellowships Professor Mark Cornwall Professor Annalisa Marzano University of Southampton University of Reading Dr Enam Al-Wer Treason and disloyalty in the late ‘Grafting glory’: new plants, the economy University of Essex Habsburg Monarchy and élite identity in Rome The emerging dialect of Amman: a study £148,835 £112,927 in new-dialect formation £172,302 Dr Steffan Davies Professor Sharon Monteith University of Bristol Professor Richard Bell University of Nottingham University of Nottingham A long history of German exile literature, The Civil Rights Movement: a literary The theology of Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle 1790–1955 history £152,587 £104,028 £161,043

Professor Francisco Bethencourt Professor Klaus Dodds Professor Gregory Radick King’s College London Royal Holloway, University of London University of Leeds New Christians: the rise and fall of a A new North? The making and re-making Disputed inheritance: the battle over trading elite, 1497–1773 of a global Arctic Mendel and the future of biology £104,280 £182,376 £95,122 AWARDS MADE 83

Dr Ulrike Roth Professor Scott Cockroft University of Edinburgh Philip Leverhulme Prizes University of Edinburgh The child face of Roman slavery Prize winners receive £100,000, to be used Supramolecular and physical organic £146,288 for any purpose that would advance their chemistry research. Dr David Glowacki Professor Louisa Sadler University of Bristol University of Essex Molecular dynamics, biochemistry, Complementation patterns in vernacular Archaeology environmental chemistry and computer science Arabic Dr Susana Carvalho Dr Susan Perkin £107,645 University of Oxford University of Oxford Evolutionary origins of technological Physical chemistry of liquids and the Professor Jo Shaw behaviour: a primate archaeology approach measurement of forces in soft condensed University of Edinburgh to chimpanzees matter Building citizenship regimes: a global perspective Professor Manuel Fernandez-Gotz Professor Aron Walsh £143,622 University of Edinburgh Imperial College London Identity and power: northeast Gaul from Computational materials chemistry the early Iron Age until Romanisation, Professor Christopher Smith 600 BCE–70 CE University of St Andrews Economics The Roman kings: a study in archaeology, Dr Oliver Harris history and power University of Leicester Dr Vasco Carvalho £173,897 Archaeological theory and Neolithic University of Cambridge Britain Macroeconomics with emphasis on Professor Alison Stone business cycle fluctuations Lancaster University Dr Camilla Speller Dr Camille Landais Birth and philosophy University of York London School of Economics and Political Science £67,782 Human–environmental interactions, past Public finance and labour economics health and disease Professor Kalina Manova Professor Mary Vincent Dr Fraser Sturt University of Sheffield University of Oxford University of Southampton International trade and investment Religious violence in the Spanish Civil Maritime prehistory and geoarchaeology War: iconoclasm and crusade Professor Uta Schönberg £95,051 University College London Chemistry Labour economics Dr Genevieve Warwick University of Edinburgh Dr John Bower Dr Fabian Waldinger The mirrors of art: painting and reflection University of Bristol University of Warwick in early modern Europe Organic chemistry with a focus on The economics of innovation, economic £143,803 transition metal catalysed methodologies history and labour economics

Professor Diane Watt University of Surrey Women’s literary culture before the conquest £102,256

Professor David Whyte University of Liverpool Benchmarking corruption in the global north £98,979

Dr Christina Young Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London The power to transform: painted stage cloths in England £158,746 84 AWARDS MADE

Engineering Geography Languages and Literatures

Dr Anna Barnett Dr Katherine Brickell Dr William Abberley University of Sussex Royal Holloway, University of London University of Sussex Semiconductor detectors for X-ray, beta Gender and feminist geography Relationships between Victorian literature particle and gamma-ray spectroscopy and science, especially zoology Dr Vanesa Castán Broto Professor Cinzia Casiraghi University College London Professor Alexandra Harris University of Manchester Urban transitions to sustainability University of Liverpool Graphene, 2D materials, spectroscopy, ink- English literature, painting and place jet printing and flexible electronics Professor Mark Graham Dr Daisy Hay University of Oxford Dr David Connolly University of Exeter Internet geography, information Heriot-Watt University Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century geography and development geography The development of novel railway track literature, life writing and biography infrastructure Professor Harriet Hawkins Dr Lily Okalani Kahn Dr Alexandra Silva Royal Holloway, University of London University College London University College London Cultural and social geographies, Eastern European Hebrew language and Theoretical computer science, GeoHumanities, and geography and the linguistics programming languages and verification arts Dr Hannah Rohde Dr Peter Vincent Dr David Thornalley University of Edinburgh Imperial College London University College London Pragmatics of communication: computing Computational fluid dynamics The study of past climate meaning from language in context AWARDS MADE 85

