LEVERHULME MAY16 NEWSLTTR.Indd 1 17/05/2016 05:47 DIRECTOR’S NOTE FUNDING UPDATES TRUST TRUSTS SCHEME NEWS
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SCHOLARSHIPS FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION MAY 2016 SPACE WEATHER Synthesis of real and virtual data INSIDE THIS ISSUE Peopling the Green Sahara Reconstructing ecological and demographic history of the Saharan Holocene The urban development of Roman Ostia FLOOD AND FLOW MERMAIDS OF THE BRITISH ISLES Nature and mechanisms of urban change Scrutinising the ‘water-names’ A cultural history, c.450–1500 and the social structure of urban space of England and Wales LEVERHULME MAY16 NEWSLTTR.indd 1 17/05/2016 05:47 DIRECTOR’S NOTE FUNDING UPDATES TRUST TRUSTS SCHEME NEWS Academic colleagues and readers of this ‘scholarships for research and education’, GRANTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Newsletter may not be aware that there are because Lever simultaneously established UPGRADE actually two Leverhulme-sponsored Trusts a second Trust – the Leverhulme Trade registered at our offices in Pemberton Row. Charities Trust – with a quite different At the end of August the Trust will Many will be familiar with the mission, ‘to make grants for the benefit of be upgrading its Grants Management Leverhulme Trust, and may well have chemists, grocers and commercial travellers, System to provide enhanced benefitted from one of our grants and for their families’. In the early 1920s functionality. Please note that during for research projects, fellowships or he (quite reasonably) imagined that this this essential maintenance there will be collaborations. The pages that follow give charitable trust would help meet the welfare no access to the online system from 26 details of the Trust’s latest awards for a needs of the growing army of ‘specific trades’ August to 4 September inclusive. We typical selection of Research Fellowships, which were at the heart of his expanding apologise for any inconvenience caused International Academic Fellowships, food and detergents multinational (the to applicants and grant holders. and Research Project Grants. The Board company we now know as Unilever). currently makes competitive awards Personal hygiene and high-quality fresh such as these via fifteen schemes, ranging food were needs that would always be with CLOSING DATE CHANGE from large grants for Research Centres us – but scientific research? At that time the (many millions of pounds), through to so-called ‘Knowledge Economy’ was but a International Network and Research small awards (of a few thousand pounds) gleam in the eyes of a very few people. Project Grant detailed applications: for Visiting Professorships or Artist in Today, the Leverhulme Trade Charities please note that the next closing date will Residence Grants. It also works closely with Trust continues to honour the founder’s be brought forward from 1 September to the National Academies to fund Senior intention, by distributing small grants for 4pm on 25 August, for decisions by the Research Fellowships and (in the case of the everyday essentials to commercial travellers, Trust Board in early December. British Academy) Small Project Grants, the grocers and chemists who find themselves latter being particularly valued by the social in financial difficulty (via front-line charities science and humanities communities, but with whom we partner), and bursaries for FUTURE FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES increasingly hard to source in a funding undergraduate and postgraduate study environment that has been moving towards to enable their children to fulfil their The next round of each of the Research fewer but larger awards. Typically, the aspirations for university-level study. In a Fellowships, International Academic Leverhulme Trust distributes some typical year the Leverhulme Trade Charities Fellowships, Study Abroad Studentships £80 million per annum in this way (last Trust will distribute £2.5 million in this way. and Emeritus Fellowships schemes opens year’s £110 million was exceptional), which Occasionally, we have the great pleasure to applications on 5 September. places the Trust firmly within the largest of receiving a letter of gratitude from a twenty charitable foundations in the world. Leverhulme Trust grant holder, who also William Lever – the first Viscount reveals that he or she was able to continue Leverhulme, founder of Lever Brothers and in education only because of a Trade benefactor of the Trust – would no doubt Charities bursary that had been received have been delighted by all of this and by the two decades earlier. William Lever would path-breaking research that has been funded have been tickled pink – even though the by the Trust over the past eight decades. But relative significance of his two Trusts hadn’t he would also have been surprised at the quite worked out as he had imagined. sheer volume of research activity that has been sponsored by his philanthropic gift of Professor Gordon Marshall CONTACTS The Leverhulme Trust 1 Pemberton Row, London, EC4A 3BG Tel 020 7042 9888 | www.leverhulme.ac.uk | @LeverhulmeTrust For more profiles of current research and full awards listings, please visitthe Leverhulme Trust website (www.leverhulme.ac.uk). To order additional copies of this newsletter, please contact Bahia Dawlatly at [email protected] 2 May 2016 LEVERHULME MAY16 NEWSLTTR.indd 2 17/05/2016 05:47 Peopling the Green Sahara Richard Evershed and his team will use trends? In our project, we will attempt to Expanding upon earlier work, new a radical new approach to explore the investigate these questions. To achieve high resolution palaeohydrological maps economic, ecological and demographic this we have brought together colleagues will be produced by Nick Drake and Paul history of the ‘Green Sahara,’ addressing from the University of Bristol and King’s Breeze at King’s College, through multi- how Holocene climate change affected College London who have world-leading spectral analyses of satellite images, and population dynamics expertise in archaeology, palaeogeography using digital topographic data. These maps and archaeological chemistry. of lakes and rivers will be correlated with The Sahara is the world’s largest hot desert. My work with Julie Dunne at the existing palaeoecological and paleoclimate With only 2.5 million people living in an University of Bristol will involve gas records from the region and the new area of >3.5 million square miles, it chromatographic, mass spectrometric palaeoenvironmental data from the pottery currently supports one of the lowest and stable carbon and hydrogen isotope assemblages, to determine when the rivers population densities on Earth. Hard as it analyses of organic residues, specifically and lakes were active. We will then use may be to imagine today, only 10,000 years animal fats, plant oils and waxes, these maps to determine the contemporary ago the ‘Green Sahara’ was a vastly different preserved in archaeological pottery distribution of fresh water and relate their environment. The ‘A frican Humid Period,’ cooking vessels. Such pottery occurs positions to the distribution of prehistoric which emerged after the last Ice Age, widely in the Saharan archaeological human settlements. transformed the Sahara into a humid record, and our large-scale pottery All the interlinking strands of the savannah with vast grasslands supporting analyses will provide novel information project will ultimately combine to provide herds of large game, and extensive lakes relating to food procurement, detailed temporal and spatial maps of and rivers, home to aquatic species such palaeoecology and palaeoclimate. ancient ecosystems in the region, including as crocodile and hippopotamus. These We will also use the new Bristol waterbodies and native fauna and flora. We favourable conditions led to a rapid Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass will use these to explore how the human population of the area by human groups Spectrometer to radiocarbon date the populations exploited these dynamic previously living at the margins of the same pottery lipids, allowing us to ecosystems, including changes to their Sahara, who exploited these abundant directly date changes in subsistence food procurement strategies over time. resources. strategies related to ecological change. Yet our understanding of the true These new 14C dates will feed into Professor Richard Evershed nature and extent of the ‘Green Sahara’ the work of Katie Manning at King’s University of Bristol is patchy. The rate of climatic change, its College London, who will build on her Research Project Grant spatial distribution and the ecological recent summed radiocarbon probability implications for human settlement distribution work to investigate are poorly understood. How did these fluctuations in regional population ABOVE Palaeohydrology of the Sahara prehistoric Saharan people adapt to such size. Her data will be further used to Desert from earlier work (Drake et al., 2011), extensive climatic and environmental investigate relative population dynamics showing lakes, alluvial fans and rivers. Our change? Did their diet and subsistence and derive evidence for population new analyses will refine this data spatially and practices change over time and how did dispersal in relation to climate driven temporally, to produce detailed maps of fresh this impact on regional demographic ecosystem changes. water locations for the African Humid Period. www.leverhulme.ac.uk 3 LEVERHULME MAY16 NEWSLTTR.indd 3 17/05/2016 05:47 The third mode of life The network structure of fungi fungi form extensive mycelial networks nutrients needed to supply regions that allows organism-wide information that connect patches of ephemeral are growing the most rapidly