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The Routledge of the Language

Sin-wai Chan, James Minett, Florence Wing Yee

Cantonese Romanizaton

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 Siu-Pong Cheng, Sze-Wing Tang Published online on: 15 Feb 2016

How to cite :- Siu-Pong Cheng, Sze-Wing Tang. 15 Feb 2016, Romanizaton from: The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Routledge Accessed on: 30 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315675541.ch3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 hr ae 9 osnns n oendy tnad og og atns. hs include These Cantonese. Kong p /p, standard modern-day in 19 are There section. concluding the in tables the to move can shortcut, a for looking If discussed. be will frameworks Romanization individual that, After Cantonese. of sound the describes first section following The recipients. targetdifferent for cater to introduced been have and schemes different function, former the at aim systems Romanization Most languages. European other or educational for Cantonese purposes. English research into and terms Cantonese transliterate to is transcribe function major Another to is Romanization Cantonese of system. alphabetical function an main into The Cantonese of form written the change to made been ever has not been subjectedtochallengebytheproponentsofRoman alphabet,andnoseriousattempt has Cantonese Romanized. write be to characters should Chinese of use Cantonese the Vietnamese, or a how Unlike on consensus a reach Cantonese-speaking cannot in also public regions general The reason. the of part is programs standardization is in a predominant position as however, them, of None 2009). Lam 1997; ( existed have varieties 30 over century, last the of end the to Up numerous. are they as varied as are methods Romanization Cantonese Cantonese of form predominant Romanization. a of It lack the discussions. for these compensates summarize diversity such tables that concluding follows the and detail, in discussed are frame- works Individual materials. other and books in found often are they as popularity, current their for for noteworthy are marked others proposals; later are on influence Romanization and significance historical of their forms Some letters. Roman into Cantonese rendering in The diversity of Cantonese Romanization is a reflection of different backgrounds and purposes ‘semi-’ as well as other /, , /. These sounds are considered are sounds w, These /j, ‘semi-vowels’approximants other l/. as well as Cantonese Romanizaton h , t, t t, , h , k, k k, , T ChineseUnive Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing h , k , w , k , wh antonese 2. /, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, /ts, ts /ts, affricates ŋ/, n, /m, nasals /,

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Introduction H 3 35 ong Kong, H ong Kong, h /, /f, s, h/, and h/, s, /f, fricatives /, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 Minimal pairs can be found only when they are preceded by /k/, and also /k also and /k/, by uʮ/. preceded /ɵʮ, are they of when ‘exceptions’only apparent found be the can pairs with Minimal phonemic, all are above coda vowels a The as considered well. often as is gliding a in glide final the reason, this For coda. nant conso- a precedes monothong a Only . a by followed not is ) gliding (or a vowel , same the in that Notice . vowel a as rendered are glides final the analyses, some In a w/. ɐw,aj, ow,ɐj, also ɔj, are ej, uʮ, there /iw,ɵʮ, Cantonese: monothongs, in vowels these gliding ten to addition In pair. debate the of academic sounds both the for use introductory,letter schemes single Romanization being a many that part fact the This is us concerns /n/. What aside. or set is associated /t/ by followed always is /ɵ/ a similar distribution, although /œ follows ɵ/ /œ, of pair sound the accent, conservative standard, the In u/. /o, of pair sound the for same the is This elsewhere. /i/ and ŋ/ /k, before // complementary: only also but not similar are they since /i/, of an as argued be /e/ and status example, phonemic For its lose perceived. may are sounds these how on depends phonemes deemed are in they occur them of some as reduced be 1986), or in fact, the falling variant might have been fading out altogether (Matthews and (Matthews altogether out fading been have might variant falling the fact, in or 1986), ( distinctive not either are tones Flat Dark two /53/. The high-falling is which variant can be found, e.g. /p e.g. found, be can (like /p/ unaspirated and pie) egh ak a b otoa o conditional, or optional be may mark vowel length the of use the adopted, is analysis which on Depending a/. ɐ, ɵ, œ, ɔ, ɛ , o, u, , and syllable-final plosives /p, t, k/ are unreleased, expressed as [p2 and syllable-final plosives /p, t, syllable-final, also are Nasals syllable-initial. are consonants these of All accent. speaker’s Departing /33/, and Light Departing tone /22/. tone Departing Light and /33/, has tone Departing Cantonese tones, non-Entering the Dark For /23/, tone Rising Light /25/, tone Rising tones. Dark /21/, tone Flat Light /55/, nine tone Flat Dark Dark, of Lower total Dark, a (Upper to tones amount Entering they three Light), with together and Light), one and Dark (one tones two contain groups three first the Cantonese, In Entering. Flat, and Departing, into Rising, classified are Chinese in tones Traditionally, them. categorize to approach one’s [m as rendered are they case which in follow, two of exception the with further addressedinthefollowingsections.InCantonese,a syllable alwayscontainsavowel, single a by represented sometimes are uʮ/, /ɵʮ, with together sounds, distinctive quality,these sound they in similar that are given But within. members two the differentiate to pair minimal a find to easy is it and distinctive, clearly are they /ɐw,aw/, and aj/ /ɐj, of pairs sound the For disregarded. Take the (un)aspirated bilabial stops as examples. Unlike English, aspirated /p aspirated English, another. Unlike by examples. replaced as is stops bilabial consonant (un)aspirated one the Take when word a of meaning the change they because /) or simply free variants of /ts, ts /ts, of variants free simply or /y/) is it when especially rounded, is to be to sounds these replacement of or drop the consider textbooks and Cantonese many because concerned, is Romanization as far as interest particular of is This 1997). Benedict and Bauer see oŋ/; eŋ, ok, /ek, in (except syllable-finally ŋ/ /k, and syllable-initially /ts, ts /ts, unaspirated. another and aspirated one Cantonese, in plosives of sets two are there result a reflect the reflect , e, /i, monothongs low and high and back, and front both include Cantonese Vowelsin Cantonese is a tonal language. There are six or nine tones in Cantonese, depending on depending Cantonese, in tones nine or six are There language. tonal a is Cantonese h non-standard / may be realized as [tʃ, tʃ [tʃ, as realized be may / rnnito. ay aie paes o o atclt /k articulate not do speakers native Many pronunciation. standard or even ‘sloppy’ and retain way of pronunciation. of way standard the retain and ‘sloppy’ even or h 55/ ‘daddy’. Other plosives are the same and as and same the are plosives Other ‘daddy’. /pa55/ ‘crouch’vs. a55/ hn hy r rnee i Rmnzto. hs il be will This Romanization. in rendered are they when grapheme syllabic p Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing in h ], but they are either are they but ], ) are two phonemes, and a between them between pair minimal a and phonemes, two are spy) / can stand alone without afinal consonant and monothong nasals /m, ŋ/. They can stand alone without a vowel to vowel a without alone stand can They ŋ/. /m, nasals complementary 36 ̩ , ŋ , 2 n ee te oa nme o vwl can vowels of number total the even and ̍ ]. 3 For the Dark Flat tone, there is also a also is there tone, Flat Dark the For (when the following vowel following the (when hntc otxs Wehr r not or Whether contexts. phonetic , t 2 , k2 ]. The 19 consonants h /, depending on the on depending /, h / if tones are tones if / w h k , / (like / 1 wh n ŋ/ n, , p in