Dr Duygu Dikicioglu Dr Antonio De Paola Early Career Fellowships University of Cambridge Imperial College London Understanding the beneficial impact Game theory applications towards a green In 2016 Early Career Fellowships provided on biotechnological processes of mixed and sustainable power network fifty percent of the salary costs of a three- culture of multiple microbial species year research position, up to £24,000 a Dr Steven Parsons year, with the host university providing the Dr Tao Ding University of Sheffield balance. Research expenses of £6,000 a year University of Cambridge Fundamental astrophysics with white were also available. Light-powered plasmonic actuating dwarf binaries nanomachines: ANTs Sciences Dr Marc Reid Dr Lena Grinsted University of Strathclyde Dr Konstantin Barylyuk Royal Holloway, University of London Manganese by numbers: a ‘chem-tech’ University of Cambridge The social life of spiders: evolution of toolbox for innovation High-resolution spatial proteomics of the dispersal and group living model apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii Dr Guillaume Schweicher Dr Fang Huang University of Cambridge Dr Martin Benning University of Liverpool Organic semiconductors to enable a new University of Cambridge Exploring the self-assembly and electronics Learning from mistakes: a supervised heterologous engineering of bacterial CO2- feedback-loop for imaging applications fixing machinery Dr Victor Soria-Carrasco University of Sheffield Dr Radha Boya Dr Thomas Hudson The impact of speciation mode on University of Manchester University of Warwick macroevolutionary dynamics Gas separation with atomically precise A mathematical study of discrete Dr Juraj Szavits-Nossan designer capillaries dislocation dynamics University of Edinburgh Deciphering rules for optimal protein Dr Guillem Carles Dr Anna Kalogirou biosynthesis University of Glasgow University of East Anglia Seeing within extended volumes and 3D Controlling the complex behaviour of microfluidic flows using surfactants Dr Peter Wadley structures: 3D imaging and applications University of Nottingham Dr Jackie Kendrick The domain structure and electrical Dr Thibaut Charpentier University of Liverpool switching behaviour of antiferromagnets University of Leeds Understanding the frictional behaviour of Nano-enabled water desalination volcanic rocks and magmas Dr Tong Zhang Durham University Dr Jeongmin Choi Dr Peter Keys Effective bound for arithmetic line University of Cambridge Queen’s University Belfast bundles in Arakelov geometry Decoding an ancient plant–microbe The polarimetric properties of waves in dialogue: the signalling role of DWARF the solar atmosphere Dr Noa Zilberman 14 LIKE (D14L) protein in arbuscular University of Cambridge mycorrhizal symbiosis of rice Dr Dmitry Kishkinev Systems for big data applications: Bangor University revolutionising personal computing Dr George Constable The disrupting effect of electromagnetic University of Bath noise on avian magnetic compass sense Noise in ecological systems: from Humanities individual variation to ecosystem stability Dr Hong Liu University of Warwick Dr Jason Allen Dr Andrew Crombie Counting in finite fields, integers and graphs University of Leeds University of East Anglia Witnessing, memory and poetics: Uncovering novel mechanisms for the Dr Marcelo Lozada-Hidalgo trauma and the epic in anglophone and microbial regulation of atmospheric methane University of Manchester francophone Caribbean literature Proton transport through atomically thin Dr Frances Davis interfaces Dr Naomi Billingsley University of Southampton University of Manchester A novel method to characterise the high Dr Rafael Maldonado The formation and reception of the strain-rate properties of soft tissues University of Leeds Macklin Bible Solitonic models of atomic nuclei Dr Anita Dawes Dr Luke Blaxill Open University Dr Duncan Murdock Anglia Ruskin University The physico-chemical properties and Oxford University Museum of Natural History The war of words: quantifying the aggregation of interstellar dust and ice The hard parts of the Cambrian explosion language of British politics, 1880–1945 86 AWARDS MADE

Dr Menaka PP Bora Dr Robert Gallagher Dr Alison Knight Royal Holloway, University of London University of Oxford University of Cambridge From tradition to contemporary: Sattriya The Latin lexicon of Anglo-Saxon Stranger churches: hate speech and music and dance in India and global contexts England, 871–1016: networks, contexts religious refugees in early modern England and uses Dr Rachel Bower Dr Tian S. Liang University of Leeds Dr Sarah Goldsmith University of Oxford Transcultural collaboration: poets of Leeds University of Leicester Anatomising the body: art, science and the and Nigeria unite, 1950–1970 Embodying the aristocrat: a history of the humanities in modern China, 1851–1949 eighteenth-century élite male body Dr Stephanie Bowry Dr Peter Lindfield University of Leicester Dr Aaron Graham University of Stirling Cultivating the art gallery in the early University College London Antiquarian by design: fakery and the modern garden The problems of global finance in Britain, material object in Britain, 1720–1824 Ireland and Empire, 1783–1844 Dr Harriet Boyd-Bennett University of Nottingham Dr David Lowther Dr Charlotte Hammond Modern migrations: musical travels Durham University Cardiff University through Italy in the 1920s Imagining India: Mughal art and colonial Caribbean threads: Creole networks of knowledge networks in the creation of Dr Andrew Brown cloth and consumption modern British zoology, 1800–1858 Bournemouth University Making land: settlement dynamics in Dr Remco Heesen Dr Lydia Luncz marginal Polynesia University of Cambridge University of Oxford Organising science: the social epistemology Lost technology: using chimpanzee Dr Angus Brown of scientists and their incentives wooden tools to identify missing human University of Birmingham records Book lovers: affect and the history of Dr Charlotte Hemmings reading in the late age of print University of Oxford Dr Michael Malay Information structure in the languages of University of Sheffield Dr Tom Brughmans Northern Sarawak Faceless extinctions University of Oxford Mercury: understanding the Roman economy Dr Christin Hoene Dr Thomas McClelland through big data and network modelling University of Kent University of Warwick Colonial soundscapes and non-western Mental action and cognitive Dr Michael Carr modernities University of Edinburgh phenomenology: lessons from enactivism Managing otherness: papal permissions to Dr Florence Impens trade with the ‘Infidel’, 1342–1394 University of Manchester Dr Emily McLaughlin In their own words: poetry in translation University of Cambridge Dr Adrianna Catena in Great Britain after 1962 Poetic ecologies: the praxis of relation in University of Warwick recent French and francophone poetry The hatters’ blues: a microglobal history of Dr Suzanna Ivanic new world dyes in early modern Spain Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Emily Oliver Religion for sale in counter-reformation University of Warwick Dr Stephanie Conner central Europe, 1550–1700 Broadcasting nations: a history of the University of Huddersfield BBC German Service, 1938–1999 Recomposing ancient music: a case study Dr Lama Jabb in Akkadian song University of Oxford Dr Nicholas Palfreyman University of Central Lancashire Dr Oskar Cox Jensen Tibetan literature as a confluence of the Patterns of variation and local identities Queen Mary, University of London oral and the literary in Indonesian sign language varieties Life in London: a biography of street indigenes in Seven Dials Dr Lucy Jackson King’s College London Dr Maroula Perisanidi Dr Anjali Bhardwaj Datta Ancient tales new told: the re-invention of University of Leeds University of Cambridge Greek tragedy in neo-Latin Reform and clerical authority in the Gendering the city: urban informalities eleventh century: a comparative and production of space in Delhi Dr Jane Kershaw perspective University of Oxford Dr Jennifer French Britain’s Viking silver hoards: an Dr John-Mark Philo University College London archaeological analysis of the sources and University of East Anglia The palaeolithic of Europe: a demographic uses of silver in Scandinavian Britain, The reception of Tacitus in the British and social (pre)history 850–1050 CE Isles, 1500–1600 AWARDS MADE 87

