Synthesis and in Vitro Biochemical Evaluation of Oxime Bond-Linked
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Synthesis and in vitro biochemical evaluation of oxime bond- linked daunorubicin–GnRH-III conjugates developed for targeted drug delivery Sabine Schuster1,2, Beáta Biri-Kovács1,2, Bálint Szeder3, Viktor Farkas4, László Buday3, Zsuzsanna Szabó5, Gábor Halmos5 and Gábor Mező*1,2 Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 756–771. 1MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.64 Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, 2Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Received: 12 January 2018 Hungary, 3Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Accepted: 15 March 2018 Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Published: 04 April 2018 Hungary, 4MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary This article is part of the Thematic Series "Peptide–drug conjugates". and 5Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary Guest Editor: N. Sewald Email: © 2018 Schuster et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. Gábor Mező* - [email protected] License and terms: see end of document. * Corresponding author Keywords: cytostatic effect; daunorubicin; drug-targeting; GnRH derivatives; oxime linkage Abstract Gonadotropin releasing hormone-III (GnRH-III), a native isoform of the human GnRH isolated from sea lamprey, specifically binds to GnRH receptors on cancer cells enabling its application as targeting moieties for anticancer drugs. Recently, we reported on the identification of a novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III conjugate (GnRH-III–[4Lys(Bu), 8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] with efficient in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. To get a deeper insight into the mechanism of action of our lead compound, the cellular uptake was followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hereby, the drug daunorubicin could be visualized in different subcellular com- partments by following the localization of the drug in a time-dependent manner. Colocalization studies were carried out to prove the presence of the drug in lysosomes (early stage) and on its site of action (nuclei after 10 min). Additional flow cytometry studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of the bioconjugate was inhibited in the presence of the competitive ligand triptorelin indicat- ing a receptor-mediated pathway. For comparative purpose, six novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III bioconjugates have been synthe- sized and biochemically characterized in which 6Asp was replaced by D-Asp, D-Glu and D-Trp. In addition to the analysis of the in vitro cytostatic effect and cellular uptake, receptor binding studies with 125I-triptorelin as radiotracer and degradation of the GnRH- 756 Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 756–771. III conjugates in the presence of rat liver lysosomal homogenate have been performed. All derivatives showed high binding affini- ties to GnRH receptors and displayed in vitro cytostatic effects on HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values in a low micro- molar range. Moreover, we found that the release of the active drug metabolite and the cellular uptake of the bioconjugates were strongly affected by the amino acid exchange which in turn had an impact on the antitumor activity of the bioconjugates. Introduction Cancer is one of the most serious diseases worldwide and ase II is covalently linked to the DNA by formation of a malignant tumors and metastases often lead to high mortality. tyrosine phosphodiester [10-12]. Moreover, anthracyclines Chemotherapy is a widely used method to treat cancerous provide a beneficial auto-fluorescence allowing the perfor- diseases, but the lack of selectivity, drug-specific side-effects mance of fluorescence based studies like confocal laser scan- and toxicity to healthy tissues result in various complications, ning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence-activated cell which restrict the application of chemotherapeutics. A promis- sorting (FACS) to investigate the cellular uptake and the subcel- ing treatment option to overcome these drawbacks can be lular localization of the drug or the drug bioconjugates [13,14]. targeted tumor therapy. This approach is based on the fact that It is well known from the literature that anthracyclines accumu- receptors for many regulatory ligands such as peptide hormones late in the nucleus, in that manner they also act as DNA stains are overexpressed on the surface of various cancer cells includ- [14,15]. ing gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRH-R) [1]. Therefore, these peptides are suitable for specific drug targeting The first cytotoxic GnRH-I derivative, which was investigated to tumor cells. The native ligand of this receptor is GnRH-I in preclinical and clinical studies, was zoptarelin-doxorubicin (<EHWSYGLRPG-NH2, where <E is pyroglutamic acid) which also known as AEZS-108 (previously AN-152) [16]. The is synthesized and released within the hypothalamus. GnRH anthracycline doxorubicin