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The Taj: an Architectural Marvel Or an Epitome of Love?
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(9): 367-374, 2013 ISSN 1991-8178 The Taj: An Architectural Marvel or an Epitome of Love? Arshad Islam Head, Department of History & Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia Abstract: On Saturday 7th July 2007, the New Seven Wonders Foundation, Switzerland, in its new ranking, again declared the Taj Mahal to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Taj Mahal is not just an architectural feat and an icon of luminous splendour, but an epitome of enormous love as well. The Mughal Emperor Shahjahan (1592-1666) built the Taj Mahal, the fabulous mausoleum (rauza), in memory of his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal (1593-1631). There is perhaps no better and grander monument built in the history of human civilization dedicated to love. The contemporary Mughal sources refer to this marvel as rauza-i-munavvara (‘the illumined tomb’); the Taj Mahal of Agra was originally called Taj Bibi-ka-Rauza. It is believed that the name ‘Taj Mahal’ has been derived from the name of Mumtaz Mahal (‘Crown Palace’). The pristine purity of the white marble, the exquisite ornamentation, use of precious gemstones and its picturesque location all make Taj Mahal a marvel of art. Standing majestically at the southern bank on the River Yamuna, it is synonymous with love and beauty. This paper highlights the architectural design and beauty of the Taj, and Shahjahan’s dedicated love for his beloved wife that led to its construction. Key words: INTRODUCTION It is universally acknowledged that the Taj Mahal is an architectural marvel; no one disputes it position as one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is certainly the most fêted example of the considerable feats of Mughal architecture. -
Report on International Religious Freedom 2010: India
India Page 1 of 16 Home » Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs » Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor » Releases » International Religious Freedom » 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom » South and Central Asia » India India BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR International Religious Freedom Report 2010 November 17, 2010 The constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, some state-level laws and policies restricted this freedom. The national government generally respected, provided incentives for, and intervened to protect religious freedom; however, some state and local governments imposed limits on this freedom. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the government during the reporting period. The country is the birthplace of several religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and home for more than a thousand years of Jewish, Zoroastrian, Muslim, and Christian communities. The vast majority of citizens of all religious groups lived in peaceful coexistence and were conscious of religious freedom and minority rights; however, there were some instances of religious violence between religious groups and organized communal attacks against religious minorities during the reporting period. The Ministry of Home Affairs published in its Annual Report 2009-10 that 826 communal incidents occurred in 2009, in which 125 persons died, compared to 943 incidents in 2008 in which 167 persons died. State governments also reported communal incidents. The country's democratic system, open society, independent legal institutions, vibrant civil society, and free press actively provided mechanisms to address violations of religious freedom when they occurred. The U.S. government discusses religious freedom with the government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. -
Role of Media in Promoting Communal Harmony (2012)
Role of Media in Promoting Communal Harmony National Foundation for Communal Harmony New Delhi 2012 Published by: National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) 9th Floor, ‘C’ Wing, Lok Nayak Bhawan Khan Market, New Delhi-110 003 © 2012, National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) ‘Any part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means with due acknowledgement to NFCH’ ISBN- 978-81-887772-11-7 Role of Media in Promoting Communal Harmony 2 Role of Media in Promoting Communal Harmony Sl. Contributors Title Page No. No. 1. Radhakrishnan B Media - the fourth pillar of the society 1-7 2. Aishvarya Singh Media gets great power alongwith great 8-17 responsibility 3. Rajan Vishal Media has a responsible role in 18-24 strengthening communal harmony 4. Ashwini Sattaru Security of all is in a free press 25-34 5. Harsh Mangla Media has to be sensitive for harmony 35-42 6. Mariam F. Sadhiq Media is a double edged sword 43-46 7. Lalithalakshmi The press is the best instrument for 47-54 Venkataramani enlightening the minds of men 8. Karma Dorji Media must help society to define and 55-59 promote right values 9. Rahul Jain Media can steer the country in a direction 60-65 where peace prevails 10. Dhavalkumar Content of the Media should be 66-72 Kirtikumar Patel congenial for Harmony 11. Adesh Anand Media can play harmonizing role in the 73-81 Titarmare society 12. Shemushi Bajpai Media is the key for building Communal 82-86 Harmony 13. Hkjr ;kno ehfM;k& yksdra= dk izgjh 87-92 14. -