Dr Rachel Randall Dr Damian Taylor University of Oxford University of Oxford Social Sciences A part of the family? Domésticas, babás Making and immateriality: art and Dr Wendy Asquith and nanas in Brazilian and Chilean embodiment in the digital age University of Nottingham culture Universal human rights: a century of Dr Claudia Tobin intergovernmental display at world’s Dr Sean Roberts University of Cambridge fairs University of Bristol Colour and the imagination: chromatic Identifying causal effects in cultural systems experience in modern literature and art Dr Dalel Benbabaali University of Oxford Ms Elizabeth Sandis Dr Guido van Meersbergen Uprooted adivasis: conflict, development University of Birmingham University of Warwick and displacement in central India Political playmaking at the universities of Cross-cultural diplomacy compared: England, 1605–1665 European diplomats in South Asia, 1600–1750 Dr Hannah-Louise Clark Dr Kathryn Santner Dr Rob Waters University of Glasgow School of Advanced Study, University of University of Sussex Healing the body of the nation? London Streets that went black? Cultures of blackness Healthcare and the state in Algeria Transpacific sisters: art and the lived and politics in London, 1958–1981 c.1800–1980 experience of Peruvian and Philippine religious women Dr Emma Whipday Dr Elena Cooper University College London University of Glasgow Dr Karian Schuitema “You see my sister’s yet at my dispose”: Intellectual property and criminalisation: Keele University siblings, subordinate roles and proprietary an historical perspective Knowledge co-production with children in rights on the early modern stage special schools through community arts Dr Zoe Cormack Dr Darryl Wilkinson University of Oxford Dr Thomas Smith University of Cambridge Marking death in South Sudan: University of Leeds Anarchism in the prehistoric Andes: the funerary art in museum collections and The rise of papal provisions in thirteenth- material culture of anti-complexity beyond century England Dr Gavin Williams Dr Emma Davidson Dr Preti Taneja King’s College London University of Edinburgh University of Warwick Geographies of the gramophone: recorded A new page? Libraries, austerity and the Shakespeare and human rights music and urban space, 1897–1939 shifting boundaries of civil society 88 AWARDS MADE

Dr Sam Halvorsen Dr Peg Murray-Evans Dr Janosch Prinz University of Cambridge University of York University of East Anglia Rethinking territory from below: learning Talking power: South Africa and the More democratic, more realistic: toward a from theory and practice in Argentina pursuit of legitimacy in the global order diagnostic approach to legitimacy

Dr Sophia Hatzisavvidou Dr Chloe Nahum-Claudel Dr Lizzie Richardson University of East Anglia London School of Economics and Political Durham University Green arguments: scientific evidence and Science Digital workplaces: technology and the political persuasion Intimate witchcraft: forging human life self-organisation of work between unseen and phenomenal worlds Dr Anni Kajanus Dr Barbara Samaluk London School of Economics and Political Dr Jonna Nyman University of Greenwich Science University of Sheffield Aiming for skilled or secure Cooperation, punishment and violence – Securing China: understanding security employment on the EU market: a a comparative study of children’s politics beyond the west Sisyphean task? cooperative relationships in China and in the UK

Dr Nino Kemoklidze University of Birmingham Self-determination and secession in Europe’s ‘near abroad’

Dr Samuel Kirwan University of Warwick Living in debt: a sociology of everyday indebtedness

Dr George Kyris University of Birmingham Conflict, statehood and sovereignty in world politics

Dr Alexander Leveringhaus University of Manchester The politics of rescue evisited:r non-state actors, drones and intervention

Dr Kirsty Lohman University of Surrey Punk, politics and gender in the UK

Dr Eric Lybeck University of Exeter The academic self: changes in university expectations since 1800

Dr Chandra Morrison London School of Economics and Political Science New muralism and the politics of erasure: a study of public culture in Peru

Dr Amrei Mueller Queen’s University Belfast Healthcare in conflict: do armed groups have obligations and responsibilities?

Dr Michal Murawski Queen Mary, University of London Moscow makeover: architecture and politics in Putin’s paradise AWARDS MADE 89

Dr Clara Sandelind Professor Martin Evans University of Sheffield University of Manchester Humanities Trust and solidarity in Scandinavia: Integrating geomorphology into a Dr Christina Alt immigration and narratives of bounded conceptual model of terrestrial carbon University of St Andrews communities cycling Modernist roots: early ecology and £49,894 Dr Rosemary Smith modernist literature in Britain, 1900–1945 University of Nottingham Dr Jonathan Fraser £44,055 The university revolutionised: upheaval and University of Manchester massification in post-2000 Cuba Fractal geometry and dimension theory £48,003 Professor Pwyll ap Sion Dr Banu Turnaoglu Bangor University University of Cambridge Professor David Harper Steve Reich and the paradox of The western question: the eastern question Durham University modernism seen from the East The roots of the ordovician £22,695 biodiversification: the brachiopod radiation Dr Lani Watson £48,799 Professor Michèle Barrett University of Edinburgh Queen Mary, University of London An interdisciplinary investigation into the Professor Ian Leary Virginia Woolf ’s social and historical education of questioning University of Southampton research: the author as note-taker Cohomology and negative curvature £49,184 Dr Julia Welland £40,911 University of Warwick Dr Jennie Batchelor The joy of war: pleasure and performance Dr Andrew McGonigle in contemporary military conduct University of Kent University of Sheffield The Lady’s Magazine in romantic print How do gases drive volcanism? Dr Hila Zaban culture £43,354 University of Warwick £9,260 The urban effects of British Jews’ Professor Jeremy Pitt transnational practices on London and Israel Imperial College London Professor Andrew Beresford Interactional justice in self-organising Durham University multi-agent systems (IJ-SOMAS) Sacred skin: the legend of St Bartholomew £44,101 in Spanish art and literature Research Fellowships £44,425 Professor Emma Raven Sciences University of Leicester Dr Anna Bernard Professor Jonathan Bamber The regulatory role of heme in ion King’s College London University of Bristol channel function International solidarity and culture Global ice mass balance and sea level £49,972 £45,736 (GIMBal) £46,270 Dr Emma Richardson Professor Richard Billingham University College London University of Gloucestershire Dr James Burridge Physical impact of storage and display Ray and Liz University of Portsmouth environments on historic film material £23,558 Memory effects in culture and games £38,995 £46,155 Dr Claudia Bolgia Dr Ilik Saccheri University of Edinburgh University of Liverpool Dr Haider Butt The ‘Long’ Trecento: Rome without the Causes and consequences of a novel sex University of Birmingham Popes, c.1305–1420 determination mechanism in a butterfly Morpho-butterfly-inspired optical applications £25,177 £46,540 £24,664