was conjugated to the ε-amino group stimulates the synthesis and release of the regulatory pituitary of GnRH-I-[6D-Lys] by insertion of a glutaric acid linker. The glycoprotein luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating resulting ester bond can be cleaved by carboxylesterases, hormone (FSH) which act on the gonads and regulate the pro- leading to the release of the cytotoxic agent within the tumor duction of the sex steroids androgen and estrogen [2]. cell. During clinical trials, only mild side effects were observed which are caused by premature drug release [17]. The receptor In the last decades a large number of synthetic GnRH-I-ana- mediated uptake of zoptarelin has been investigated by logues has been designed with the purpose to interact with the blockage of GnRH receptors using an excess of the GnRH-I receptor and influence the release of pituitary gonadotropins LH superagonist triptorelin [14]. In addition, the internalization and and FSH [1,3-6]. The replacement of 6Gly by D-amino acids in the intracellular localization of AN-152 were visualized by human GnRH-I provides superagonists like the GnRH-I deriva- CLSM [14]. Despite all these promising findings, zoptarelin- tives buserelin [6D-Ser(t-Bu), 9Pro-EA], goserelin doxorubicin did not achieve its primary endpoint in phase 3 6 10 6 9 [ D-Ser(t-Bu), Azagly-NH2], leuprolide [ D-Leu, Pro-EA] clinical studies on endometrial cancer [18]. and triporelin [6D-Trp], which are used as pharmaceutical peptides to treat inter alia hormone dependent prostate and/or A natural isoform of the human GnRH-I, the sea lamprey ana- breast cancer [7]. logue GnRH-III (<EHWSHDWKPG-NH2), was identified and characterized by Sower et al. [19]. Due to the significantly Since the mid-1980s cytotoxic GnRH-I derivatives were de- lower endocrine effect compared to GnRH-I and the specific veloped and investigated to treat tumor cells [4,5,8,9]. Anthra- binding to GnRH-Rs on cancer cells, GnRH-III might have cyclines such as doxorubicin (Dox), daunorubicin (Dau) or advantage as a carrier for cytotoxic drugs, especially in case of epirubicin are frequently used anticancer drugs. Their mode of hormone-independent tumors [20]. Based on these findings, action is based on a planar ring system which is important for GnRH-III has been used as an efficient homing device for intercalation into DNA [10]. In this way, anthracyclines can targeted tumor therapy [21,22]. Moreover, it was demonstrated affect a broad range of DNA processes leading to an inhibited that a modification of the side chain of 8Lys did not hinder the synthesis of macromolecules such as mRNA and DNA [10,11]. receptor binding or the antiproliferative activity. Furthermore, More precisely, anthracyclines act as topoisomerase II toxins the absence of the free ε-amino group additionally reduced the inhibiting DNA transcription and replication. They stabilize a endocrine effect [23,24]. Thus, the 8Lys can be utilized as DNA topoisomerase-II intermediate in which the DNA strands conjugation site for cytotoxic agents like anthracyclines. In the are separated and a specific tyrosine residue of the topoisomer- past decade, a variety of different linkage systems has been 757 Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 756–771. carried out including ester or hydrazine bonds, cathepsin-B out substantial effect on the endocrine activity [31-33], we de- labile spacers and oxime bonds [21,22,25]. veloped six novel GnRH-III–Dau conjugates in which the 6Asp was replaced by D-Aaa. Here we report on the synthesis of Due to its structural properties, Dau cannot be attached to the GnRH-III bioconjugates containing D-Asp, D-Glu or D-Trp in homing device by an ester bond like Dox, because of the position 6 and Ser or Lys(Bu) in position 4. Moreover, the absence of the primary hydroxy group in position C-14. Howev- novel GnRH-III–Dau conjugates were compared systematically er, the C-13 carbonyl group of Dox/Dau provides a suitable with our lead compound K2 in terms of in vitro cytostatic conjugation site and can be used for the formation of oximes. effect, receptor binding affinity, cellular uptake and lysosomal We have recently reported that Dau was efficiently linked to the digestion in the presence of rat liver lysosomal homogenate. 8Lys side-chain by incorporation of an aminooxyacetic acid (Aoa) moiety [21,25]. The formed oxime linkage is more stable Results and Discussion under physiological conditions than the ester bond resulting in a longer half-life of the conjugate during circulation. Neverthe- Synthesis of oxime bond-linked 4 6 less, the drug is released within the cancer cell by lysosomal en- GnRH-III–[ Ser/Lys(Bu), Aaa, zymes, especially by cathepsin B, which leads to various 8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] bioconjugates Dau containing metabolites [26]. In case of GnRH- The GnRH-III bioconjugates were prepared as shown in III–[8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] conjugates the smallest Dau metabolite Scheme 1. All peptides were synthesized by standard Fmoc- obtained by lysosomal degradation is H-Lys(Dau=Aoa)-OH, SPPS using orthogonal lysine protecting groups.