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 23/ and /k and jy23/ /jyt2 as given is two the for notation phonetic the ‘non-standard’, deemed pronunciation any or merger tone of less ‘Yueas ,translated Kong literally Hong is Regard- language’ speech’. ‘ or with ortextbooks dictionaries in term The reflected Romanization. Cantonese in seldom transcribed words again is This 2003). al. et and (Bauer /25/ tones /23/ Rising two the especially tones, that these of observed some been merge also speakers has native It some transcribed. is tone a how in difference noticeable a to rise gives this and categorization, nine-tone and six-tone the to adhere variably schemes ization Roman- Different 1999). only (Zee tones are other the tones of variants Entering extra-short or The short only. the tones as viewed six have to said is Cantonese such, as and tones, separate as viewed not often Departing, are tones Entering Dark these this, Given Flat, tones. Departing Light Dark and the to correspond respectively which /2/, and /3/, /5/, as given . . Bridgman’s C. E. Romanization. this through simply lightning or field or represented by represented indication of tones. Therefore, even though /t though even Therefore, tones. of indication in as it is renderedasue, as given is ‘’ /tsy/ example, For /y/. to letter same the For sounds. and letters between as rendered is ‘’ /sɐm/ instance, For readers. target Letter . the English of language native as transcribed are /u/ the and /i/ example, resembled given Romanization the that ensure to made was effort every followed, that glossaries and letters. dictionaries other Roman many in Like words Cantonese for transcription offer to attempts earliest these of one , t [p2, stop an unreleased with ended those of tones the to refer specifically they nine. tones, be Entering to the For said still is Cantonese in tones of number maximum the Therefore, 1994). Yip h Wsen edr, akd h bgnig f tm we sbtnil ok a dn to done was work Morrison’s for Robert substantial Cantonese. intended when Romanize time century, a nineteenth of beginning early the marked the readers, Western in the dictionaries Cantonese of publication The For instance, unaspirated /t/ is indistinguishable from aspirated /t aspirated from indistinguishable is /t/ unaspirated instance, For as way same the in Romanized all are they tones, /t not an invention by Western lexicographers, but adoption of the Chinese traditions. The Flat, traditions. The Chinese by Westernthe invention of an adoption not but lexicographers, is This tones. represent to marks semicircular of use the is feature distinctive. Another be to the Cantonese An EnglishandCantonesePocket- Chalmers’ J. A Tonic Dictionary oftheChineseLanguageinCantonDialect(1856), and unaspirated stops and affricates by using inverted apostrophes. Therefore, /t/ and /t and /t/ Therefore, apostrophes. inverted using by affricates and stops unaspirated and later schemes.InBridgman’s dictionary, forexample,distinctionwasmadebetweenaspirated in improved was phonemes and letters between correspondence Romanization, Morrison’s h in/ as well as /tin/, as in /tin22/ ‘lightning’. Readers cannot know whether it refers to sky to refers it whether know cannot Readers ‘lightning’. /tin22/ in as /tin/, as well as in/ Several Cantonese dictionaries andtextbooks emerged afterMorrison’s work. These include , and the Romanized forms for /t for forms Romanized the and t andt‘, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialec , k 2, (1877), and J. D. Ball’sD. J. and (1877), ], and the Upper Dark, Lower Dark, and Light Entering tones are tones Entering Light and Dark, Lower Dark, Upper the and 2], arious Romanizationarious systems 3. jt ‘on. eie, orsns oaiain mt the omits Romanization Morrison’s Besides, ‘moon’. /jyt/ uet

u 3.1. s sd o // wih ny cus n lsd ylbe. For syllables. closed in occurs only which /ɐ/, for used is

Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese E arlier Romanizationsarlier . At this stage, there was no one-to-one mapping one-to-one no was there stage, this At sum. , written in a way in conformity with the with conformity in way a in written ee andoo, A Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect / occurs in a closed syllable, closed a in occurs /y / when But . 37 w h 25/ respectively. 25/ toŋ55 ɔŋ25 Cantonese Comparedwith Made Easy(1883). in55/ ‘sky’ and /t ‘sky’and in55/ (1859), E. J. Eitel’s J. E. (1859), , when it is used in open syllables, it refers it syllables, open in used is it when u, . Aspiration is not addressed either. addressed not is Aspiration teen. h in/ ‘sky’ and /tin/ ‘lightning’ came ‘lightning’ /tin/ and ‘sky’ in/ itself, when used in the in used when itself, Cantonese h in21/ ‘field’ are in different in ‘field’ are in21/ h (81, . . Williams’ W. S. (1841), t /, so /, A in teen may be used for used be may in 1828 was 1828 in h / are /

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 , and bax, distinctive words such as /tin55/ ‘insane’ and /t ‘insane’and /tin55/ as such words distinctive and are they way, as same rendered variably the Romanized are consonants two the while complication: more one atns poie /, p /p, plosives Cantonese /t instance, For semicircle. the underneath line a with tones Light the marking by differentiated are tones and Light and Departing, Dark for The Entering. right for right upper lower Rising, for left upper Flat, for left four lower at corners: placed different mark semicircular a by indicated are tones Entering and Departing, Rising, ersns s in is /s/ letter represents same The sounds. letter and which orthography,in English the to letters likened is This sounds. between different for used often correspondence of degree low a – scheme is Romanization of there a ways not various is of this hodgepodge reasons, obvious a For rather 2014). is (Kataoka it Romanization 2008); Lee and (Kataoka ‘system’ a to understand, dubious it be call can would it suggested, they previously As Romanization to. asked Cantonese are they only if provide the perhaps and is this Kong, Hong in speakers Cantonese Tonames. many personal and names place local for used mainly is It Cantonese. Romanize to means recognizable most the is Romanization Government the Kong, Hong In 33/ are represented as represented are /pa33/ and /pa25/ /pa55/, Dark the Toillustrate, tones. different with changes same the of of sets Different letters. representation by the set, each for and, tones Light and Dark represented for used are letters consonant initial also are ’s tones that purposes. in historical alphabetical for fully is mentioning system worth is scheme Romanization his yet work, Chao’s Y.R. speaking, Comparatively Ball’s. Wempe’s F. T. and Meyer Eitel’sand to similar system F.Romanization a has also (1934) Cantonese–English Dictionary B. distinction. phonemic of degree higher a followed thesamemethodstomarkaspirationandtones,bytokenalsoachieved whereas for /t for whereas w l ae tagtowrl Rmnzd as Romanized straightforwardly are l/ /w, is historically significant as it is arguably the most complex scheme ever proposed for ever scheme most complex the though. oblivion into fallen has It is arguably Romanization. Cantonese it as significant historically is Yutyux and in the Light Departing tone /22/, it is so expressed in its original tone as tone original as its in expressed so is it /22/, tone Departing Light the in originally is here /wa/ Since one. another from changed or tone base the is tone the whether are written in different initial letters. initial different in written are hn hy r Rmnzd as Romanized are they when o eape te rnh rhgah.Te n-omn mpig rm etr t sud is inconsistency -to-grapheme consonants. And (un)aspirated sounds of case the in to illustrated letters from mapping one-to-many The orthography. French phoneme, the example, to for than, grapheme more orthography English from the resembles This correspondence grapheme. to phoneme one-to-one from as well of as devoid – directions both in /j/. for The Government Romanization is a is Romanization Government Kong Hong The wt a atrs add o ak t cag t a iig oe Ca’ Romanization Chao’s tone. rising a to change its mark to added asterisk an with uax, /ts rgrls o wehr hy r aprtd Gvn ht hs sud ae phonemes, are sounds these that Given aspirated. are they whether of regardless kw, h j21 wan55/ and wan55/ aj21 23/ and /k and jy23/ /jyt2 Chao’ssystem, Under bah. epciey Ntc ta Ca’ sse i priua about particular is system Chao’s that Notice respectively. Kwoagtong-wah* h in21/ ‘field’, the tone mark is further underlined. Ball’s underlined. further is mark tone the ‘field’, in21/ /k/ but cede, . Thus, although the first character for the place names of names place the for character first the although Thus, ts orch. h , t t /t, /, /ts pa, overnment Romanization overnment 3.2. Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing , and pax, h sm as apis o frcts t, ts /ts, affricates to applies also same The tin.

in h , k k /k, /, G I ti fr o Rmnzto, h pis of pairs four the Romanization, of form this In candy. 4 Nasals /m, n, ŋ/, fricatives /f, s, h/, and approximants and h/, s, /f, fricatives ŋ/, n, /m, Nasals h , and their Light counterparts are written as written are counterparts Light their and pah, h yn21 wan55/ share the same initial consonant, they consonant, initial same the share wan55/ yn21 , /k /, m, 38 w k , (1947) was a more recent more a was Cantonese Primer(1947) n, h in55/ ‘sky’ would become indistinguishable become ‘sky’would in55/ wh ng, ae edrd h sm wy as way same the rendered are / defective f, w s, 25/ are expressed as expressed are wa25/ toŋ55 ɔŋ25 h, h script, and in fact it is defective is it fact in and script, in55/ ‘sky’ is rendered as ˓t‘ín, as rendered is ‘sky’ in55/ w, s n English, in As l. Cantonese Made Easy , rather than rather wah, h , u tee is there but /, The Student’s s used is y p, Chai t, , k, c