Professor Stefan Doerr Professor Vincent Savolainen Dr Stephen Bottomore Swansea University Imperial College London Independent researcher Fire and water: predicting and reducing The evolution of species on islands: genomic The origins of screen advertising, wildfire impacts on water resources approaches to non-model organisms 1890–1910 £49,631 £49,328 £9,265

Professor James Esler Dr Roger Tribe Dr Stephen Bowd University College London University of Warwick University of Edinburgh Climate response theory in the near- Analytic structure for the Brownian web Massacres during the Italian wars, equilibrium limit and beyond and Brownian net 1494–1559 £49,997 £24,440 £42,595 90 AWARDS MADE

Dr Victoria Browne Professor Laura Gowing Dr Gregory Lynall Oxford Brookes University King’s College London University of Liverpool Pregnancy without birth: the philosophy Women, apprenticeship and companies in Imagining solar energy: the power of the and ethics of miscarriage seventeenth-century London Sun in literature, science and culture £20,820 £33,735 £14,445

Dr Rebecca Clifford Professor Nick Groom Professor Javed Majeed Swansea University University of Exeter King’s College London Child survivors of genocide: making sense A history of the gothic, 1688–1774 Lexicography and culture: English, Urdu of memory £49,118 £39,297 and senses of self in colonial India £45,084 Ms Fiona Crisp Dr Jonathan Hesk University of St Andrews Northumbria University Dr Luciana Martins Intellectual and deliberative virtue from Material sight: re-presenting the spaces of Birkbeck, University of London Homer to Aristotle: an archaeology fundamental science Drawing together: the visual archive of £40,723 £48,705 expeditionary fieldwork £46,085 Dr John Cussans Dr Claire Holleran University of Oxford University of Exeter The skullcracker suite: an interdisciplinary Mapping migration in Roman Iberia Professor David Maxwell artistic research project £49,058 University of Cambridge £13,216 Religious entanglement and the Professor Steve King making of the Luba-Katanga in Belgian Dr Anissa Daoudi University of Leicester Congo University of Birmingham Writing the lives of the poor, £45,382 Sexual violence against women in Algeria: 1780s–1830s narratives, translations, languages £40,523 Dr Roberta Mazza £26,875 University of Manchester Dr Mary Leng Land and power in the later Roman Dr Wolfgang David Cirilo de Melo University of York Empire: the Apion dynasty between University of Oxford Mathematics, morals, and the challenge Egypt and Constantinople Varro’s De lingua Latina: edition, to physicalism £45,570 translation, commentary £49,545 £46,504 Professor John McLeod Dr Janet DeLaine Dr Ben Levitas University of Leeds University of Oxford Goldsmiths, University of London Global trespassers: from permitted The urban development of Roman Ostia Ireland, theatre and modernity mobility to prohibited personhood £49,971 £49,552 £28,531

Professor Katharine Ellis Professor Andrew Lewis Professor Silvina Milstein University of Bristol Bangor University King’s College London In the shadow of Paris? Music in regional Songs from afar: composing the Musical dream forms France, 1830–1914 experience of dementia £49,993 £49,367 £14,277

Dr Helen Moore Dr Jan Fellerer Professor Jonathan Lichtenstein University of Oxford University of Oxford University of Essex Multilingualism in east-central European The journey in reverse: a work of prose- John Webster: a critical and cultural life cities: Lviv and Lódz around 1900 fiction with photographs £42,672 £42,272 £32,778 Dr Kathryn Murphy Professor Paul Gilroy University of Oxford King’s College London Dr Jose Lingna Nafafe The tottering universal: metaphysical To the measure of the world: race and the University of Bristol prose in the seventeenth century re-enchantment of the human Freedom and lusophony African diaspora £49,702 £47,335 in the Atlantic £21,032 Dr Caroline Goodson Dr Charles Orzech Birkbeck, University of London Dr Christina Lupton University of Glasgow Urban gardening in early medieval Italy: University of Warwick World religions museums: displaying cultivating the city Reading codex and the making of time objects, shaping cultures £48,392 £37,938 £37,758 AWARDS MADE 91

Dr John Parker Dr Lloyd Ridgeon Professor Maria Shevtsova SOAS, University of London University of Glasgow Goldsmiths, University of London In my time of dying: a history of death Rethinking the Shari’ah in contemporary Re-discovering Stanislavsky in context and the ends of life in Ghana Iran £25,107 £41,320 £47,098 Dr Kristina Spohr Professor Sarah Peverley Dr Adam Rieger London School of Economics and Political University of Liverpool University of Glasgow Science Mermaids of the British Isles: a cultural Cardinal voting: a new paradigm in A conservative revolution: 1989–1992 in history, c.450–1500 voting theory? global perspective £44,084 £38,967 £47,953