The Shaping of Modern Gujarat
A probing took beyond Hindutva to get to the heart of Gujarat THE SHAPING OF MODERN Many aspects of mortem Gujarati society and polity appear pulling. A society which for centuries absorbed diverse people today appears insular and patochiai, and while it is one of the most prosperous slates in India, a fifth of its population lives below the poverty line. J Drawing on academic and scholarly sources, autobiographies, G U ARAT letters, literature and folksongs, Achyut Yagnik and Such Lira Strath attempt to Understand and explain these paradoxes, t hey trace the 2 a 6 :E e o n d i n a U t V a n y history of Gujarat from the time of the Indus Valley civilization, when Gujarati society came to be a synthesis of diverse peoples and cultures, to the state's encounters with the Turks, Marathas and the Portuguese t which sowed the seeds ol communal disharmony. Taking a closer look at the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the authors explore the political tensions, social dynamics and economic forces thal contributed to making the state what it is today, the impact of the British policies; the process of industrialization and urbanization^ and the rise of the middle class; the emergence of the idea of '5wadeshi“; the coming £ G and hr and his attempts to transform society and politics by bringing together diverse Gujarati cultural sources; and the series of communal riots that rocked Gujarat even as the state was consumed by nationalist fervour. With Independence and statehood, the government encouraged a new model of development, which marginalized Dai its, Adivasis and minorities even further. -
Iqbal's Pakistan
Iqbal’s Pakistan Ustad Syed Jawad Naqvi Translated by: Syed Arif Rizvi Published by: Matab Publications, Pakistan Copyright© 2014 It is not permitted to reprint this book without permission of MATAB 1 | P a g e This page is intentionally left blank 2 | P a g e Preface Iqbal’s Pakistan is a comprehensive summary of Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s visionary journey which led to the creation of Pakistan. The creation of Pakistan as presented by majority in history was neither an accidental opportunistic goal of some political leaders, and neither was it a two nation theory for separation of Muslims from the Hindu majority of India. Pakistan was made with a vision, and this vision was presented and the picture of Pakistan was created by none other than the Late Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal was a philosopher, thinker and a visionary born in Sialkot on 9th November 1877 and continued his educational journey in India and Europe which took him through a turbulence that not only changed his life but also ended up in presentation of thoughts, which if revived can reform several upcoming generations, thus granting them salvation from clutches of various forms of slavery. Iqbal’s vision about Pakistan was completely different from the Pakistan of today. His thoughts gave birth to the concept of Pakistan and also became practical with the creation of Pakistan but the real idea could not bear its fruits till date. Iqbal in his era also was an unrecognized personality and even today the real thoughts of Iqbal are not recognized in the Indian subcontinent. -
Pakistan Studies/Affairs: Most Important Mcqs (Set II) for CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS, FPSC
Pakistan Studies/Affairs: Most Important MCQs (Set II) for CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS, FPSC 101. Which language was declared as the national language of the country under the 1973 Constitution? (a) English (b) Urdu (Correct) (c) Both a & b (d) Urdu & Sindhi 102. The government of Benazir Bhutto was dismissed for the second time on November 5, 1996 by (a) Ghulam Ishaq Khan (b) Malik Miraj Khalid (c) Farooq A. Leghari (Correct) (d) Nawaz Sharif 103. 19th amendment was passed on (a) 1st January 2011 (Correct) (b) 9th January 2011 (c) 19th January 2011 (d) 29th January 2011 104. Where the shrine of Khawaja Ghulam Fareed is located? (a) Pakpattan (b) Multan (c) Mithankot (Correct) (d) Bahawalpur 105. Who built G.T. Road? (a) Akbar (b) Sher Shah Suri (Correct) (c) Hamayun (d) None of these 106. How many districts are there in the Province of Punjab? (a) 34 (b) 35 (c) 36 (Correct) (d) 37 107. Uch is famous for (a) Tombs of Saints (Correct) Downloaded from www.csstimes.pk | 1 Pakistan Studies/Affairs: Most Important MCQs (Set II) for CSS, PMS, PCS, NTS, FPSC (b) Fort (c) Pottery (d) Saints 108. Where Gulzar Mahal, Bahawalgarh and Daulat Khana are situated? (a) Multan (b) Bahawalpur (Correct) (c) Forth Abbas (d) Lahore 109. The Lal Suhanra National Park is located near: (a) Multan (b) Bahawalpur (Correct) (c) Ahmadpur East (d) D.G. Khan 110. Lahore-Islamabad Motorway is: (a) 233 Km (b) 297 Km (c) 335 Km (Correct) (d) 370 Km 111. Port Qasim is situated near the city of: (a) Lahore (b) Peshawar (c) Karachi (Correct) (d) Hyderabad 112. -
Construction of New 132Kv Grid Station Along with Associated Transmission Line at DHA Phase – VI (Barki)