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 is reservedfor/ts a transliterated. Ontheotherhand,Chun(asinnameofChiefExecutiveLeungChun-Ying) /tsy55/, inconsistency. same the as show rendered is surname, common Cantonese from transliterated names Personal for 23/ and /k and jy23/ /jyt2 When Cantonese. Romanizing of way government’s the on based loosely is messaging instant as such communication informal alphabet’in used ‘chat Cantonese the instance, For purposes. various for public general names, the proper by used transliterate also but to administration the in used only not populace, general the to known Romanization only the often very is Romanization Government the unruly,names. Though personal or names place local of list one a through when Romanization generalizations this learn erroneous to attempts draw to easy is it that mean these All pronunciation. current the from deviant it made change sound subsequent and Romanized was name place factor.A complicating another is change Language name. family non-Cantonese a inherited Cantonese descent.Surnamesvaryevengreater,of sinceanativeCantonesespeakermighthave not those for true especially is This either. Cantonese from transliterated always not are transliterated from thestandardvariety, If names mostlikelyberenderedasHeungorHeong.Personal itwill century. nineteenth the in territory the at arrived British the when time the itself. the is example notable most The Cantonese. Kong Hong standard from transliterated e.g. Cantonese, in a an as /i/ Take vowels. some of case as names, place the the in in differently Romanized often be can more It example. and affricates the in shown is h oii o ae oaiain o Cnoee s omny trbtd o akr Po-Fei textbook collaborated Parker their for to Kok Gerald attributed and commonly is Cantonese for Romanization Yale of origin The are Romanized from Cantonese. Some place names in English are literally translated, e.g. /ts translated, for Island literally are English in names place Some Cantonese. from Romanized are of out is tone Romanization, Kong of Hong in names personal and place all ways not Besides, circumstances. most under concern other Unlike indication. tonal the with goes never . of form the in names Cantonese almost translate it to Therefore, is purpose Its 2014). Cheng (see than one letter, and that /ow/ is more commonly expressed in a single letter, i.e. (plus letter,letters consonant single of use the a mention in expressed commonly more more is in /ow/ expressed that often) and letter, is one (and than be also can monothong a since comprehensive from far as /ej/ ui; as /iw/ letters: vowel double and vowels gliding between correspondence (ii) English the to in orthography,likened again is This syllable. legitimate a represent may they though even , ɐ/ as ɐ/ /a, letters: vowel single and monothongs between correspondence (i) here: made be can generalizations Only speakers. Cantonese native are they know whether matter no who rote, by it many learn to had have that Romanization this implies inconsistency of instances these of up adding The unlikely. ‘Cantonese’ are Romanized, if needed, they are given as given are they ‘Cantonese’needed, if Romanized, are accepted as a valid written unit. Therefore, /tsɐn/ is expressed as expressed is /tsɐn/ Therefore, unit. written valid a as accepted The Government Romanization is not meant to be a teaching tool for Cantonese learners. Cantonese for tool teaching a be to meant not is Romanization Government The see inSaiSeeStreet ; /ɔj/ as /ɔj/ ei; which both letters both which (h) for /hœŋ55 kɔŋ25 tsɐj25/. Furthermore, not all place names are names place all not Furthermore, tsɐj25/. kɔŋ25 /hœŋ55 for Aberdeen is based on the pronunciation of the boat people, or Tankas,during or people, boat the of pronunciation the on based is Hong ɐn/. ɐn/. Added tothisisthefactthatnotalllettercombinationsarelegitimate, h ; /ow/ as /ow/ oi; eŋ55 tsɐw55/, or they are named with no regard to how they are called are they how to regard no with named are they or tsɐw55/, eŋ55 , as , , and as z fortszinTszand Wan Shan, j/ as aj/ /ɐj, ou; ale Romanization 3.3. , but /tsyn/ would likely become likely would /tsyn/ but Chu, Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese can refer to /s/, but only but /s/, to refer can s andc / as /ɛ/ a;

Y ) and other irregularities other and y) 39 , e/ as e/ /i, e; w/ as aw/ /ɐw, ; . First published in published First Speak Cantonese . Yuet (e) and / as /ɔ/ i; . These generalizations are generalizations These au. ze forszeinSzeTei Shan. , but Chun, , o, ɵ/ as ɵ/ o, u, /y, o; i foryiinTsingas ,

in vowel representation vowel in , rather than rather see, Chuen orTsuenwhen Kwong Tung Wa(h). w ɔŋ25 toŋ55 wa25/ toŋ55 ɔŋ25 Yun ; /ɵʮ, uʮ/ as uʮ/ /ɵʮ, iu; for /jɐn/ is /jɐn/ for , not to not o, , is cee, ; and u; ee 5

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 combined with combined with associated is it when vowels other Yale the Apparently, speech. Letter syllable. this for form daily Romanized separate a assign not does in system ‘university’ mean can example, for are /ju/, when involved. arise may problems but Cantonese, in syllable indigenous an as exist incorrect the of os o rpeet h sm-oe (prxmn) ecp i te ae hr te initial the where as expressed case is /sy/ the illustrate, To/j/. is in consonant except (), semi-vowel the represent not does yu that however, noted, be complementary to applies same in The distribution. are they as schemes Romanization most to common is which e/, /i, for Romanization. For example, in the Government version, Government the in example, For Romanization. , with aau, as expressed are aw/ aj, ɐw, ɐj, ɔj, ej, /iw, so vowels, gliding the to given asleut.Lettero syllable-finally, a distinction can still be made between the two vowels.Letter thetwo between made be can still a distinction syllable-finally, as given (always /ɐ/ Since coda. consonant a precedes /a/ when letters used also double is in given are /a/ with vowels Gliding rhyme. the letter in single alone in stands expressed is / /a Yet/ɐ/. and /a/ both for used is Letter example, sounds. distinct represent to used be situations separate in may letter single a as epciey edrd as rendered respectively /ts, ts /ts, ones. voiceless the represent Affricatesto consonants voiced for reserved traditionally letters uses system Yalethe goal, this achieve To phonemes. and letters between mapping to-one letters separate two uses YaleRomanization between aspirated and unaspirated consonants. The plosives /p, p /p, plosives The consonants. unaspirated and aspirated between 98 i hs en erne svrl ie oe a eid f or eae. n t sequel Huang’sfifties. work late later the than its In decades. four later no being into came scheme the that assert the to reasonable of is it publication, first its on of year Based period Kok. by developed a was system over Romanization the that times states Huang several Book II, reprinted been has it 1958, speakers. system this using native the than better learners much Romanization this know they Cantonese where situation a encounter might Thus, speakers. asa native the Cantonese for to study guide pronunciation used chiefly is it far, So character. homophonous pronounce another Even when Romanization is consulted (not to very often), the to Yale system is not the one needed. referred how often know are they to character, need Chinese particular do a sometimes speakers native the While Chinese-language in publications. prevalent less is system Yalethe for of use the made speaking, circulation. Comparatively in glossaries currently titles popular and most the of dictionaries, some include These textbooks, learners. Cantonese English-language in used been extensively has system Yalethe introduction, its Since Japanese. and Korean, Mandarin, as such languages Asian East involve YaleRomanizations YaleOther University.at created system a under Romanized languages the of one is Cantonese system. this adopted also Cantonese and /j, w, l/ are straightforwardly rendered as rendered straightforwardly are l/ w, /j, and as expressed both are they and Romanization, , the Yale system resembles the . English the resembles Yalesystem the y, Phoneme-to-grapheme consistency is also achieved in the vowel representation, although representation, vowel the in achieved also is consistency Phoneme-to-grapheme Under the Yale system, the 19 consonants are expressed in a way that makes a distinction a makes that way a in expressed the are YaleUnder consonants 19 the system, h / are given as given are / 6 representing the rounded glide and glide rounded the representing u / and /ɵ/: /lœk/ is given as given is /lœk/ /ɵ/: and /œ/ both to refers it u toformeu, not does /ju/ that fact the of advantage takes rule ‘’ The yyu. . Similarly this distinction is not observed in the Government the in observed not is distinction this Similarly j and ch. isusedformonothong/ɔ b, s lo sd in used also is u p, Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing d, / and /o/. It should It /o/. and /u/ monothongs both represents which u, t, g, k, Cantonese Dictionary: Cantonese–English, English– . Letter e. and gw, . The /y/. representing grapheme a as yu 40 . In this case, the Yale system has one- has Yalethe system case, this In b andp. m, . Nasals /m, n, ŋ/, fricatives /f, s, h/, h/, s, /f, fricatives ŋ/, n, /m, Nasals ch orts. /. The sameprinciplesaregenerally extended i /, but when but /ɛ/, represents letter single a as e for the unrounded one. However, /ɵʮ, uʮ/ /ɵʮ, However, one. unrounded the for n, hs otat wt te Government the with contrasts This kw. / is given as given is /jy/ whereas syu, ng, agae rte ta ofr a offer than rather language, foreign f, represents both /p/ and /p and /p/ both represents p s, h, y, h w, , t, t t, , l. iu, h With /j/ With , k, k k, , ei, is also used for used also is u and /lɵt/ is /lɵt/ and leuk ) never occurs never a) only when it when only a oi, h , k ,

Romanized ai, , and aa, , instead yu, w , k , s used is i au, wh h , for a, /, but /, / are / y in aai, aa

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 to discard it altogether, it discard to two syllabicnasals. The peculiarityasaresultofusingtoneletterh the of exceptions possible the with rule, this disregard applications later Most than as ngóh. /ŋɔ tones. Dark the in expressed the with begins syllable a when that states which system, original the in stipulated 23/ and /k and jy23/ /jyt2 as expressed is /sɵʮ21/ while become /2/) (or version, /22/ and /23/, /21/, /3/), (or /33/ are given as given are by the Education Department in the early nineties. As the scheme was invented by tertiary by invented was scheme the As nineties. early the in Department Education the by published guidebook another for used discussed) be to Romanization’; (‘ILE scheme earlier the abandoned They scholars, guide. pronunciation the as system tertiary this use that materials published the has with collaboration in Bureau, Education post-handover the that, said for Hong system Having option. of default the be thisGovernment should scheme which on The position adopt fixed a symbols. have not Westdoes phonetic Kong the of use in direct also the from and apart Kong Romanization, Hong in published academic a gained has Chinese-language and English of Romanization day,majority this a to Up academia. LSHK the in foothold strong the introduction, its Since 1994). (Cheung time technology the word-processing of and traditions earlier the both of care takes and user-friendly and inclusive, systematic, multipurpose, be to aims scheme The 1993. December in the on Conference International Fourth the at released was version finalized the before scheme future the on thoughts gather to 1992 in earlier held been had studies. Aconference language of subfields various in specializing scholars by designed collectively was scheme Romanization organizationThis Kong. non-governmental Hong in a based professionals is and academics LSHK linguistic comprising The 1993. in (LSHK) Kong Hong of Society as known also Scheme, Romanization LSHK The are at2/ at3, /at5, ones: non-Entering the as way rendered asàat, andthethree same the in isunnecessary, treated are tones tones Entering forEntering representation a separate classification, as given are a22/ a23, an /a21, Therefore, with vowel. tone), Flat Dark high-falling the to corresponding tone Flat Light (with mark same the with marked are counterparts accent. Light The Flat grave Dark a use and all design original the for follow still nowadays accent publications few a whereas tones, a use may variants subsequent above), (discussed factor as given are a33/ /a25, Thus, accents. no and acute by marked respectively are vowels Departing and Rising Dark The accents. grave so tones, as Flat expressed are a 53/ Dark /a55, that the of tones high-falling and high the between made was distinction a letter and both of as monothong /o/ is Romanized as letter u suk. The tonal representation is what gives the Yale system a distinctive hue, as it makes use makes it as hue, distinctive a Yalethe system gives what is representation tonal The will not be used as an indicator. This is due to the fact that these syllables are seldom are syllables these that fact the to due is indicator.This an as used be not will h . Regarding the tone the Regarding wá. dūng yuht yúhandgwóng are given as given are wá dūng yuht yúhandgwóng eui and . The tone letter tone The aat andaaht. w 25/ ‘Cantonese’ are Romanized in the Yale system, they Yalesystem, the in Romanized are ‘Cantonese’ wa25/ toŋ55 ɔŋ25 even though /ʮ/ is considered rounded. /ow/ is given as given is /ow/ rounded. considered is /ʮ/ though even ui 7 and replace the diacritics with : /55/ (or /53/, /5/), /25/, /5/), /53/, (or /55/ number: tone with diacritics the replace and . It adheres to the six-tone categorization. In its original version, original its In categorization. six-tone the to adheres It h. , /sɵn21/ is expressed as expressed is /sɵn21/ sèuih, 3.4. 3 ‘e, o eape sol b rnee as rendered be should example, for ‘me’, 23/ ā Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese

and LSHK R . Thus, /sow/ is expressed as , with the vowel differently marked by macron and macron by marked differently vowel the with à, . With considerations of the sound the of Withconsiderations á anda. r nmee fo 1 o . n hs ‘simplified’ this In 6. to 1 from numbered are 41 follows the vowel but not the whole rhyme; whole the not but vowel the follows h omanization àh, yut6 yu5andgwong2dung1wa2. . As it follows the six-tone the follows it As áh andah. , was proposed by the Linguistic the by proposed was , . Taken all together, when together,Takensèuhn. all diinly tahd o the to attached additionally h causes some later versions causessomelaterversions , but /sok/ is expressed is expressed , but /sok/ , an additional rule was rule additional an h, , although ou, m, ngó rather n orng,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 non-existent but recently created due to foreign-language influences. These include letter include These influences. foreign-language to due created recently but non-existent traditionally syllables or rhymes new of inclusion the allows system LSHK the of paradigm as rendered are they vowels, gliding the treated as given are are o/ /e, ow/ monothongs high: /ej, less were vowel Romanization. the if Cantonese as in practice common a – expressed letter are they single contrastive, one not in are glides two latter the Since /ʮ/. or /j/ representing i w/ are given as ɐj, given are ɔj, aw/ uʮ, aj, ɐw,ɵʮ, /iw, vowels: gliding to extended are rules conversion same The distinction. contrastive recent this capturing ‘inclusive’by become to system the allows /ɵ/ and /œ/ for graphemes pairs. two minimal Assigning contrastive with differentiated be can are and ɵ/ /œ, variety, new this in Thus, œt/. /œn, as such rhymes new created has /œ accent, conservative standard, In change. sound recent the of result a as arising syllables and rhymes ‘non-indigenous’ torendersome example, theyareRomanizedaseu).Insodoing,itmanages Yalefor the system, (in grapheme one only in expressed been traditionally have and quality sound similar have They ɵ/. /œ, distinguishes it that is wasa feature important traditions. Another inadiacritic using by when made distinction the a/, /ɐ, time for As hassle. the during significance particular of is This used. as f, however, no ‘shorthand’ rule is added ( added is ‘shorthand’rule no however, letter as rpee T ahee hnmc itnto, h LH shm rsrs o h ue f four of use the to digraphs resorts scheme LSHK the distinction, phonemic achieve To grapheme. one matches monothong each them, Except distribution. complementary in are sounds these which are given as given are which /f, s, h/, and approximants /w, l/ are conveniently given as given conveniently are /w,l/ approximants and h/, s, /f, Same as the as Same Yalep /p, plosives Romanization, community. academic outside the people of spectrum wider a reaching to way its on still is Romanization LSHK the emergence, of date recent fairly its to due school. Also at notation sound required Cantonese learn to been never have students, university including people, Kong Hong schools. most secondary still But and primary to extended been occasionally has pronunciation. promotion Cantonese its upon Besides, touch that courses university local in taught is it scholars, consonants and only used in few syllables like syllables few in used only and consonants s civd n ot oes Ad ah hm crepns o xcl oe rte unit. written one exactly as to rendered respectively are a/ corresponds ɐ, ɵ, œ, ɔ, rhyme ɛ, o, u, each y, e, /i, Monothongs And vowels. most in achieved is grapheme to phoneme from mapping One-to-one sounds. distinctive the representing in one 1994). user-friendliness’(Cheung ‘enhances so the purpose’, both ‘on of care made takes it were that peculiarities these that Note companies. local found of often name is the as in /ts/, for used instead is it practice, common Kong’s Hong in but system, the commonplaceRomanizationisonhowitexpresses/j/.Letterj o, In the Government Romanization, Government the In graphemes single which in traditions ment s, oe, . Digraphs are specially designed so that only the basic Roman alphabet (26 letters) is letters) (26 alphabet Roman basic the only that so designed specially are Digraphs jyu. iceably distinctive features. The representationofconsonantshasgiventhissystemsomenoticeablydistinctivefeatures. Regarding the Romanization of vowels, the LSHK system is arguably the most precise most the arguably is system LSHK the vowels, of Romanization the Regarding h, eo, w, is more often understood in English as a consonant letter. Unlike the Yaleletter.Unlike consonant system, a as English in understood often more is y yu, . What makes the LSHK system spectacular is how it renders affricates /ts, ts /ts, affricates renders it how is spectacular system LSHK the makes What l. , and a, , ɵ/ are complementary, but recent merger of codas /t, k/ and /n, ŋ/ into /t/ and /n/ /n/ and /t/ into ŋ/ /n, and k/ /t, codas of merger recent complementary,but are ɵ/ , oe, , and eo, , o/ are expressed in one letter only (i only letter one in expressed are o/ /u, and e/ /i, aa. . It conforms to Mandarin to conforms It z and c. aa iu, to represent monothongs, in which in monothongs, represent to (for pinyin Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing eoi, ui, is only used in used only is c oi, yyu ) and IPA traditions (for IPAtraditions and z andc) ai, e and are never used to represent consonants. represent to used never are z andc becomes au, 42 h , t, t t, , /ts tsz , and /ej, ow/ are given as given are ow/ /ej, and o, aai, h , k, k k, , is an inheritance of the earlier the of inheritance an is aa anda (h) , with letter with aau, for /ts, ts /ts, for ch / is directly expressed directly is / /jy /jy/); for yu , but deviates from the Govern - the from deviates but pinyin, / or i/ h , k , w b, sze , k , p, wh i andu, is somewhat conspicuous somewhat is yu /. Another deviation from /si/. deviation Another /, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, fricatives ŋ/, n, /m, nasals /, d, is used for /j/ in the LSHK isusedfor/j/intheLSHK h /, and /, t, representing /w/ and /w/ representing u g, but as an element in element an as but separately oe andeo k, is never used for used never is z j ), and in so doing so in and ), and gw, i, . The ei andou. kw, ) given that given u) i, yu, m, u, n, u, ng, h e, /,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 ization rules of the target language apply to those terms transliterated in LSHK Romanization. highlighted below. highlighted such as the term the as such jyut6 jyu5 and n /k and scheme. TakenLSHK the in jy together,required /jyt2 all not when is style. This superscript in written be it that stipulate schemes earlier some number, distinction tone the Towrite second. the Dark–Light the in and order first the in sequence Flat-Rising-Departing-Entering the puts ordering alternative An time. the at practice common more a reflects also ordering software. The word-processing Chinese of versions earlier the in characters Chinese produce ASCII character, like thosewithdiacriticmarks, inputting diacriticsfortonesmightmistakenly the by ‘non-basic’one marked least at with coded are characters still Chinese computing in ASCII Since set. basic is character the in it are numerals speech, because anyone’sdesirable is in numbering of exists use The number. /53/ same tone If 1994). refer (Cheung necessarily not /55/ does 1 to number tone that decided group working LSHK The /2/). (or separate notation required for the Entering tones. Tone number is used to mark the tones: the mark to number used is number Tone tones. Entering the for required notation separate format. Romanized as yunandchu( include this of Examples Romanization. Government the with familiar only are who people to unintelligible forms Romanized producing some risks also it but inclusiveness’inclusive, highly ‘phonological and systematic achieves is it scheme The that 1994). (Cheung so existent as regarded are rhymes these all grapheme same the share will vowels of use the example, For Romanized. be should syllables these all, at if or how, specify not do hand, other the on systems, other Many (ep1). ‘app’ /ɛp5/ as such loanwords, transliterated as well as (en1), ‘N’ /ɛn55/ and ( em1) ‘M’ /ɛm55/ ‘L’(eu1), /ɛw55/ as such pronunciation rpee wt aohr n ad lo h adto o to ylbc nasals. syllabic two of addition the also and one another vowel some with of graphemes replacement the include scheme modified the in made changes The guide. scheme, original the replaced pronunciation the of footnotes the in to largelyreferred occasionally only been then since has which has It others. by written dictionaries in and becomepredominant textbooks has Cantonese of hand, variety a to publications own his the other from extended on use its with China, mainland version, modified Rao’s up. it follow to for standard effort standardization much government without invention government a as understood a best be should It is this theory, In adoption. widespread gain to yet has scheme However,official Romanization. the Cantonese (Swatow). dialect and different dialect, four (Hakka), dialect encompassing Kejia project (Cantonese), dialect larger for a schemes of Romanization part was scheme original The province. which wasofficiallyannouncedin1960bytheexecutivebranch foreducationofGuangdong scheme, said the of version modified a is is Rao to Bingcai attributed Cantonese system Rao the The of Alphabet. Phonetic Scheme which the called of is scheme dictionaries the of name the official The in editors. the of used one scheme Romanization the to refers It will be expressed as expressed be will waa2 h LH sse ahrs o h sxtn ctgrzto, enn ta tee s no is there that meaning categorization, six-tone the to adheres system LSHK The ɵ i te ae ytm mle ta /w de nt ; tews, h two the otherwise, exist; not does /ɛw/ that implies system Yale the in ɵ/ /œ, for eu w 5 ‘atns’ r Rmnzd n h LH sse, hy become they system, LSHK the in Romanized are ‘Cantonese’ wa25/ toŋ55 ɔŋ25 for /55/ (or /5/), (or /55/ for 1 . Often, tonal indication is omitted in translated terms, translated in omitted is indication tonal Often, gwong2 dung1 waa2. Jyutping for /25/, for 2 itself. Jyutjyu , ut dsiia fo wa te ae ie i te LSHK the in given are they what from dissimilar quite tsu), ’s Romanization 3.5. 8 If tone number is omitted, is number tone If and Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese

R for /33/ (or /3/), (or /33/ for 3 . It is assumed that the same capital- same the that assumed is It Gwongdungwaa. , which is implausible. Under the LSHK scheme, LSHK the Under implausible. is which eu, jeon 43 /ɵ/ and (/jɵn/) for /21/, for 4 ) hy r commonly are They (/tsy/). zyu jyut6 jyu5andgwong2dung1 5 for /23/, 9 hy il be will They and for /22/ for 6 23/ 23/

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 /ts letter. Besides, the use of use the Besides, letter.single a by expressed are always is digraphs, monothong a of Therefore, sounds. instead these render diacritics, to employed that Note above). description the (see accent standard i.e. letter, one in . Thus, /p Thus, k. Romanization, including Government, Yale, and LSHK, in which they are rendered as rendered are they which in LSHK, Yale,and Government, including Romanization, /jy/, yu the k t2, [p2, expressed unreleased coda, a as as syllable-finally used are k/ t, /p, when However, systems. other most that it indicates a distinction between /ts, ts /ts, between distinction a indicates it that as given is /si/ illustrate, letters vowel precede itiuin s eaal. vn f hy r s, h ps-lelr t, tʃ /tʃ, post-alveolar the so, are they if complementary Even in debatable. are affricates is of distribution sets two the whether First, real. than apparent more is /j/ is given as given is /j/ other two plosives /k plosives two other ɵ.Ti i psil bcue hms like rhymes because possibly is This ɵ/. /œ, basic more The /a/. for reserved is distinction a/ /ɐ, letter the single systems, using other by made In often /ɐ/. is of case the in exhibited also is the system with Conformity pinyin /jy/. syllable indigenous the with conflicting without represented be letters, homophonous of sets as expressed be might ‘suit’) (for /sut/ syllable Borrowed system. /ən/ and /ən/ p p /p, on thephoneticandorthographicconditions. When usedsyllable-initiallyasanonset,plosives , k /ku, of that stating by this clarifies other , is usedtorepresent the ofvelar stops. The original scheme de nt olw t, ts /ts, follow not does /u/ because only non-existent, and letter and non-existent, expressed as expressed so do but vowels, round rendered asi, syllabic. be also can nasals two the that specifies additionally it except scheme, original the to equivalent Rao’s is concerned, modification are consonants the as far necessary.phonetically than relevant pedagogically more is arrangement As an Such system. Mandarin the resemble to taken turn in are considerations orthographic The features. classes’‘natural any to irrelevant is and concerns orthographic phonetic distinctive show that of out totally is This letters. consonants of sets two these between distinction no is there that and oain a i te ae f /k of case the in as notation; fricatives /f, h/, and approximants /w, l/ are as usual Romanized as Romanized usual as are l/ /w, approximants and h/, /f, fricatives h Under this scheme, a phoneme may be represented by more than one grapheme, depending depending grapheme, one than more by represented be may phoneme a scheme, this Under / are respectively are / a ɐ, ɵ, œ, ɔ, ɛ, o, u, y, e, /i, monothongs Romanization, Rao’s In y/, pinyin éi, anddifferent setsoflettersareusedforthem.Moreimportantly, theschemeexplicates h t t t, , z, /. These are essentially the essentially are These /sy/. yun /əŋ/, and syllables such as such syllables and /əŋ/, eng c, h /, whereas they are initials when they are not used independently in the phonetic the in independently used not are they when initials are they whereas u/, h h orthographic rules are transferred to the Cantonese system: Cantonese the to transferred are rules orthographic k k k, , it/ is expressed as expressed is it/ . Besides, monothong /e/ and gliding vowel /ej/ are differently expressed as expressed differently are /ej/ vowel gliding and /e/ monothong Besides, s. /jyn/, and /jyn/, z, . The most complex way of conversion occurs to /ts, ts /ts, to occurs conversion of way complex most The y. i, c, h ü, i ae ie as given are / s orj, j, and u, q, w or ü (shorthanded as (shorthanded ü or i , k , y /jyt/; the two dots are also removed after removed also are dots two the /jyt/; yud u, , hy r gvn as given are they 2], , e/) monothongs, e/) , (/i unrounded and (/y/) rounded both to apply , ɵ/ are both expressed as expressed both are ɵ/ /œ, u. is added but represents no consonant. The ‘shorthand’ possible The consonant. is no rule represents but added is wh q, / is expressed as expressed is /sa/ while xi, é, / allows it to conform to the to conform to it allows /y/ for ü /, they are given as given are they /, depending on the following vowel letter: as letter: vowel following the on depending x are syllables when they stand alone, i.e. in the case the in i.e. alone, stand they when syllables are andku o, z, Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing in this scheme, but is expressed as expressed is but scheme, this in pid w k a, ê, c, b, vs. s ê, wh p, e, is reserved for /ɐ/, whereas /ɐ/, for reserved is e and double letters double and a , hy r gvn as given are they a/, j, d, o ae expressed are o/ /u, and e/ /i, Complementary a. zé, pinyin q, h s j i te nieos atns phonological Cantonese indigenous the in j/ s, , t, cé, / (for letter ‘U’ or ‘university’) cannot ‘university’) ‘U’or letter (for /ju/ but x, h ; to be discussed), and as and discussed), be to u; 44 g, , s/ (as s/ , b,