Professor Joad Raymond Professor Michael Roper Dr Amia Srinivasan Queen Mary, University of London University of Essex University College London The book that made John Milton famous: Children, play and the legacies of the At the depths of believing an edition of Milton's Latin defences Great War in Britain £48,412 £38,679 £46,192 Professor Francesca Stavrakopoulou Dr Tom Rice Professor Frederic Schwartz University of Exeter University of St Andrews University College London Dissecting Yahweh: the materiality of the Watching Empire dissolve: through the German art and the culture of the ‘case’, divine body and its biblical autopsy lens of the colonial film units 1900–1933 £45,572 £37,859 £46,155 Professor Tracy Strong Ms Liz Rideal Professor Bill Schwarz University of Southampton University College London Queen Mary, University of London Citizenship and conflict in the United Rome and the Campagna: splicing time Memories of Empire. Post-colonial England? States £20,733 £50,000 £39,553 92 AWARDS MADE

Dr Ceri Sullivan Professor Marcus Wood Cardiff University University of Sussex Social Sciences Private prayer: the commoner’s creative Exploding archives: slavery, Brazil, Dr Tanja Bastia writing, 1580–1620 America and the limits of cultural memory University of Manchester £40,190 £49,900 Ageing and migration: the challenges of transnational caring and social Dr Christopher Woodard Dr Giorgio Tagliaferro inequalities University of Nottingham University of Warwick £47,450 Taking utilitarianism seriously The great council hall cycle in the Doge’s £19,784 Palace, Venice, 1577–1604 Dr Simon Bayly £38,111 Professor Angela Wright Roehampton University University of Sheffield Acts of assembly: the psychosocial life of Dr Mark Thompson Fostering romanticism: discourses of meetings University of East Anglia fostering and romanticism, 1755–1820 £46,724 Death and rebirth: Italy, 1945–1955 £30,905 £25,883 Professor Werner Bonefeld Dr Lesley Wylie University of York University of Leicester Governing a stateless currency: European Dr Emma Widdis The poetics of plants in Latin American economic constitution and the Euro University of Cambridge literature crisis Revolutionary bodies, Soviet minds £35,166 £42,320 £30,770 Dr Yue Zhuang Professor Gavin Bridge Dr Ross Wilson University of Exeter Durham University University of Cambridge Cultivating happiness: Sir William To the ends of the Earth: new Critical forms: genres of criticism from Temple, Confucianism, and the English geographies of resource extraction and 1750 to the present landscape garden circulation £47,776 £45,533 £49,022 AWARDS MADE 93

Dr Marc Brightman Dr Katy Jenkins Dr Chrissie Rogers University College London Northumbria University Aston University Unequal regenerations? Migrant Women, mining and participatory Care-less spaces: prisoners with learning agricultural labour, gender and photography in the Peruvian Andes difficulties and their families sustainability in the Sicilian archipelago £49,994 £38,890 £47,997 Professor Tsachi Keren-Paz Dr Philip Roscoe Dr Eleanor Drywood Keele University University of St Andrews University of Liverpool Privacy law, gender justice and end users’ The rise and fall of the penny-share offer: Children and the globalisation of football: liability: ‘revenge porn’ and beyond a historical sociology of the UK’s small- rights, participation and exploitation £48,078 company markets £48,307 £25,902 Dr Jun Du Professor Siddiqur Osmani Dr Paul Segal Aston University University of Ulster King’s College London Weak institutions and resource Dynamics of poverty in rural Bangladesh Inequality, wages and the real incomes of misallocation: novel approaches and new £43,418 the rich insights from local economic level £49,974 £49,947 Dr Kimberley Peters Aberystwyth University Professor Martin Fransman Professor Farzana Shain Invisible infrastructure: maritime University of Edinburgh Keele University motorways and the making of global Innovation ecosystems – how innovation In the shadow of 9/11: Muslim girls’ narrative mobilities happens accounts of past, present and future lives £24,141 £49,949 £47,980

Dr Lieve Gies Dr John Richardson Professor Alex Sharpe University of Leicester Loughborough University Keele University Coverage of human rights law in European Making ‘memory makers’: Holocaust The sexual ethics of intimacy: the case of newspapers: a comparative analysis Memorial Day since 2002 nondisclosure of gender history £39,613 £45,797 £42,319 94 AWARDS MADE

Dr Ala Sirriyeh Professor Thomas Collett Keele University Emeritus Fellowships University of Sussex Undocumented migrant young people in Tailoring wasp learning behaviour to the USA, political activism and citizenship Sciences different modes of locomotion £47,357 £18,060 Professor Colin Aitken Professor Ann Stewart University of Edinburgh University of Warwick Statistics and the evaluation of evidence Professor Peter Crittenden Caring for older women in Kenya’s plural for forensic scientists University of Nottingham legal system £20,920 Nitrogen relationships of lichens £49,932 £21,136 Professor Paul Carling Dr Kristin Surak University of Southampton Professor Michael Duff SOAS, University of London Meteorite-impact stratigraphy and Imperial College London Ius Pecuniae: the crystallisation of the environmental interpretation in North- Gravity as the square of a gauge theory citizenship and residence industry east Thailand £21,950 £49,967 £21,984

Professor Monideepa Tarafdar Professor Philip Charles Professor Robert Evans Lancaster University University of Southampton University of Bristol Information technology’s ‘dark side’: how Fundamental properties of galactic X-ray Understanding interfacial and adsorption does it reduce employee well-being? binaries phenomena in liquids £20,260 £18,269 £12,208 Dr Nick Williams Professor Jennifer Clack University of Leeds University of Cambridge Professor Douglas Gough Examining the role of the diaspora in fostering The earliest tetrapods: environment, University of Cambridge entrepreneurship and institutional change faunal associations and terrestrialisation The structure and dynamics of the Sun £30,626 £21,925 £12,074 AWARDS MADE 95

Professor Leslie Morland Professor Richard Gray Professor Helen Taylor University of East Anglia University of Essex University of Exeter Constitutive laws for evolving fabric in ice; Speaking the unspeakable: major Rooms of our own: British women’s lives their influence on ice-sheet flow American writers and the writing of in fiction £14,500 trauma £17,428 £13,500 Professor Ekhard Salje Professor Lisa Tickner University of Cambridge Dr Jennifer Harris Courtauld Institute of Art, University of Multiferroic domain boundaries University of Manchester London £21,700 Material strategy – textiles as process and The London art world in the 1960s metaphor in visual art, 1960–present £11,500 Professor Anthony Stace £4,830 University of Nottingham Dr Gus Wylie Understanding how charged dielectric Professor David Hawkins University of the Arts London particles interact with one another SOAS, University of London The campagna romana revisited £21,857 Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian £6,400 inscriptions volume III Dr Murray Stewart £22,000 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Social Sciences Integration of nuclear steps in the gene Professor Lyn Innes expression pathway with nuclear export University of Kent Professor Paul Blyton £9,700 The last nawab of Bengal, and British Cardiff University relations Working time, work–life balance and Professor Mark Swenarton £7,235 well-being: who’s winning and losing and University of Liverpool why The housing programme of the London Professor Robert Lethbridge £19,860 Borough of Camden under Sydney Cook, University of St Andrews 1965–1973 A critical edition of Emile Zola’s writings Professor Michael Freeden £8,220 on the visual arts University of Nottingham £7,990 Listening to silence: lack and absence in Dr Iain Wilkie political theory University of Glasgow Professor Andrew McNeillie £6,960 Functional characterisation of University of Exeter neuropeptides in a basal echinoderm – Quentin Bell: life and work. Professor Paddy Hillyard Antedon mediterranea A biographical study Queen’s University Belfast £7,560 £6,822 The stalker affair: coincidence or conspiracy? Professor Wojciech Zakrzewski £16,374 Durham University Quasi-integrability of soliton systems Professor Linda McDowell £10,900 University of Oxford Rethinking deference: the decline and rise of the deferential worker Humanities £17,440

Professor Joseph Bergin Professor Paul Thompson University of Manchester University of Essex Enduring passions – religion and political Pioneers of social research conflict in France, 1600–1914 £8,440 £17,150 Professor Barbara Townley Professor Alan Bowman University of St Andrews University of Oxford Becoming homo economicus: creative Corpus of Ptolemaic inscriptions labour, IP and the valuation of goods £21,278 £21,912

Professor Robin Dennell Professor Paul White University of Exeter University of Sheffield From Arabia to the Pacific: how our The separation of high-skilled migrant species colonised Asia communities in European capital cities £14,960 £8,906 96 AWARDS MADE

International Academic Fellowships

Sciences Dr Sarah Boulton University of Plymouth Bedrock river erosion in the temperate zone: a case study from New Zealand £25,780

Dr Ian Garrard Brunel University London Exploiting the potential of Brazilian natural products with a novel separations technology £18,050

Dr Diane Maclagan University of Warwick Combinatorial algebraic geometry: foundations of tropical geometry £13,025

Dr Matteo Spagnolo University of Aberdeen Thermochronology applications to glacial geomorphology and palaeoclimate studies £34,490

Humanities Dr David Farrier University of Edinburgh Unexpected encounters with deep time in contemporary poetry £14,860

Dr Chloe Marshall University College London How much sign language can adults learn in just a few minutes? £21,735

Dr Sinead O’Sullivan Queen’s University Belfast Encoding knowledge in the textual culture of the early Middle Ages £30,294

Professor Mark Pearce University of Nottingham Forging a new approach to ancient metal studies £30,788

Professor Shengfeng Qin Northumbria University Transforming emotional design principles into crowdsourcing platform design £19,973 AWARDS MADE 97

Ms Philippa Morgan Social Sciences Humanities Doctoral research in international politics Professor Tobias Kelly Dr Anna Cant – China University of Edinburgh The sound of modernity: radio education Human rights and global justice in rural Colombia, 1960–1980 – Ms Densua Mumford £10,650 Colombia Doctoral studies in empowering international parliaments: the East African legislative assembly – Switzerland Dr Roy Maconachie Dr Silvia Espelt Bombin University of Bath Making peace in the Brazilian Amazon Ms Martha Nicholson Mining conflict, North and South: and the Guianas, 1600–1820 – Portugal MA in public health sciences – Sweden deepening the governance debate £13,200 Miss Anna Fernandez De Paco Dr Natalie Papanastasiou Directing documentary and narrative film European governance as scalecraft – – Bosnia and Herzegovina The Netherlands Mr David Jervis Mr Benjamin Radley Masters in orchestral performance – Study Abroad Doctoral research in foreign direct Germany Studentships investment and capitalist development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo – In 2016 Study Abroad Students received Mr James Norrie Democratic Republic of the Congo basic maintenance costs of £18,000 a year, Transforming ideology and the cult of saints in the eleventh century – Italy travel costs and a contribution towards Mr Adam Wood research expenses. Doctoral research on Italy’s school- Mr Samuel O’Donoghue building programme: designing space for The holocaust in Spanish culture under people? – Italy and Australia Franco – Spain Sciences Miss Isabel Stokholm Dr Tom Bullock Doctoral research on fathers and sons? Harnessing incompatibility: the standard Uncovering cross-generational relations in quantum limit and tight error bounds – the Russian art world – Russia Visiting Professorships Finland Sciences Mr Anthony Carter 1,8-Naphthalimide based ligands for Social Sciences Sir John Ball supramolecular lanthanide spintronics – University of Oxford Germany Mr William Altoft Visiting Professor – Professor Richard James Masters of science in international £36,000 Miss Emma Doherty development studies – Norway Masters in biological anthropology – Professor Mark Blamire Australia Mr Matthew Bamber University of Cambridge Doctoral research in a comparative study Visiting Professor – Professor Alexander of Islamic State’s contemporary state- Ms Rosie Drinkwater Buzdin building strategy across Iraq, Syria, Libya Doctoral research in a novel method to £91,620 and Nigeria – Switzerland assess the effects of forest degradation on mammal diversity – Denmark and Dr Coralia Cartis Malaysia Ms Antonia Foldes University of Oxford MA in European studies – Poland Visiting Professor – Professor Katya Scheinberg Mr Luke McClean Mr Benjamin Lawrence £27,910 MRes in coevolution of a little known Doctoral research in Cambodia’s brood parasite and its host: the honeyguide competing constitutional sites and spirits Professor Zoran Cvetkovic – South Africa – Cambodia King’s College London Visiting Professor – Professor Urbashi Dr Joanne Sampson Miss Caitlin McCormack Mitra Complex nanomaterials from cyclic MSc in rural development and natural £66,310 peptides – Australia resource management – Sweden Dr Antony Darby Miss Helen Scott Mr Stephen Millar University of Bath Masters in brain and cognitive sciences – Sounding dissent: music, resistance and Visiting Professor – Dr Kent Harries The Netherlands Irish Republicanism – Republic of Ireland £59,216 98 AWARDS MADE

Professor Robert Fender Professor Anatoly Zayats Dr Caroline Morris University of Oxford King’s College London Queen Mary, University of London Visiting Professor – Dr Jorge Casares Visiting Professor – Professor Sergey Visiting Professor – Dr Baldur Thorhallsson £25,300 Bozhevolnyi £14,500 £20,223 Professor Alan Heavens Dr Aoileann Ní Mhurchú Imperial College London University of Manchester Visiting Professor – Professor Eric Humanities Visiting Professor – Professor V. Spike Feigelson Peterson £17,560 Professor Mark Connelly £51,962 University of Kent Professor Anthony Kenyon Visiting Professor – Professor Sophie De Professor Steve Rayner University College London Schaepdrijver University of Oxford Visiting Professor – Professor Enrique £78,920 Visiting Professor – Dr Lisa Dilling Miranda £35,928 £29,436 Dr Tony Fisher Royal Central School of Speech and Drama Professor Alfonso Martinez Arias Visiting Professor – Professor University of Cambridge Christopher Balme Visiting Professor – Dr Pierre-François £23,280 International Networks Lenne £48,300 Dr Maki Fukuoka University of Leeds Sciences

Visiting Professor – Ms Pauline J Yao Dr Catherine Merry Dr Elisabeth Bowman £34,088 University of Nottingham University of Sheffield Visiting Professor – Professor John The Rosetta Stone Network: physical Mr Ken Grant testing towards a common understanding Whitelock University of Ulster £36,165 of debris flows Visiting Professor – Ms Corinne £125,000 Noordenbos Professor Paul Midgley £7,899 Professor Bill Clyne University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Visiting Professor – Professor Michael Dr Nioclás MacCathmhaoil A new generation of metal-fibre-reinforced Treacy University of Ulster ceramics for very high temperatures £87,469 Visiting Professor – Dr Matthew Driscoll £123,752 £88,052 Professor Alan Penn Dr Phillipa Gillingham University College London Professor John McLeod Bournemouth University University of Leeds Visiting Professor – Professor David Kirsh Up scaling microclimate to macro-ecological Visiting Professor – Dr Tabish Khair £87,225 importance for global conservation £86,924 £83,196 Professor Helen Petrie University of York Professor Barry Smith School of Advanced Study, University of Professor Beverley Inkson Visiting Professor – Professor Ioannis University of Sheffield Darzentas London Visiting Professor – Professor Vincent PicoFIB network: fundamentals of atom £97,970 Hayward patterning using focussed gas-ion beams

£130,478 £125,765 Professor Jonathan Tennyson University College London Dr Jonny Steinberg Dr Katrin Leschke Visiting Professor – Professor Trevor Sears University of Oxford University of Leicester £2,131 Visiting Professor – Professor Barbaro Minimal surfaces: integrable systems and Martinez-Ruiz visualisation Dr Henry Wilton £80,048 £105,520 University of Cambridge Visiting Professor – Professor Marc Burger £19,655 Social Sciences Humanities

Professor Peter Winlove Professor Laleh Khalili Professor Julia Barrow University of Exeter SOAS, University of London University of Leeds Visiting Professor – Professor Sophie Visiting Professor – Professor Neve Rethinking reform 900–1150: conceptualising Brasselet Gordon change in medieval religious institutions £60,004 £90,800 £83,301 AWARDS MADE 99

Professor Anna Fox Dr Andrew King University for the Creative Arts Artist in Residence Swansea University Fast forward 2; an international network Grants Artist: Ms Heather Barnett – investigating women in photography now multimedia £124,475 Professor Anthony Bale £14,970 Birkbeck, University of London Dr Emma Hornby Artist: Mr Shay Hamias – animation University of Bristol £14,932 Professor Simon Kirby Processional chants in early medieval University of Edinburgh Iberia: liturgy, melody, continuity Dr Agnieszka Bronowska Artist: Ms Hanna Tuulikki – art/music £76,462 Newcastle University £14,922 Artist: Ms Shelly Knotts – composer/ Professor Jiehong Jiang sound art Birmingham City University £13,028 Dr Robert Neely Everyday legend: reinventing traditions in University of Birmingham Chinese contemporary art Dr Paul Chazot Artist: Ms Anna Dumitriu – multimedia £95,114 Durham University £14,998 Artist: Dr Laura Johnston – glass art Dr James Scorer £15,000 University of Manchester Professor Martin Polley Comics and the Latin American city: Professor Lars Chittka De Montfort University framing urban communities Queen Mary, University of London Artist: Mr Jamie Shovlin – film £95,912 Artist: Dr Robert Hudson – drama/ £15,000 writing Professor Joanna Story £14,875 University of Leicester Dr Rachel Rich Networks of knowledge in early medieval Dr Siobhan Daly Leeds Beckett University Europe: insular manuscripts, 650–850 CE Northumbria University Artist: Miss Catherine Bertola – visual £87,507 Artist: Dr Michele Allen – photography/ art sound/video £15,000 Dr Stephan Torre £15,000 University of Aberdeen Dr Jean-Xavier Ridon What’s so special about first-person thought? Dr Claire Dwyer University of Nottingham £96,782 University College London Artist: Mr Tom Bailey – theatre Artist: Mr Frédéric Lecloux – £14,375 photography £15,000 Social Sciences Dr Michael Gallagher Manchester Metropolitan University Professor Ian Davies Dr Amanda Rogers Artist: Dr Mark Wright – sound art University of York Swansea University £15,000 Youth activism, engagement and the Artist: Dr Bridget Keehan – theatre development of new civic learning spaces £13,776 £122,857 Dr Giles Gasper Durham University Professor Diana Mitlin Artist: Miss Alexandra Carr – sculpture Dr Tiffany Watt-Smith University of Manchester £14,975 Queen Mary, University of London Achieving inclusive cities through scaling Artist: Mr Mervyn Millar – puppet up participatory planning in Africa Mr Ruairi Glynn theatre £120,212 University College London £12,500 Artist: Ms Amy Croft – mixed media Professor Jane Seale £15,000 Open University Ms Cathy Williams Disabled students, ICT, post-compulsory Dr Onni Gust University of Bristol education and employment: in search of University of Nottingham Artist: Mr Luke Jerram – multimedia new solutions Artist: Dr Michael McMillan – writing/ £14,825 £123,911 drama £14,477 Dr Mark Thurner Professor Rachel Woodward School of Advanced Study, University of London Professor Andrew Hodson Newcastle University Border crossings: Latin America and the University of Sheffield Artist: Ms Paula Turner – dance/ global history of knowledge Artist: Ms Naomi Hart – multimedia choreography £124,022 £15,000 £13,818 100 AWARDS MADE

Designed and printed by Warwick Printing Company Ltd [email protected]

Image credits p2 and 8. Courtesy of Unilever Archives. p68. Edward Cowie composes by a p88. Indigofera suffruticosa, Köhler, F.E., process he calls ‘drawing towards the Medizinal Pflanzen, vol. 3: t. 36 (1890). p6 and 12. Photography by Rosie Hallam. music’. This drawing – Chobe Canticles Grant holder: Adrianna Catena. 4th Study – is one of his African Series, p10. Guillemot eggs, image © Tim inspired by a Leverhulme-funded field p91. The Vale of York hoard, deposited Birkhead; Wendy & Peter Pan directed trip to Botswana’s Okavango Delta. © c.927–928, was found in 2007. It is one by Jonathan Munby, photo by Manuel 2015 Edward Cowie. of over 15 Viking silver hoards discovered Harlan © RSC; Arabidopsis thaliana, the in Britain since 2000. Grant holder: Jane plant scientist’s model organism, image p75. Meteorites found in Antarctica, Kershaw. courtesy of K. Franklin, University of image credit: University of Manchester. Bristol; Scanning tunnelling microscope: Grant holder: Geoff Evatt. p92. Precision Optics: Centre for investigating the friction of the probe tip, Advanced Instrumentation 2013. Film image courtesy of Holly Hedgeland. p76. Digitised image of the network still, single-channel digital video. Artist formed by a foraging fungus. Grant and grant holder: Fiona Crisp. p28. Digger wasp dragging its caterpillar holder: Mark Fricker. prey. Image reproduced under CC p93. A wind-blown Ceiba tree on the BY-NC-ND 2.0 from flickr user: Israel p79. Adult worm expressing a human north coast of Cuba. The Cuba Review, Gutiérrez. Grant holder: Thomas Collett. Parkinson’s disease related gene that is 1907–1931. Grant holder: Lesley Wylie. linked to a fluorescent marker. Image p30. © Sarah Boulton. credit: Simon Harvey and Dr Katie Fowler, p94. Mermaid making music in CCCU. Grant holder: Simon Harvey. Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS p34. Newborn, Adobe Stock. Grant français 143, f. 130v. Grant holder: Sarah holder: Alison Stone. p80. Remains of the ‘Heartbreak Hill’ Peverley. co-operative labour scheme, Margrove, p50. Left: A London Citizen’s Daughter, Cleveland © David Petts, grant holder. p95. Zambian field assistant, Lazarus right: A London Merchant's Wife, Hamusikili, holding a honeyguide chick. Wenceslaus Hollar, 1643 (9cm × 5.8cm) p83. Image reproduced courtesy of Grant holder: Luke McClean. © Trustees of the British Museum. Howard Rambsy/Psyche Southwell. Grant holder: Sharon Monteith. p96. One of the many caricatures of the p57. Bumblebees and poppies, image Nawab of Bengal that appeared in the credit: Dr Natasha Mhatre. p84. Social Stegodyphus spiders cooperating British press in the 1870s. Published in in catching a prey. Photo credit: Dr Virginia Vanity Fair, 16 April 1870. Grant holder: p65. The United Launch Alliance Atlas Settepani. Grant holder: Lena Grinsted. Lyn Innes. V rocket with NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft onboard p87. A modern reconstruction of the launches from the Cape Canaveral Air silver ‘Lyre of Ur’, discovered in 1922 at Force Station Space Launch Complex 41, the Royal Cemetery of Ur, in modern Iraq Thursday, March 12, 2015, Florida. Photo (Ancient Mesopotamia) © Mark Harmer, credit: NASA/Aubrey Gemignani. 2015. Grant holder: Stephanie Conner.

The Leverhulme Trust The Leverhulme Trust 1 Pemberton Row 1 Pemberton Row London EC4A 3BG London EC4A 3BG 020 7042 9888 020 7042 9888 www.leverhulme.ac.uk www.leverhulme.ac.uk @LeverhulmeTrust Registered Charity Number 1159154 AWARDS MADE 101