Initial Environmental Examination September 2012 MFF 0021-PAK: Power Distribution Enhancement Investment Program – Proposed Tranche 3 Prepared by the Lahore Electric Supply Company for the Asian Development Bank. Draft Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report Project Number: L2&L9 {September -2012} Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Power Distribution Enhancement Investment Program (Multi-Tranche Financing Facility) Tranche-III: Construction of New 132Kv Grid Station along with Associated Transmission Line at DHA Phase – VI (Barki) Prepared by: Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) Government of Pakistan The Initial Environmental Evaluation Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB‟s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Requirements for Environmental Assessment 1 1.3 Scope of the IEE Study and Personnel 4 1.4 Structure of Report 4 2. POLICY AND STATUARY REQUIREMENTS IN PAKISTAN 6 2.1 Policy and Statutory Requirements in Pakistan 6 2.2 Statutory Framework 6 2.3 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 6 2.4 National Environmental Quality Standards 7 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 8 3.1 Type of Project 8 3.2 Categorization of the Project 8 3.3 Need for the Project 8 3.4 Location and Scale of Project 9 3.5 Decommissioning and Disposal of Materials 13 3.6 Proposed Schedule for Implementation 13 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 14 4.1 Sub-Project -
421 INDE X a Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Abbottabad 245-9
© Lonely Planet Publications 421 Index A Saidu Sharif 209-12, 210 Barikot 213 Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Taxila 88-90, 89 Barpu Glacier 353 Abbottabad 245-9, 246 architecture 53-4 Barsat 284 accommodation 364-6 area codes, see inside front cover Barsin 263 activities 366, see also individual army 34-6 Basant 110 activities arts 52-6, see also individual arts Basha Dam 265 acute mountain sickness (AMS) Artush 330 Basho 286 341, 400 Ashoka, Emperor 237, 249-50 Basho Valley 291-2 Afghan border 154 Ashoka Rocks 249-50 Batagram 256-7 INDEX Afghan refugees 46 Askur Das 306 bathrooms 377-8 Afiyatabad (New Sost) 314-15, 314 Astor Valley 268-70, 269 Batrik 232, 344 AIDS 398 Astor village 268 Battakundi 255 air pollution 70 Athmaqam 185 Batura Glacier 356-7, 7 air travel 382-3 ATMs 373 bazaars 376, 6 airlines 382-3 Avdegar 355-6, 355 Bazira 213 airports 382-3 Avgarch 313-14 begging 50 tickets 383 Awami League 32 Begum Shah Mosque 105 to/from Pakistan 383-5 Ayub National Park 80 Besham 258-9, 258 to/from the KKH 394 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 181-6, 182 Beyal 349 within Pakistan 388-9 earthquake 183 Bhitai, Shah Abdul Latif 52, 176 Akbar 27 Bhong Mosque 126-7 Akbari Mosque 179 B Bhurban 92-3 Alai Valley 259-61, 260 Baba Ghundi Ziarat 316 Bhutto, Benazir 35, 39, 51 alcohol 60 Baba Wali Kandahari 90 Bhutto family 38-9 Alexander the Great 26 Babur 27 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 38, 39 Ali Masjid 200 Babusar Pass 255-6, 267 bicycle travel, see cycling Aliabad 298-9 Badshahi Mosque 103-5 bird-watching 66 All-India Muslim League 29-30 Bagh 186 Birir Valley 233 Allergological -
Hindutva Watch
UNDERCOVER Ashish Khetan is a journalist and a lawyer. In a fifteen-year career as a journalist, he broke several important news stories and wrote over 2,000 investigative and explanatory articles. In 2014, he ran for parliament from the New Delhi Constituency. Between 2015 and 2018, he headed the top think tank of the Delhi government. He now practises law in Mumbai, where he lives with his family. First published by Context, an imprint of Westland Publications Private Limited, in 2020 1st Floor, A Block, East Wing, Plot No. 40, SP Infocity, Dr MGR Salai, Perungudi, Kandanchavadi, Chennai 600096 Context, the Context logo, Westland and the Westland logo are the trademarks of Westland Publications Private Limited, or its affiliates. Copyright © Ashish Khetan, 2020 ISBN: 9789389152517 The views and opinions expressed in this work are the author’s own and the facts are as reported by him, and the publisher is in no way liable for the same. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without express written permission of the publisher. For Zoe, Tiya, Dani and Chris Contents Epigraph Preface Introduction 1 A Sting in the Tale 2 Theatre of Masculinity 3 The Ten-foot-tall Officer 4 Painting with Fire 5 Alone in the Dark 6 Truth on Trial 7 Conspirators and Rioters 8 The Gulbarg Massacre 9 The Killing Fields 10 The Salient Feature of a Genocidal Ideology 11 The Artful Faker 12 The Smoking Gun 13 Drum Rolls of an Impending Massacre 14 The Godhra Conundrum 15 Tendulkar’s 100 vs Amit Shah’s 267 16 Walk Alone Epilogue: Riot after Riot Notes Acknowledgements The Big Nurse is able to set the wall clock at whatever speed she wants by just turning one of those dials in the steel door; she takes a notion to hurry things up, she turns the speed up, and those hands whip around that disk like spokes in a wheel. -
Coping with Injustice with Coping