. Letter gu andku. ɐ/ and /ɐn/ en sé Ti are wt ter ersnain in representation their with agrees This k. rules despite that in Mandarin /j/ is deemed is /j/ Mandarin in that despite rules d, , ts /tsɛ, Ti dfes rm l mjr om of forms major all from differs This g. z, . Some previous suggests literature previous Some sa. c, , a plausible arrangement for the for arrangement plausible a ê, h ) and /tʃ, tʃ /tʃ, and s) / do sound quite differently quite sound do sɛ/ ɛ, . Here, aa. eng Nsl /, , ŋ/, n, /m, Nasals gua andkua. ɐ/ eebe Mandarin resemble /ɐŋ/ system. Meanwhile, system. pinyin , instead of instead u, , making use of two of use making sud, / and /ɛ / for are é andê m, in others. As for the for others. As in pit is used for /ɐ/ and /ɐ/ for used is e j, h , s/. They are variably are They s/. , h is written as written is ü q, h , ʃ/ (as ʃ/ , z, n, ʃ uuly precede usually ʃ/ , , e.g. x, c, ng, j, elsewhere. Toelsewhere. s q, f, w asinsome j, when they when x ju h, q, /tsy/, w, ). This x). pinyin yu for , and l, p, en t, a i

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 Unlike the LSHK scheme, a superscript style for tone number is required. is number tone for style superscript a scheme, LSHK the Unlike native learners using itmightenunciatewrongly ifnotknowingtheassociatedphonetic details. is non- system but character, This Chinese a ui/. /œy, of pronunciation in the up as look to /i/, speakers or native for /y/ sufficient as expressed variably is /ʮ/ and used not is mark ɐj, ow, length ɔj, vowel the that ej, Note uʮ, au/. ai, ɐu, ɐi, ɵʮ, ou, /iw,ɔi, œy,ei, /iu, ui, that as expressed are so ɐw,aw/ aj, vowels, gliding in y/ u, /i, and /ɵ/, and /œ/ both for /œ/ as voiced consonants. voiced as IPAof knowledge prior with learners Beginning gw, g, d, /b, as them dz/. viewing risk might rm hi na-oorps n adrn i.e. Mandarin, in near-homographs their from be understood in order to interpret them correctly. Most notably, it uses voiced consonant voiced symbols forunaspiratedplosivesandaffricates. Thus, unaspirated /p,t,k,k uses it notably, Most correctly. them interpret to phonetic order ‘broad’in understood a be as seen should symbols conventionalized some often fact, of matter is a as and Cantonese, It for transcription Alphabet’. Phonetic ‘International it dictionaries Most term transcription. simply for used are letters, Roman ordinary than rather symbols, phonetic because ‘Romanization’ of ’s definition Yet strict Kong. the fit Hong not may in variants its published and system dictionaries Chinese Standard the of majority a in used symbols phonetic the of basis the forms accordingand totheDialect of Canton (1941) book A Chinese Pronouncedhis from originated It ones. Yalethe LSHK than and influential more perhaps is Wong’sL. scheme S. areas, some In Education. in Language of L. S. Institute by the proposed and those Lau, include Sidney systems Wong, influential Other w/ follows the same rules and so they are converted into converted are they so and rules same the follows ɐw, aw/ ɐj, aj, ɔj, uʮ, ɵʮ, /iw, in element vowel the pattern: conversion same the follow basically 25/ ‘Cantonese’wa25/ Rao’stoŋ55 in Romanized as are system original scheme, the four rhymes /ɐw, ow, ɔŋ, oŋ/ are given as given are oŋ/ ɔŋ, ow,/ɐw, rhymes four the scheme, original as expressed is and /iw/ iu as given is /w/ represented. variably are vowels these same in glides the the that Note treatment. share also systems LSHK Yaleand the regard, this In ɔ/. /ɛ, of variants gliding as as given are ow/ /ej, this, from Apart respectively. oe rfr t ete /5 o /3, dsicin rvln i te le-a Guangzhou older-day /k the and jy23/ /jyt2 in together, all Takeninvented. prevalent was scheme distinction the which a for Cantonese /53/, or /55/ either to than bythe refers 1 Tonerather distinction the Dark–Light by traditional tonal categories. determined Later systems like the LSHK scheme follow this ordering. Again, first is order tonal the and independent longer no are tones Entering which in traditions, notation tonal now-common the established has scheme from 1960 original numbered the that are notes (2003) tones Cheung respectively. 6 Entering) to 1 (Light Departing Light and Rising, Light Flat, Light such, DarkFlat(UpperEntering),Rising,Departing(Lower is. /ɔŋ/ than /ʊŋ/ to Mandarinong of assignment original the that appears It scheme. original the in does it as around way other the not /ɔŋ/, than /oŋ/ represent better oes Ee i te on i rpeet i si t b mntogzd s /o/, as monothongized be to said is represents it sound the if Even vowels. Letter scheme. the of coherence the undermines also using of problem obvious the Besides consistency. Both the original and Rao’s modified schemes adhere to the six-tone categorization. As categorization. six-tone the to adhere schemes modified Rao’s and original the Both eo, ou, ong, ou /ow/, but as but /ow/, Poeial sekn, hs cags mrv phoneme-to-grapheme improve changes these speaking, Phonetically ung. i inui 10 Other features that make it a ‘broad’ transcription include the use of use the include ‘broad’transcription a it make that features Other /uʮ/. The description above is for Rao’s modified scheme. In the scheme. modified Rao’s for is above description The /uʮ/. /ɐw/ and /ɐw/ o foreo Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese r systems 3.6. for /oŋ/ is deliberate because this rhyme is closer is rhyme this because deliberate is /oŋ/ for ong

Othe 45 w/; /ʮ/ in /ʮ/ /aw/; ao ze, o // but /ɐ/ for e éi and ce, is the only non- for gliding for non-digraph only the is ô tɤ ts /tsɤ, tetd s f hy ee the were they if as treated ou, yud /ɵʮ/ is expressed as expressed is /ɵʮ/ êu ou, 6 iu, yu o /w, h ue of use the /ɐw/, for ou h ô, 5 êu, , ɤ. ldn vowels Gliding sɤ/. ɤ, andguong ông, ui, w , ts/arerendered oi, , rather than rather ong, ei, 2 should ông dung eo, ai, w , but u, 1 wa u for ɔŋ25 ao 2 ô .

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 / as /a/ renders scheme ILE the representation, vowel In (2002). Bohui Zhan by adheres to the six-tone categorization. six-tone the to adheres Lau’sSidney notation. tonal for ones non-Entering hand, the other into the on Romanization, merged being than rather 9, to 7 from numbered are tones Entering Light and Dark, Lower systems, two Wongformer Dark, categorization. Upper nine-tone The the to adhere ILE, and The features. these included already which Meyer-Wempesystem, the of adaptation an was i.e. glide, or consonant final a final of use the to resorts of use the to addition In orthography. English the to resemblance some bears it that is system this of characteristics main the of One School. Language Government the of Principal the once was and Cantonese teaching Government Kong Hong the in years spent has Lau 1965. from starting Printer Government the by published and him by written contexts. Zhan’s uses not. modification is letters, other all as well as /a/, for letter the that except treatment, same the has as and syllables the past half century. over half past schemes the popular most the summarize 3.1–3.4 Tables associates. their or proponents, of the ILE scheme is used in used version is scheme modified ILE slightly the Aof system. LSHK the to changed have however, administration, 1990. in Printer Government the by printed , degree of publication some the through acquired authority of once system This Romanization. for used are numerals and book his P.YuC. in by proposed one the of modification a is scheme This (HKIEd). Education of Institute been Kong then had which Hong the institute, into incorporated later was said and Department Education colonial the the of subsidiary a by proposed was It Romanization. Cantonese of ay akrud, h aprn cas f atns Rmnzto my el e thought be disguise’. well in ‘blessing may a as of Romanization Cantonese of of chaos users apparent and the uses of backgrounds, diversity many a such With papers. academic in alike theLSHK students and faculty Kong’sacademia, Hong In the becoming been has accommodating. Romanization most scheme Rao’s find might system. this of in knowledge prior have transcription who Cantonese a of learners prefer Mandarin-speaking Meanwhile, might and are Romanization Yale learners the Cantonese to exposed English-speaking often means. term transliterated the what to understand locals of number largest the allows Romanization Government the precision, phonemic trans to instance, For audience. target of groups different reach and occasions various in literate significance and/or stimulated adoption by others whoare byothers adoption stimulated and/or significance historical have that those are above discussed forms Romanization The systems. of number growing and substantial a for reason a – ones existing on improve or academics scheme new a develop and to writers for uncommon not is it Romanization, Cantonese of practice the In ial, iny a’ Rmnzto i ascae wt a eis f atns textbooks Cantonese of series a with associated is Romanization Lau’s Sidney Finally, The Institute of Language in Education (ILE) Scheme, on the other hand, is an exemplar an is hand, other the on Scheme, (ILE) Education in Language of Institute The oehr ih h Gvrmn Rmnzto, hs Rmnzto frs r employed are forms Romanization these Romanization, Government the with Together a Cantonese term for a Hong Kong-based English bulletin, without much regard to regard much without bulletin, English Kong-based Hong a for term Cantonese a in the closed ones (same as the as (same ones closed the in Yaleaa Romanization). Yu’sscheme original 11 (1971). Same as the LSHK scheme, only 26 letters 26 only scheme, LSHK the as Same Rhyming Glossary(1971). / when they are not followed by followed not are they when œ / /ɔ, with syllable the close to h Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing The goh Dictionary ofStandard CantonesePronunciation / but /kɔ/ for 4. standard and is expected to be used by the by used be to expected is and de factostandard

List of Cantonese Pronunciation of Commonly-used Conclusion 46 for /ɐ/ is always italicized, whereas the one the whereas italicized, always is /ɐ/ for a for /kɔŋ/. Lau stated that his scheme his that stated Lau /kɔŋ/. for h ivnos r definite or inventors the not Later publications by the by publications Later / in all phonetic all in /a/ for aa /, it also it /u/, for oo a in the open the in edited pinyin ­

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 k t p k ts t ŋ k k ts t p n Table 3.2 Romanization. Lau’s Sidney of Scheme General The Lau: Romanization. Kong Hong of Society Linguistic LSHK: Romanization. Education in Language of Institute ILE: Alphabet. Phonetic Cantonese the of Scheme the of Modification Bingcai’s Rao Rao: YaleRomanization. of Scheme General Yale:The Dictionaries. Kong’s Hong in Used Wong’sS.L. Scheme Wong:Variantof Note h j l f p m w k ŋ s n m IPA Table 3.1 IPA h wh w h h h

Final Initial k t p ŋ g dz d n h j l f b m w ŋ s n m ogYl a L SKLau LSHK ILE Rao Yale Wong ogYl a L SKLau LSHK ILE Rao Yale Wong kw gw k ts t p consonants consonants k t p ng g j d n h y l f b m w ng s n m kw gw k ch t p Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese g d b ng g j z, d n h y l f b m w ng x s, n m ku gu k q c, t p 47 k t p ng g dz d n h j l f b m w ng s n m kw gw k ts t p k t p ng g z d n h j l f b m w ng s n m kw gw k c t p k t p ng g j d n h y l f b m w ng s n m kw gw k ch t p Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 au aw aj ɐw ɐj ow ɔj ej uʮ ɵʮ iw a ɐ ɵ œ ɔ ɛ o u y e i

25 Table 3.4 owels IPA Table 3.3 cnoat ae o olgtr i te ylbeiiil oiin a position, syllable-initial the in obligatory not are consonants (2) 22 23 21 (3) 33 IPA 55 / 53 (5) 53 / 55 3 2 4 5 1

used to show distinction between /ts between distinction show to used /35/, /11/ and /13/. For simplicity, the description above follows Bauer and Benedict (1997). Benedict and Bauer follows above description the simplicity, For /13/. and /11/ /35/, onset). (as unit phonological a as suggested n ylbe coe b a lsv o nsl Te oe lnt mr i nt sd ee o te latter the for here used not is mark length vowel The syllables. nasal. or a by closed syllables in According T Zee Neighbouring rnfre drcl it Egih otxs Cran etrs ifrnit i fo te og Kong Hong the from it differentiate features is Romanization Certain its contexts. although English Portuguese, into to directly but transferred English, to Romanization not is this Precisely, Since n nmrl ae sd Dr Rsn, ih Fa ad ih Rsn tns ih as b gvn as given be also might tones Rising Light and Flat Light Rising, Dark used. are numerals one ae og n pn ylbe ad tid shorter third a and syllables open in long are a / œ, ɔ, ɛ, u, y , /i, that indicates (1999)

Tones V to Kataoka and Lee (2008), the use of use the (2008), Lee and Kataoka to ai ɐu ɐi ou ɔi ei ui œy iu a ɐ œ œ ɔ ɛ u u y i i ogYl a L SKLau LSHK ILE Rao Yale Wong , a former Portuguese colony, also has its own way to Romanize Cantonese. Romanize to way own its has also colony, Portuguese former a Macau, a ogYl a L SKLau LSHK ILE a Rao a a a Yale Wong a 6 5 4 3 2 1 (a (a (a 9 8 7 ) à / ā ) ) aau aai au ai ou oi ei ui eui iu a(a) a eu eu o e u u yu i i Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing ha áh àh á ha ah a (h) / and /tʃ and / Notes a a a a ao ai eo ei ou oi éi ui êu iu a e ê ê o é u u ü i i 6 5 4 3 2 1 (h) 48 /. The merger into /ts into merger The /. makes historical sense since Cantonese since sense historical makes ch andts a a a a a a 6 5 4 3 2 1 (a (a (a a aau aau aai au ai ou oi ei ui e eoi oey iu a(a) a oe oe o e u u y i i 9 8 7 a6 ) a3 a1 ) ) (h) / has now become the norm. the become now has / a5 a4 a2 osnn i often is consonant zero aai au ai ou oi ei ui iu aa a eo oe o e u u yu i i a a a a a a 6 5 4 3 2 1º / a / aau aai au ai o oi ei ooi ui iu a(a) a u eu(h) o(h) e u oo ue i i 1 (a 1º )

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 10 11

Chalmers, John (1859) John Chalmers, Bridgman, ElijahColeman(1841)ChineseChrestomathy intheCantonDialect,Macau:S. W. Williams. ‘Variation(2003) Pak-Man Cheung Bauer,and Kwan-Hin, Cheung S., Robert Rising Mergerthe and of Bauer, Robert S.andPaul K.Benedict (1997)Modern (1883) Dyer James Ball, Cheung, Kwan-Hin (2003) ‘Guangzhouhua Pinyin Fang’an xilie de wanshanhua guocheng’Series (‘Awanshanhua de xilie Fang’an Pinyin ‘Guangzhouhua (2003) Kwan-Hin Cheung, (1994)‘Xianggang Cheung, Kwan-Hin Yuyanxue Xuehui Yueyu Fang’an deyuanqi,shejiyuanze Pinyin Cheung, Kwan-Hin(1986)‘ThePhonologyofPresent-dayCantonese ’, DoctoralDissertation,University zhengfu de ‘Gang-Ao (2014) YueyuSiu-Pong Cheng, pinyin’ Romanization Government (‘The Yuen-(1947) Chao, 9 8 7 6

