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Coping with Injustice with Coping

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Coping with Injustice with Coping Perspectives of victims of Hindu-Muslim violence in Gujarat, India GERBEN DE WITTE COPING WITH INJUSTICE Photo front page: Amit Dave / Reuters Perspectives of victims of Hindu-Muslim violence in Gujarat, India MSc thesis GERBEN DE WITTE October 2013 Registration number 880406-967-050 Study programme MSc International Development Studies Specialization Communication, Technology and Policy Chair group Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Thesis code TAD-80433 Supervisor dr. ir. Kees Jansen COPING WITH INJUSTICE Abstract This thesis presents the perspectives of riot victims on the justice process after the 2002 riots in Gujarat, a state in western India. These riots, organized by Hindu right-wing forces with complicity of the state government, were mainly one-sided attacks on Muslims. The justice process after the riots has been protracted: judicial systems have failed to bring justice, and Muslims have experienced increasing discrimination and segregation. This study – based on interviews and observations in Ahmedabad, Gujarat’s largest city – looks at the way Muslim riot victims deal with this situation of injustice, and what their perspective on the concept of justice is. Findings suggest that riot victims often associate the concept of justice with rectificatory justice. Although they are aware of other types of justice that might be relevant to them, they have only pursued justice through the judicial system. This has a lot to do with their limited ability to pursue justice, due to the circumstances they live in. Being dependent on the Hindu majority for their position in society, Muslims fear that pursuing justice might negatively affect their living situation. Additionally, they often experience other pressing issues that need their attention, and therefore pursuing justice is not their main priority. Both this fear and pressing current issues lead riot victims to accept the status quo: a society in which they have disadvantaged position. Furthermore, this research has identified three coping strategies that riot victims use to deal with the situation of injustice they live in: turning to religion, maintaining relations with Hindu neighbours out of self-protection, and seeking safety in numbers. The latter two strategies are specifically employed in different neighbourhoods, due to the different social and political contexts in those areas that shape the way riot victims deal with injustice. [ I ] [ II ] “India cannot cease to be one nation because people belonging to different religions live in it. The introduction of foreigners does not necessarily destroy the nation, they merge in it. A country is one nation only when such a condition obtains in it. That country must have a faculty for assimilation, India has ever been such a country. In reality there are as many religions as there are individuals, but those who are conscious of the spirit of nationality do not interfere with one another's religion. If they do, they are not fit to be considered a nation. If the Hindus believe that India should be peopled only by Hindus, they are living in dreamland. The Hindus, the Mohammedans, the Parsees and the Christians who have made India their country are fellow countrymen, and they will have to live in unity, if only for their own interest. In no part of the world are one nationality and one religion synonymous terms; nor has it ever been so in India.” Mahatma Gandhi, 1909 cited from Parel (1997, pp. 52-53) [ III ] [ IV ] Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... I GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... VII 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The 2002 riots ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Current situation ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 This research ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................................. 4 2 HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................... 7 2.1 History of riots in Gujarat ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Communalism ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Communal violence in Gujarat ................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Theories of justice ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Transitional justice ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Categorizations of justice .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Application of theory .................................................................................................................. 15 3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Background of the research ..................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Ahmedabad, a divided city ....................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Interviews ........................................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.2 Participant observation ............................................................................................................. 21 3.3.3 Triangulation and reflection .................................................................................................... 21 3.3.4 Data analysis ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Ethics ................................................................................................................................................ 22 3.5 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.1 Language .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.2 Access ................................................................................................................................................ 25 [ V ] 4 TALKING ABOUT JUSTICE ....................................................................................... 27 4.1 Facts and opinions ....................................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1 Fear of expressing opinions ..................................................................................................... 28 4.1.2 Not able to express opinions .................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Daily survival ................................................................................................................................. 30 4.3 Meaning of justice ........................................................................................................................ 32 4.3.1 Naroda Patiya judgment ............................................................................................................ 34 4.3.2 Jamalpuri Peace Committee ..................................................................................................... 35 5 COPING WITH INJUSTICE......................................................................................... 37 5.1 Coping strategies .......................................................................................................................... 37 5.2 Gomtipur and Jamalpur: self-protection ............................................................................. 39 5.3 Juhapura: safety in numbers .................................................................................................... 42 5.4 Religion as a coping strategy ................................................................................................... 45 5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 46 6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 49 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX – LIST OF FIELD NOTES .............................................................................
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