Perspectives of victims of Hindu-Muslim violence in Gujarat, India GERBEN DE WITTE COPING WITH INJUSTICE Photo front page: Amit Dave / Reuters Perspectives of victims of Hindu-Muslim violence in Gujarat, India MSc thesis GERBEN DE WITTE October 2013 Registration number 880406-967-050 Study programme MSc International Development Studies Specialization Communication, Technology and Policy Chair group Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Thesis code TAD-80433 Supervisor dr. ir. Kees Jansen COPING WITH INJUSTICE Abstract This thesis presents the perspectives of riot victims on the justice process after the 2002 riots in Gujarat, a state in western India. These riots, organized by Hindu right-wing forces with complicity of the state government, were mainly one-sided attacks on Muslims. The justice process after the riots has been protracted: judicial systems have failed to bring justice, and Muslims have experienced increasing discrimination and segregation. This study – based on interviews and observations in Ahmedabad, Gujarat’s largest city – looks at the way Muslim riot victims deal with this situation of injustice, and what their perspective on the concept of justice is. Findings suggest that riot victims often associate the concept of justice with rectificatory justice. Although they are aware of other types of justice that might be relevant to them, they have only pursued justice through the judicial system. This has a lot to do with their limited ability to pursue justice, due to the circumstances they live in. Being dependent on the Hindu majority for their position in society, Muslims fear that pursuing justice might negatively affect their living situation. Additionally, they often experience other pressing issues that need their attention, and therefore pursuing justice is not their main priority. -
Effect of Self-Organized Learning Environment on the Comprehension of ESL Learners at Primary Level in Pakistan
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 9, No. 1; 2019 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Effect of Self-Organized Learning Environment on the Comprehension of ESL Learners at Primary Level in Pakistan Muhammad Akram1 & Mamuna Ghani1 1 Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Correspondence: Muhammad Akram, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 6, 2018 Accepted: November 3, 2018 Online Published: December 29, 2018 doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n1p135 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p135 Abstract The research is designed to study the effect of self-organized learning environment (SOLE) on the comprehension of the learners of English as Second Language at primary level in Pakistan. This study is conducted under the influence of Mitra (1999) experiments in child driven education. By using convenient sampling, two groups of thirty two ESL learners of grade 5th from one government school are selected randomly for the research. To find out whether SOLE is effective for learning comprehension, the researchers have used quasi experiment. The tools used for this experiment are pretest and posttest. One group of thirty two students is taken as controlled group and is taught how to have ESL comprehension by traditional method. The other group is experimental group and the researchers leave the learners in IT lab to learn ESL comprehension independently. The researchers assign some tasks to the learners and they complete these tasks by using computer on their own. After the experiment of 20 days it has been found from the comparison of the results gained through posttest from both the groups that the effect of self-organized learning environment on the comprehension of ESL learners is more than the traditional learning environment. -
When Justice Becomes the Victim the Quest for Justice After the 2002 Violence in Gujarat
The Quest for Justice After the 2002 Violence in Gujarat When Justice Becomes the Victim The Quest for Justice After the 2002 Violence in Gujarat May 2014 International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic Stanford Law School http://humanrightsclinic.law.stanford.edu/project/the-quest-for-justice International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School Cover photo: Tree of Life jali in the Sidi Saiyad Mosque in Ahmedabad, India (1573) Title quote: Indian Supreme Court Judgment (p.7) in the “Best Bakery” Case: (“When the investigating agency helps the accused, the witnesses are threatened to depose falsely and prosecutor acts in a manner as if he was defending the accused, and the Court was acting merely as an onlooker and there is no fair trial at all, justice becomes the victim.”) The Quest for Justice After the 2002 Violence in Gujarat When Justice Becomes the Victim: The Quest for Justice After the 2002 Violence in Gujarat May 2014 International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic Stanford Law School http://humanrightsclinic.law.stanford.edu/project/the-quest-for-justice Suggested Citation: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION CLINIC AT STANFORD LAW SCHOOL, WHEN JUSTICE BECOMES THE VICTIM: THE QUEST FOR FOR JUSTICE AFTER THE 2002 VIOLENCE IN GUJARAT (2014). International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School © 2014 International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Mills Legal Clinic, Stanford Law School All rights reserved. Note: This report was authored by Stephan Sonnenberg, Clinical Supervising Attorney and Lecturer in Law with the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC).