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POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF HAWAIIAN COASTAL PLANTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) AUGUST 2014 By Kimberly R. Shay Thesis Committee: Donald R. Drake, Chairperson Kasey E. Barton Andrew D. Taylor Keywords: pollination network, coastal pollinators, coastal plants, Jacquemontia sandwicensis, Hylaeus ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank and acknowledge the following people for all of their help and support throughout this research and my thesis. In particular, I would like to thank my advisor Don Drake for truly being a great mentor. I am tremendously grateful to my committee members, Kasey Barton and Andy Taylor, Heather Sahli for sharing this research with me, the Botany Department faculty and staff, my family and friends for their continued support, and especially my husband, Chris. Chapter 1: I would like to thank Patrick Aldrich, Melody Euaparadorn, Michelle Elmore, Doug Powless, Jennifer Imamura, Paul Krushelnycky, Stephanie Joe, Will Haines, Jennifer Bufford, Jesse Eiben, Tad Fukami, and Christian Torres-Santana for collecting the data, Luc Leblanc for identifying and managing all of the collected insects, and the State of Hawaiʽi Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife and Charmian Dang for overseeing the permits to complete this work. Chapter 2: I would like to thank Kobey Togikawa for all of his hard work, Amelia Harvey for assisting with observations, Christopher Shay, Joshua Boothby, and Hiroshi Park for collecting cuttings, Sheldon Plentovich, Paul Krushelnycky, and Karl Magnacca for identifying insects, and State of Hawaiʽi Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife and Cynthia King for overseeing the permits to collect the insects. Funding was generously provided by the Hawai‘i Audubon Society, the Charles H. Lamoureux Fellowship from the Botany Department, and the Torrey-Degener-Rock Scholarship from the Botany Department. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1. ALIEN INSECTS DOMINATE THE PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK OF A HAWAIIAN COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Methods....................................................................................................................4 Results ....................................................................................................................11 Discussion ..............................................................................................................22 Conclusion .............................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER II. THE POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF Jacquemontia sandwicensis (CONVOLVULACEAE) ...................................................................................................31 Abstract ..................................................................................................................31 Introduction ............................................................................................................31 Methods..................................................................................................................34 Results ....................................................................................................................41 Discussion ..............................................................................................................47 Conclusion .............................................................................................................53 iii APPENDIX A. NETWORK AND GROUP INDICES OF KAʽENA POINT ..................55 APPENDIX B. 2009 QUANTITATIVE MATRIX OF KAʽENA POINT .......................59 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................................60 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Plant species in the networks at Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .........................7 Table 1.2. Pollinator taxa in the networks at Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .......................9 Table 1.3. Network Metrics of the binary and quantitative networks of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ...............................................................................................................................14 Table 1.4. Network Indices for the binary and quantitative datasets of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ...............................................................................................................................15 Table 1.5. Insect orders represented in networks of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .........17 Table 1.6. Plant species’ proportions of visits from Hylaeus spp. from the quantitative network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ............................................................................................19 Table 2.1. Floral morphology of Jacquemontia sandwicensis ..........................................36 Table 2.2. Treatments in the breeding experiment of Jacquemontia sandwicensis ...........39 Table 2.3. Pollinators at field sites and their proportions of visits to Jacquemontia sandwicensis ............................................................................................................................................46 Table 2.4. Summary of flowering species at sites .............................................................48 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ..........................................................................5 Figure 1.2. 2008-2009 Binary plant-pollinator network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ... ............................................................................................................................................12 Figure 1.3. 2009 Quantitative plant-pollinator network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i ... ............................................................................................................................................13 Figure 1.4. The distribution of visits of generalized pollinators to plant species from the quantitative network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .....................................................20 Figure 1.5. The proportion of visits by pollinator taxa out of the total visits in the quantitative network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .........................................................................21 Figure 1.6. The proportion of visits by plant species out of the total visits of the quantitative network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .........................................................................23 Figure 1.7. Categories of plant species or pollinator taxa d’ values from the quantitative network of Ka‘ena Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i .......................................................................................24 Figure 2.1. Map of Study sites ...........................................................................................35 Figure 2.2. Flower of Jacquemontia sandwicensis ...........................................................37 Figure 2.3. Lab breeding experiment .................................................................................43 Figure 2.4. Field breeding experiment ...............................................................................44 Figure 2.5. Control treatment (no manipulation, open to natural pollinators) at 3 sites and results ............................................................................................................................................45 vi CHAPTER 1. ALIEN INSECTS DOMINATE THE PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK OF A HAWAIIAN COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ABSTRACT Little is known regarding pollination webs involving island coastal plants and pollinators, and the roles that non-native flower visitors may play in these interaction networks. Plant- pollinator observations collected in March 2008 and 2009 were used to describe the pollination network for Kaʽena Point, one of Hawaii’s best-conserved coastal communities. The network includes 15 native plant species, 2 native insect species, and 27 non-native insect taxa, forming 119 interactions. Network connectance is 29.4% and weighted nestedness is 18.3, which is similar to other dry habitat, island networks. The network’s structure has a compartment of generalized pollinators followed by more specialized pollinators. Nearly all plant species interact with two or more generalist pollinators and a variable number of specialists. Small, non-native bees (Lassioglossum, Ceratina), wasps (Proconura), and flies (Tachinidae) were responsible for 71.6% of the flower visits and visit five plant species not visited by native bees. The two native visitors, Hylaeus anthracinus and H. longiceps, (both proposed as threatened/endangered)

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