Tones in ’, Kong Hong in Tones of 6 (ed) in Keng-Pan 1960’), Tang Scheme Romanization Cantonese the to Refinements of ix–xix. Kong, Hong of Society Linguistic Kong: Hong Scheme’), inYueyu PinyinZibiao(GuidetoLSHKCantoneseRomanization ofChineseCharacters), he tedian’ (‘TheGenesis,DesignPrinciples,andCharacteristicsofthe LSHK CantoneseRomanization London. College Macao’), and 27–38. 93(1): Language) Kong Hong in Cantonese of Press. to Learnthe Spoken Language ofCantonProvince 13–19. version, possibly designed to adapt for the Portuguese orthography. Major differences include its using include differences Major orthography. Portuguese the for adapt to designed possibly version, f a’ ad ogs ytm ae o son n h tbe. hy r adesd n h preceding the in addressed are They tables. the paragraphs. in shown not are systems Wong’s and Rao’s of the ‘simplified’ Yale version,thepredecessor/successorofILEscheme,andoriginalschemes 1960). fang’an pinyin sizhong new more no principle ‘in changed’casually be not will that pronunciation letter the and (Guangdongsheng invented be will letters states which scheme original the of specification the violate may the In works. scholarly consecutively. sequenced are tones different but as Romanized are they as ‘/sɵn23/-/sɵʮ23/-/sɵn25/’and séuih, of sequence the in be will syllables three Yaletheir the of Romanization, sequence alphabetic the by determined is order the when But /sɵʮ23/. with not but /sɵn23/ with rhyme same the shares order./sɵn25/ consecutive in put not are tones different but segment phonetic same the with characters example, for entries, dictionaries the below). discussed be to ‘simplified’ version; a Yale(in the system on variants, based is box Romanization input the of in ‘suggestion’given the range wide a accepts it although Method; Input Cantonese Google the /w/). These phonetic details are normally omitted in dictionaries adopting Wong’sadopting system. dictionaries in omitted normally are details phonetic These /w/). before for apostrophe an put and i.e., practice nasals, syllabic as well as same vowel a with begin that the syllables follow often scheme LSHK letter. the vowel a using with starts Scholars one second the when another, of beginning the and syllable one of end Macau). and Kong Hong in Romanizations Government of study comparative a for 2014 Cheng (see variety as expressed be possibly may wa25/ toŋ55 For W The This The For ong did mention that /b, d, g, dz/ are in fact devoiced [b devoiced fact in are dz/ g, d, /b, that mention did ong th ‘tumor’. cong1 some Cantonese speakers, the might be noticed through its association with association its through the Yalenoticed speakers, be Cantonese might some Romanization easy reference, the details regarding the orthographic conventions of the original Yaleoriginal scheme, the of conventions orthographic the regarding details the reference, easy changes are said to have been made ‘in response to public opinion’. It is not sure whether this whether sure not is It opinion’. public to response ‘in made been have to said are changes International Conference on Yue Dialects , Macau: Associação de Literatura Chinesa de Macau, use of letter of use s eiicn o hw Mandarin how of reminiscent is for /w/ (though /w/ for v . This differs from the normal practice in which characters having the same segment same the having characters which in practice normal the differsfrom séun. This to mark the Light tones also creates a peculiar sorting order – in alphabetizing in – order sorting peculiar a creates also tones Light the mark to h An English and Cantonese Pocket-dictionary, for the Use of Those Who Wish , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. University Harvard Mass.: Cambridge, Cantonese Primer, , Hong Kong: China Mail Office. Mail China Kong: Hong Cantonese MadeEasy, system, an apostrophe is used to reduce ambiguity by marking the marking by ambiguity reduce to used is apostrophe an system, pinyin w is also used) and used) also is 15(2): 211–25. Language Variation15(2): andChange Cantonese RomanizatonCantonese s mlyd n oeg-agae ulctos and publications foreign-language in employed is pinyin References 23/ and /k and jy23/ /jyt2 /j/. for all) at letter no (or i Ut U(or 49 Zhongguo tongxun ( Newsletter of Chinese , Hong Kong: The London Missionary Society’sMissionary London The Kong: Hong , and Iut Iu) ̥ , d , ̥ , ɡ , ‘error’and co’ng forco3ng6 ̊ , d , n h Macau Kuong the Va in ̥ z ̥ ] (/gw/ is treated as /g/ plus /g/ as treated is (/gw/ ] , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Proceeding séuhn, w cong ɔŋ25

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:09 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675541, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315675541.ch3 Huang, ParkerPo-Fei(1962)SpeakCantonese: un, akr oFi (1970) Po-Fei Parker Huang, Guangdongsheng sizhong fangyan pinyin fang’an (Four schemes of dialectal phonetic symbols of the of symbols phonetic dialectal of schemes (Four fang’an pinyin fangyan sizhong Guangdongsheng Eitel, ErnstJohn(1877)A intheCantoneseDialect,London: Dictionary Chinese Trübner andCompany. Huang, Parker Po-Fei and Gerald P.Gerald and Po-Fei Parker Huang, (1958) Kok a, iny (1965) Sidney Lau, (1990) Education in Language of Institute Lam, -Yan (2009)‘Xianggang Yueyu biaoyindexianzhuang’ (‘TheCurrentSituationofHong Kong Matthews, Stephen and Virginiaand Stephen Matthews, Yip(1994) in Used Romanization Cantonese System: a without System ‘A (2008) Lee and Shin Kataoka, Order (‘Finding xitong’ de luanzhongyouxu yi pinyin: zhengfu ‘Xianggang (2014) Shin Kataoka, hn Bhi e) (2002) (ed) Bohui Zhan, Zee, Yun-Yang Eric (1999) ‘Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)’, in International Phonetic Association Phonetic International in Cantonese)’, Kong (Hong ‘Chinese (1999) Yun-YangZee, Eric (1971) Yu,-Chiu Wu,Man-Ying ‘Yueyu(1997) bijiao’de fang’an pinyin Luoma Romanization Cantonese of (‘Comparison (1941) L. S. Wong, Williams, S. Wells (1856)A Tonic DictionaryoftheChinese LanguageintheCantonDialect,Guangzhou: orsn Rbr (1828) Robert Morrison, F.F.Meyer,Bernard Theodore and Wempe (1934) YaleUniversity. Guangdong Province) (1960) Province) Guangdong Haven: Yale University Press. YaleUniversity Haven: Languages, YaleUniversity.Languages, Cantonese SoundNotation’),Zhongguoyuwenyanjiu( , Hong Kong: Government Printer. Government Kong: Hong Accompany Lessons1to117, Names’, Personal and Place Kong Hong 9–25. 93(1): yuwen tongxun(Newsletter of ChineseLanguage) in Disorder: An InvestigationintotheHongKongGovernmentCantoneseRomanization’), Zhongguo Printer. Government Kong: Hong Pronunciation of Commonly-usedChineseCharacters), Pronunciation 58–60. (ed) University. Polytechnic Kong Hong The Thesis, Master Schemes’), Zhonghua. : Canton), Repository. Chinese the of Office The Press. Company’s Kong: St. Louis Industrial School Printing Press. Printing School Industrial Louis St. Kong: York:Routledge. Handbook oftheInternational Phonetic Association ), Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe. Renmin Guangdong Guangzhou: ), ‘Kwang Tung Wah’: Cantonese by Radio, Intermediate. Listeners’ Guides to Yueyin yunhui ( Tongyin zihui( Mcu Te ooal Es East Honorable The Macau: A Vocabulary oftheCantonDialect, Guangzhouhua zhengyin zidian ( New Cantonese Dictionary:Cantonese–English, English–Cantonese, Cheng Siu-PongCheng and Tang Sze-Wing Yuwen jianshe( ), Hong Kong: Kwong Wah.Kwong Kong: Hong Rhyming Glossary), A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Changyongzi Guangzhouhua duyinbiao (ListofCantonese Changyongzi Guangzhouhua Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar 11(1): 79–98. 11(1): Hong KongJournalof Applied Linguistics , New Haven: Institute of Far Eastern Languages, Book II,NewHaven:InstituteofFarEasternLanguages, , New Haven: Institute of Far Eastern Far of Institute Haven: New Speak Cantonese, Language Planning 50 The Student’s Cantonese–English Dictionary Studies inChineseLinguistics)27(1):59–66. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: , The DictionaryofStandard Cantonese ) 15: 21–5. 15: ) , London and New and London , , Hong ,